Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm

Cov txheej txheem:

Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm
Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm

Video: Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm

Video: Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm
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Txoj haujlwm no qhia txog lub sijhawm ntxov tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Slavs ntawm 8th - 9th caug xyoo. Qhov no tsis yog rov qab los ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm ua tiav, tab sis thawj qhov haujlwm ntawm lub voj voog uas tau mob siab rau rau theem kev txhim kho ntawm Russia - Russia, raws li kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tam sim no ntawm cov ncauj lus no.

Thawj lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias, raws li cov lus xaus ntawm cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab A. A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920), tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv ib feem tsis tau sau tseg ntawm keeb kwm. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tau tshaj tawm los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv qhov ncauj, yog li muaj ntau qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov hnub thiab cov xwm txheej. Yav dhau los keeb kwm ntawm Eastern Slavs tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Cov kws tshawb fawb saib txawv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub txeeg qub teg uas ua ntej cov kab lis kev cai qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Eastern Slavs. Qee tus hais txog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no, lwm tus ntseeg tias tsis muaj kev txuas ntxiv mus, thiab kab lis kev cai yog haiv neeg sib txawv.

Sab hnub tuaj Slavs. Kev hloov chaw nyob thiab kev tswj kav ntawm Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj

Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Slavs tau nyob hauv nruab nrab thaj tsam Dniep er, thaj av Carpathian. Los ntawm no, ntxiv rau los ntawm Powisle, cov Slavs tau pib nce mus rau sab qaum teb, sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj.

Cov xwm txheej thaum ntxov piav qhia hauv keeb kwm pom cov Slavs (tshwj xeeb hauv qee thaj chaw) thaum pib ntawm kev ua colonization. Kev nce qib ntawm Slavs tau ua nyob ntawm ntug dej. Cov chaw rau kev sib hais haum feem ntau tau xaiv ntawm lub duav, txij li lub duav tau puag ncig los ntawm dej ntawm ob sab thiab nws yooj yim dua rau ntxiv dag zog thiab tiv thaiv nws.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tsim kom muaj chaw pov thaiv pab pawg neeg - "nroog" hauv ib puag ncig kev ua phem, thiab tsis yog tus kav dej cov hlab ntsha, uas tsis yog lub sijhawm ntawd nyob sab Europe Europe.

Nws ntseeg tias thaum lub sijhawm sib hais haum ntawm Slavs hla Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe Sab Hnub Poob, kev nyab xeeb tau zoo dua li tam sim no.

Cov Slavic ua ntej dhau los ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm ob qho keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm. Kev tawm tsam tsis yog tsuas yog nrog Finno-Ugrians thiab Balts, tab sis kuj ntawm lawv tus kheej. Ib pawg neeg Volhynian nyob rau ib lub sijhawm nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab nruab nrab ntawm Ukraine, Drevlyans "tsim txom" glades. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb qhia tias kev sib hais haum ntawm Slavs tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tsis txaus nyiam heev rau Balts thiab Finno-Ugrians vim muaj ntau hom kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov pab pawg Finno-Ugric tau ua hom kev tsim nyog: kev yos hav zoov, sib sau ua ke thiab tua tsiaj ua liaj ua teb, thiab hom kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Slavs yog plowing ua liaj ua teb. Hom kev tswj hwm siab dua tau muab rau lawv nrog kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem yog tus kws tshawb fawb qub Soviet M. I. Artamonov (1898-1972) sau hais tias:

"Tsis suav nrog kev cuam tshuam kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm Slavs mus rau hauv ib puag ncig tsis yog pab pawg neeg, txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau xav tias qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob tshiab yog kev ua phem tub rog. Qhov no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm kev sib piv nrawm ntawm Slavic kev sib hais haum thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lawv qhov hlawv ntawm Baltic thiab Finnish chaw nyob - muaj kev sib zog ua kom muaj zog ".

Qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg ntawm Finno-Ugric thiab Baltic cov pej xeem hauv cov cheeb tsam no tsis hloov dab tsi. Pawg neeg thaj tsam, "thaj chaw yos hav zoov" tsis tuaj yeem ua rau txhua tus neeg nyob rau theem ntawm kev txhim kho raws li kev txiav txim siab. Kev sib tsoo tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cais. Qhov tseeb, tsis yog. Kev sib tsoo coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm pab pawg neeg ua phem lossis nws raug ntiab tawm.

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Nov yog qhov uas cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm haiv neeg ua tim khawv rau. Lub nroog Slavic thaum ntxov, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog, los ntawm kev sib piv nrog European nruab nrab kev sib hais haum ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nroog nrog cov vaj tswv feudal hauv XIII-XV ib puas xyoo, kev lag luam lossis cov chaw sib tham, feem ntau yuav luag txhua qhov tseem ceeb.

