Hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet-Finnish tsov rog xyoo 1939-1940, lossis "Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg", hauv kuv lub tswv yim, cov lus nug tseem ceeb ib txwm nyob tom qab ntawm qhov xwm txheej, uas yuav tsum tau tsim raws li hauv qab no: vim li cas Finland thiaj txiav txim siab sib ntaus txhua?
Tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas kuv tau nyeem tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tsov rog Finnish, tsis pom qhov twg kuv tsis pom cov lus nug uas tau nug thiab, tau kawg, tsis muaj lus teb rau nws. Finland qhov kev txiav txim siab nkag mus ua rog (cia peb tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm ciam teb tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus no ib sab) hauv USSR zoo li tsis muaj qhov tseeb thiab yuav luag tsis tshwm sim. Zoo, lossis tseem ruam.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, ib tus tuaj yeem pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg vim li cas pawg Finnish tsis nyiam pauv thaj chaw uas tau thov los ntawm Soviet sab ntawm Moscow tham thaum lub Kaum Hli-Kaum Ib Hlis 1939. Rau qhov chaw ntawm Karelian Isthmus, tau muab ob npaug loj dua (5529 sq. Km) thaj chaw nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Karelia. Vim li cas, lawv hais tias, tsis kam? Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov txawv uas tsawg tus neeg xav tias Finns tuaj yeem muaj laj thawj zoo los tuav Karelian Isthmus.
Qhov thib ob, vim yog kev ua tub rog zoo tshaj ntawm USSR hla Finland hauv txhua qhov, kev ua tsov rog hauv kev txiav txim siab zoo yog thawj zaug poob rau Finland. Nws muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub Soviet tsoo, tshem tawm ib, ob lossis txawm tias peb qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd txhua yam zoo ib yam, cov tub rog Finnish yuav raug tsoo los ntawm cov lej thiab hluav taws zoo tshaj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tseeb tias koj yuav tsum tuav tawm rau rau lub hlis, thiab tom qab ntawd pab los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob (uas yog, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis) yuav los yog qhov txhais tau tias ntawm kev txaus siab ntau dua li kev suav tiag.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim siab tawm tsam tau ua, txawm tias qhov tseeb nws yog qhov tseeb, kev txiav txim siab tua tus kheej. Vim li cas? Los yog hauv daim ntawv ntxaws ntxaws: vim li cas Finns thiaj li tsis zoo siab nrog qhov kev xaiv nrog kev koom nrog hauv ib cheeb tsam?
Cia lawv them ntshav
Moscow tham "ntawm cov teeb meem kev nom kev tswv tshwj xeeb" thaum ib nrab Lub Kaum Hli - thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1939 tau ua tiav hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom tswv, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Finnish.
Qhov sib txawv ntau ntawm Finland qhov kev thov pauv pauv thaj chaw, uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Finnish Democratic Republic of 1939, txiav tawm yuav luag tag nrho Mannerheim Kab los ntawm Finland, tshwj tsis yog nws sab hnub tuaj feem ntau nyob ze rau Lake Suvanto-Järvi thiab Lake Ladoga. Hauv qhov no, txoj kab tiv thaiv tau tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv.
Yuav luag ib xyoos ua ntej kev hais lus Moscow, twb muaj tus piv txwv thaum lub tebchaws tau muab thaj av nrog cov kab tiv thaiv. Thaum pib lub Kaum Hli 1938, Czechoslovakia tau muab lub tebchaws Yelemes Sudetenland, uas yog ib txoj kab tiv thaiv tau tsim txij li xyoo 1936. Txog lub Cuaj Hli xyoo 1938, 264 cov qauv tsim (20% ntawm qhov kev npaj) thiab ntau dua 10 txhiab qhov kev tua (70% ntawm qhov kev npaj). Tag nrho cov no tau mus rau cov neeg German, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1938 Czechoslovakia cog lus tias yuav tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Tsuas yog tsib lub hlis dhau los tom qab kev swb ntawm lub zog tiv thaiv, thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 14, 1939, Slovakia tau cais, thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, 1939, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Czechoslovakia, Emil Hacha, tau pom zoo rau kev tshem tawm Czechoslovakia thiab tsim kev tiv thaiv ntawm Bohemia thiab Moravia, tuav los ntawm pab tub rog German (Gakha dhau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas no nyob hauv Reich Protector Constantine von Neurath).