Tab sis lawv tau tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau cov pab pawg ntawm cov Slavs uas tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob ib puag ncig. Cov no yog Smolensk (Gnezdovo), Ladoga, Pskov, Novgorod. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tshawb pom ntau ntawm cov "nroog" no thaum lub sijhawm tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Piv txwv li, Gorodok na Lovati, Ryurikovo kev sib hais haum thiab Kholopiy toj nyob rau sab qaum teb Priilmenye, Kobylya Golova kev sib hais haum, Malyshevo, Malye Polischi nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Priilmenye, thiab lwm yam. Lub nroog Murom thiab Vladimir ntawm Klyazma tau tsim nyob hauv ib puag ncig Finnish. Muaj ntau lub nroog zoo li no (raws li hom kev sib hais haum) muaj nyob hauv tebchaws Russia txog rau xyoo pua 15th, thaum, nrog kev faib haujlwm, kev faib mus rau hauv lub nroog thiab lub zos pib, hauv qhov kev nkag siab.

Colonization intensified nrog tshwm sim ntawm thaum ntxov Lavxias potestary "xeev".

Cov pejxeem Finno-Ugric "ploj mus", lawv pawg neeg thiab cov chaw dawb huv tsis muaj neeg nyob. Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke, hais txog Northeastern Russia lossis thaj tsam sab qaum teb thiab sab qaum teb niaj hnub no ntawm ib cheeb tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias teb sab, feem pua loj ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm Finno-Ugric tivthaiv ntawm cov Slavs tsuas yog pom nyob ib puag ncig, nws tsis tau cuam tshuam (lossis tsis cuam tshuam me me) qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm yav tom ntej Lub xeev Lavxias zoo: Rostov-Suzdal thaj av nrog cov nroog.

"Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Varangian Hu" qhia txog kev sib cav ntawm pab pawg Finno-Ugric ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe thiab cov neeg Slavic tuaj tshiab: nruab nrab ntawm Chud thiab Merey (Finno-Ugric pawg neeg koom siab), Krivichs thiab Slovenes (Slavic pab pawg neeg koomhaum).

Cia peb saib daim duab ntawm kev sib hais haum ntawm Eastern Slavs ua ntej kev koom ua ke ntawm cov av no.

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Buzhany, Volynians, Duleby, Polyana, Drevlyane, Dregovichi, Dawb Croats tau nyob thiab paub thaj tsam ntawm nruab nrab thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine thiab sab hnub poob thiab nruab nrab hauv Belarus.

Radimichs tau los ntawm thaj av yav tom ntej ntawm Poland ("lyashkoy" pawg neeg) thiab tau tsaws ntawm tus Dej Sozh, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj tsam Mogilev thiab Gomel niaj hnub no.

Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Krivichi, uas tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog pab pawg Baltic, nyob thaj tsam ntawm cheeb tsam Pskov, thiab tom qab ntawd tau tsiv mus rau sab qab teb, mus rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm Dniep er thiab Volga (thaj tsam Minsk thiab Smolensk niaj hnub no). Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lawv pab pawg hauv pawg neeg suav nrog cov pab pawg tsis tau hais hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, piv txwv li, Smolyans.

Cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau nyob ntawm ntug dej sab laug ntawm Dniep er, lawv lub peev - lub nroog yav tom ntej ntawm Chernigov.

Vyatichi nyob hauv lub phiab ntawm Oka thiab Moskva River, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Moscow niaj hnub no, Ryazan, Oryol, Kaluga, Rostov thiab Lipetsk cheeb tsam.

Ilmenian Slovenes nyob thaj tsam ntawm Novgorod niaj hnub no thiab ib feem ntawm cheeb tsam Leningrad. Cov kws sau keeb kwm piav txog lawv keeb kwm hauv ntau txoj kev. Qee tus hais qhia tias lawv tsiv los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Dnieper cheeb tsam, lwm tus - uas los ntawm Baltic Pomerania (niaj hnub no Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Poland).

Tivertsy thiab Ulichi tau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Danube, Prut, Dniester thiab Dnieper dej, raws ntug dej hiav txwv Dub. Nov yog thaj chaw niaj hnub no ntawm Moldova (Moldova) thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine.

Muaj qhov kev xav tias qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 8 tau hloov pauv tshiab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Slavic los ntawm Danube thiab los ntawm Moravia tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj. Lawv coj cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab txuj ci kev sib raug zoo, piv txwv li, lub lauj kaub tais diav thiab txawm tias lo lus "knyaz". Tab sis tsis muaj kev piav qhia yuav ua li cas lawv koom nrog hauv cov pab pawg ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe.

Cov txiv neej haiv neeg ntawm Eastern Slavs

Cov neeg Slavic sab hnub tuaj txawv me ntsis los ntawm Slavic VI-VIII ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Thiab nws tau ua raws li pab pawg neeg.

Genus yog ib pawg ntawm cov txheeb ze, suav nrog txiv neej txheeb ze. Hauv pawg neeg sib koom ua ke, tau kawg, tus neeg koom nrog sab nraud, tsis yog txheeb ze, uas tau ua qee yam kev cai, xws li kev cog lus ntshav, tuaj yeem qhia.

Txoj cai-lub luag haujlwm los tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg (kua zaub ntsuab lossis them nyiaj) sib sau ua ke. Lub koomhaum tau ua lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas thiab tiv thaiv txhua tus ntawm nws cov tswvcuab, uas yog ib feem tseemceeb ntawm pab pawg neeg:

Helmold los ntawm Bosau hais txog Western Slavs, "lossis ntawm tus neeg thov khawv, vim tias sai li ib ntawm lawv tsis muaj zog vim muaj mob lossis tsis muaj hnub nyoog, nws tau tso siab rau kev saib xyuas. los ntawm tus neeg. los yog los ntawm cov txais cuab tam, yog li ntawd nws txhawb nws nrog tag nrho nws tib neeg. Rau kev tos txais qhua thiab saib xyuas niam txiv yog ib ntawm Slavs ua ntej ntawm cov kev tsim txiaj."

Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kev sib koom yog lub taub hau ntawm pawg neeg, uas muaj lub hwj chim dawb huv thiab muaj hwj chim tshaj cov tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg. Ob peb xeem tau koom ua ib pawg. "Txhua tus kav los ntawm nws tus kheej," tus kws sau ntawv sau, uas yog, txhua pawg neeg muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Cov txwj laus hauv nroog lossis cov txwj laus txiav txim rau pawg neeg. Cov thawj coj tub rog hauv zej zog tej zaum yuav nyob ze cov txwj laus, txawm hais tias lawv tseem tuaj yeem yog cov thawj coj ntawm pab pawg.

Yam tsawg kawg, peb paub cov thawj coj Slavic Kiya, Schek, Khoriv nyob rau hauv glades, ntawm Drevlyans - Mala, ntawm Slovenes, tejzaum Vadim Brave thiab Gostomysl. Vyatichi muaj lawv cov thawj coj. Lub sijhawm tub huabtais tau tshwm sim tom qab thiab pib qhia txog tus thawj coj tub rog thiab lub taub hau ntawm "kev tswj hwm lub zog".

Pawg neeg suav nrog "tus txiv" dawb - cov tub rog uas tau koom nrog hauv kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib tham hauv tebchaws (veche). Ntxiv mus, lawv sawv ntawm qib sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg neeg:

"Txhua pawg neeg no muaj kev lis kev cai," tus kws sau ntawv sau hais tias, "thiab kev cai lij choj ntawm lawv txiv, thiab kev coj noj coj ua, thiab txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.

Cov glades muaj kev coj ua ntawm lawv txiv, ua siab mos siab muag thiab nyob ntsiag to … Lawv kuj tseem muaj kev sib yuav ua txij ua nkawm: tus vauv tsis mus tom tus nkauj nyab, tabsis lawv coj nws hnub ua ntej, thiab hnub tom qab lawv coj mus nws yam lawv muab.

Thiab Drevlyans tau nyob hauv kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws, ua neej nyob zoo tshaj plaws: lawv sib tua, noj tej yam tsis huv thiab lawv tsis tau yuav txiv, tab sis lawv nyiag cov ntxhais los ntawm dej.

Thiab Radimichi, Vyatichi thiab Northerners tau muaj kev coj ua ib txwm muaj, lawv nyob hauv hav zoov, zoo li txhua tus tsiaj, thiab lawv tsis tau muaj txij nkawm …"

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Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm qhia pom tias muaj kev sib zog ruaj khov, suav nrog 3-4 lossis 5-15 qhov kev sib hais haum, tau nyob ze, nyob deb li ntawm 1-5 km. Lawv tsim "zes". Lub zes nyob thaj tsam ntawm 30 txog 60 lossis 40 los ntawm 70 km. Lawv tau cais los ntawm cov zes nyob sib ze los ntawm kab "nruab nrab" ntawm 20-30 km. Kev sib hais haum-kev sib haum xeeb yog ib pab pawg, thiab ib lub zes yog ib pawg neeg.