Rau cov neeg sawv cev Finnish tau caw tuaj rau Moscow thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5, 1939, cov no yog cov xwm txheej tshiab tshaj plaws, ntau tshaj li ib xyoos dhau los. Yog lawm, sai li sai tau thaum lawv pom cov lus pom zoo rau kev pauv pauv ib puag ncig, uas tau muab rau kev tso cai ntawm txoj kab tiv thaiv, lawv tau kos qhov sib luag ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej thiab ntawm Czechoslovakia. Leej twg tuaj yeem lav lawv tom qab ntawd yog tias lawv pom zoo, tom qab rau lub hlis lossis ib xyoos hauv Helsinki, Cov Tub Rog Liab yuav tsis tau dai tus chij liab?
Tej zaum nws yuav tsis pom zoo tias lawv yog neeg German, thiab tom qab ntawd - Soviet Union. Tab sis peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg sawv cev Finnish tuaj rau Moscow rau kev sib tham "ntawm cov teeb meem kev nom kev tswv tshwj xeeb", nws yog thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5, 1939, tsuas yog 35 hnub tom qab pib tsov rog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Poland thiab tsuas yog 18 hnub tom qab Red Army nkag mus Poland, uas yog Cuaj Hlis 17, 1939.
Yog lawm, hauv Helsinki, ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm USSR Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Sawv Cev rau Txawv Teb Chaws Molotov tau nyeem rau Polish Ambassador Grzybowski ntawm lub Cuaj Hlis 17, 1939, txij li nws tau nthuav tawm rau ntau lub tebchaws, suav nrog Embassy ntawm Finland hauv USSR, nrog rau nrog daim ntawv. Lawv saib nws li cas? Kuv xav tias nws zoo li kev faib tebchaws Poland ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab USSR, uas zoo li ntau dua los ntawm Helsinki. Tsoomfwv Finnish paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm thiab tshaj tawm txog nws cov neeg sawv cev, keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov xwm txheej tau qhia meej rau lawv tsis tau paub. Tsov rog tau tawg, Cov neeg German tau kov yeej cov Tub Rog, tsoomfwv Polish tau khiav tawm, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog Soviet tau nkag mus rau hauv tebchaws "kom coj lub neej thiab cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm cov pejxeem raws li lawv tau tiv thaiv," raws li tau sau hauv tsab ntawv mus rau tus kws tshaj lij Polish. Ob lub lis piam dhau los, Cov neeg sawv cev Finnish tau raug caw tuaj koom rau Moscow thiab tau qhia kom faib thaj tsam nrog txoj kab tiv thaiv ntawm nws.
Peb ntxiv qhov no kom raug thaum lub sijhawm sib tham hauv Moscow, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tshwm sim hauv Baltic xeev: thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, 1939 hauv Estonia, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29 - hauv Latvia, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis - hauv Lithuania.
Kuv tuaj yeem caw leej twg los tso lawv tus kheej rau hauv khau ntawm cov thawj coj Finnish: Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Finland Kyjosti Kallio, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Aimo Kajander, lossis tseem yog lub taub hau ntawm Finnish Defense Council, Field Marshal Karl Mannerheim, raws li cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia saum toj no. Thiab, raws li, cov lus nug: koj yuav ntsuas qhov xwm txheej twg thiab koj yuav txiav txim siab li cas? Cia peb mus yam tsis muaj kev xav tom qab.
Hauv kuv qhov kev xav, qhov xwm txheej rau sab Finnish zoo li tsis muaj teeb meem: Moscow kev sib tham yog kev npaj rau kev koom nrog Finland, thiab yog tias koj pom zoo rau Moscow cov lus, tom qab ntawd tag nrho Finland yuav dhau los ua Soviet tiv thaiv, koom pheej Soviet, lossis ib yam dab tsi lawv hu nws. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, nws tau txiav txim siab tawm tsam, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev yeej. Qhov laj thawj yog qhov yooj yim: yog tias cov neeg Lavxias xav tau Finland, cia lawv them ntshav.
Nws yog qhov kev txiav txim siab nyuaj, uas Finns tsis tuaj txog ib zaug. Lawv tau sim khom nqi thiab tshem tawm nrog kev cog lus me me uas tsis cuam tshuam rau Kab Mannerheim. Tab sis lawv tsis ua tiav.
Tsawg dua 11% ntawm kev lag luam
Ntau tau sau txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov rog Soviet-Finnish xyoo 1939-1940, feem ntau yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev poob uas tau tshwm sim thiab tham txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm Red Army. Txhua yam no yog qhov nthuav heev, txawm li cas los xij, kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm kev ua tsov rog rau Finland, uas tau raug kev puas tsuaj tsis yog tsuas yog nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam, tab sis tseem nyob hauv qhov nws nyob, tseem yuav luag tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab.
Nws yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias kev saib xyuas me ntsis tau them rau qhov no txawm tias ua haujlwm sab hnub poob, txawm hais tias, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb heev, thiab qhov no yuav tham sib cais. Xav paub ntau ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv tau nrhiav hauv qee cov ntawv Finnish thaum ua tsov rog, nrog rau hauv cov ntawv German. Hauv cov nyiaj ntawm Reichsministry ntawm kev lag luam German hauv RGVA muaj qhov rov sau dua ntawm German ntawv xov xwm Die chemische Industrie, Lub Rau Hli 1941, mob siab rau tshuaj xyuas Finnish tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, uas cov lus qhia tau txuas nrog rau lub xeev dav dav ntawm kev lag luam Finnish tom qab Soviet-Finnish tsov rog (RGVA, f. 1458, op. 8, d. 4). Ib tsab ntawv me me uas tam sim no nyuaj nrhiav.
Yog li, los ntawm kev ua tsov rog, Finland poob 35 txhiab square metres. km ntawm thaj chaw uas 484 txhiab tus neeg tawg rog raug tshem tawm (12.9% ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm 3.7 lab tus tib neeg), suav nrog 92 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv nroog, feem ntau yog los ntawm Viipuri (Vyborg). Lawv tau hloov chaw mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws, lawv lub chaw haujlwm tau siv sijhawm ntau thiab nyiaj txiag thiab xaus rau xyoo 1950 xwb. Cov neeg tawg rog, uas yog lus Karelians hais lus Finnish, feem ntau yog Orthodox, tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo nyob txhua qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam Lutheran Finnish.
Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam Finnish tau poob 10 txog 14% ntawm lawv lub peev xwm. Tawm ntawm 4422 kev lag luam, 3911 tseem nyob, ntawm 1110 txhiab hp. cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob tseem nyob 983 txhiab hp, thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hauv dej feem ntau poob. Kev tsim hluav taws xob tau poob los ntawm 789 lab kWh, lossis 25% (qib ua ntej ua tsov rog - 3110 lab kWh). Kev tsim khoom lag luam poob los ntawm 21 txog 18.7 billion Finnish cov qhab nia, lossis 11%.
Finland kev lag luam txawv teb chaws poob qis. Kev xa tawm poob los ntawm 7.7 billion Finnish cim hauv 1939 txog 2.8 billion xyoo 1940, kev xa khoom los ntawm 7.5 billion xyoo 1939 txog 5.1 billion Finnish cov qhab nia hauv xyoo 1940. Rau kev lag luam vam khom rau kev ntshuam tag nrho cov npe khoom tseem ceeb, qhov no yog qhov ua rau hnyav heev.
Hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm, qhov poob yog qee qhov tshwj xeeb. Ntawm thaj chaw uas tau muab rau USSR, 70 lub tsev cog ntoo loj thiab 11% ntawm Finland cov hav zoov khaws cia, 18 lub tsev ntawv, 4 lub plywood mills thiab tsuas yog lub Hoobkas rau kev tsim cov khoom cua txhob lo lo ntxhuav tseem nyob.
Ib qho ntxiv, qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Viipuri tau ploj mus, uas ua ntej tsov rog tau daws txog li 300 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj, lossis 33% ntawm kev thauj mus los (Finnland von Krieg zu Krieg. Dresden, "Franz Müller Verlag", 1943. S. 19-23).
Mov ci tau dhau los ua qhov pom tsawg dua
Kev ua liaj ua teb raug kev nyuaj tshaj plaws. Tsis muaj ntau thaj av yooj yim ua liaj ua teb hauv Finland txhua qhov, thiab Karelian Isthmus yog thaj av tseem ceeb ua liaj ua teb, suav txog 13% ntawm cov qoob loo, 12% ntawm rye ntau lawm thiab 11% nplej thiab qos ntau lawm.
Kuv muaj peev xwm taug qab qhov ua tau zoo hauv Finnish nrog kev txheeb cais ua liaj ua teb (Pentti V. Maataloustuotanto Suomessa 1860-1960. Suomen pankin taloustieteellinen tutkimuslaitos. Helsinki, 1965).
Kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov nqi sib piv hauv 1926 yog 6.4 billion Finnish qhab nia hauv xyoo 1939, thiab xyoo 1940 nws poob rau 4.9 billion (hauv 1941 - 4.6 billion, hauv 1942 - 4.4 billion, 1943 xyoo - 5.1 billion, hauv 1944 - 5.6 billion, hauv 1945) - 5 billion). Qib ua ntej ua tsov rog tau dhau xyoo 1959.
Kev tsim cov qoob loo loj:
Rye - 198, 3 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1939, 152, 3 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1940.
Nplej - 155, 3 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1939, 103, 7 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1940.
Qos yaj ywm - 495 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1939, 509 txhiab tons hauv xyoo 1940.
Xyoo 1938, Finland tau ntsib nws tus kheej cov kev xav tau rau rye thiab qos yaj ywm, thiab kev faib khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws tau siv yog 17%. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog thiab poob ntawm thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb, kev faib khoom noj tsis tau them los ntawm nws tus kheej kev tsim khoom tau nce mus rau 28%. Thaum pib xyoo 1940, kev faib khoom noj rau cov pej xeem tau qhia nyob hauv Finland thiab tus nqi lub kaus mom tau teeb tsa. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog qhov pib ntawm cov zaub mov nyuaj, txij li Finland nkag mus ua rog nrog USSR xyoo 1941, tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov khoom lag luam, tab sis kuj tseem muaj ob qho kev sau qoob loo tsis zoo, yog li xyoo 1941, nrog qhov xav tau ib txwm muaj qhob cij, 198 kg rau ib tus neeg tau sau tsuas yog 103 kg, thiab 140 kg ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tau sau rau ib tus neeg nrog qhov xav tau ntawm 327 kg. Tus kws tshawb fawb Finnish Seppo Jurkinen suav tias tag nrho kev noj cov qos yaj ywm, nplej, rye thiab barley hauv xyoo 1939 yog 1926 txhiab tons, lossis 525 kg rau ib tus neeg. Xyoo 1941, kev sau qoob loo muaj txog 1222 txhiab tons, ntawm uas 291 txhiab tons tau tseg rau cov noob qoob loo. Daim ntawv txais nyiaj muaj txog 931 txhiab tons, lossis 252 kg rau ib tus neeg. Tab sis yog tias koj muab zaub mov txaus rau pab tub rog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg tawg rog (1.4 lab tus tib neeg - 735 txhiab tons), tom qab ntawd 2.4 lab tus tib neeg yuav tsuas yog 196 txhiab tons los ntawm kev sau xyoo 1941, lossis 82 kg rau ib tus neeg hauv ib xyoos., 15.6% ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua txhua xyoo. Qhov no yog kev hem thawj ntawm kev tshaib nqhis hnyav.
Yuav ua li cas cov neeg German rub Finland los rau lawv ib sab
Yog li, kev ua tsov rog