Txhua lub nroog thaum ntxov tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib hais haum-kev sib haum xeeb. Lawv yog cov neeg tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv pab pawg thiab yog pab pawg hauv pawg neeg.

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Cov xeem tsis yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj yog kev ua neej nyob. Lub hauv paus kev lag luam ntawm zej zog yog kev ua tswv cuab ntawm thaj av los ntawm tag nrho cov zej zog. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais txog kev sib txig sib luag ntawm cov tsev neeg loj. Hauv txhua qhov haujlwm, nws tsis yog nyiaj txiag, tab sis kev sib raug zoo uas tau txiav txim siab.

Nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm super union

Kev ua liaj ua teb yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thiab hauv qhov no, Slavs tau sib txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj, uas ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv tes ua nyob hauv qhov chaw loj hauv lawv cov haujlwm kev lag luam.

Kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tsis tau tshwm sim, tus kws txawj tsis tau tsim cov khoom lag luam rau lub khw, tab sis ua haujlwm kom txaus siab, yog tias tsim nyog, cov kev xav tau hauv tsev neeg thiab xeem.

Hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog kev lag luam los txiav txim siab qhov kev txhim kho hauv Europe sab hnub tuaj thaum lub sijhawm no. Nov yog kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm, uas cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm keeb kwm. Qhov tseeb, kev lag luam "swb" ntawm qhov txheej txheem txheej thaum ub, los ntawm kev pom kev lag luam, tib neeg. Nyob qhov twg, hauv kev khwv noj khwv haus, peb saib xyuas lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj neeg. Txawm nyob hauv kev ua tsov rog, riam phom tau siv uas tseem siv rau hauv kev ua ub no txhua hnub: hneev, hmuv, tej zaum yog rab taus. Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Rus, Sab Hnub Poob Slavs tsis muaj ntaj, lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj peev xwm thiab cov koom haum pab tub rog supra-pab pawg (pawg).

Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm
Eastern Slavs - pib ntawm keeb kwm

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho yog, ua ntej, kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg thiab xav tau los ua thaj av tshiab: kev ua liaj ua teb, kev yos hav zoov thiab sib sau ua ke hauv hav zoov thiab hav zoov-steppe cov xwm txheej tsis tau muab cov khoom lag luam txaus rau kev txhim kho hauv zej zog.

Qhov thib ob, sab nraud los ntawm Khazars thiab Varangians. Kev hloov pauv yuav tsum tau ntsib cov yeeb ncuab, uas tau tshem tawm tsis yog cov khoom lag luam "meager", tab sis kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Qws tsis tuaj yeem daws cov teeb meem zoo li no. Txog kev muaj sia nyob thiab muaj sia nyob, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los koom ua ke ntawm cov hauv paus tshiab. Thiab rau kev koom ua ke, nws yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm tsim nyog. Tab sis qib ntawm kev tswj hwm ib hnub tuaj yeem daws teeb meem hauv lub sijhawm luv, piv txwv li, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pab pawg mus rau kev sib koom ua ke ib ntus los daws teeb meem tam sim no (kev tshem tawm ntawm Varangians hauv 861), tab sis tsis tau daws teeb meem mus sij hawm ntev.

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Txhawm rau nkag siab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho hauv cov zej zog zoo li no, peb hais los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fab Kis haiv neeg keeb kwm keeb kwm K. Levi-Strauss "Cov Txheej Txheem Anthropology":

"Cov zej zog tseem ceeb, lossis cov uas suav tias yog thawj zaug, tau tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tsis yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam. Yog tias cov zej zog no tsis raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm sab nraud, lawv tuaj yeem nyob mus ib txhis."

Nov yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov neeg Slavs thaum ntxov, thaum lub sijhawm tsiv tebchaws mus rau Balkans nyob rau xyoo 6th-7th xyoo pua. Peb kuj pom nws thaum lub sijhawm tsiv tebchaws ntawm Slavs Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv VIII-X ib puas xyoo. Thiab nws yog cov xwm txheej sab nraud uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim thawj lub xeev kev tsim ua ntej ntawm cov Slavs thaum ntxov 9 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 10.

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Sab Hnub Poob Slavs nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj muaj peev xwm tsim tau "super-union" (lub tswv yim ruaj khov ntawm cov kws hais lus potestary, tsis yog lub xeev koom nrog) nrog pab pawg Finno-Ugric, uas daws cov haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntiab tawm Varangians ib ntus., tab sis tsis tau muab kev nyab xeeb ruaj khov thiab tswj hwm cov koom haum no. Cov pab pawg neeg tsis tau tso cai ua lwm txoj hauv kev: "ib pab pawg tau nce mus rau ib pab pawg".

Pom zoo: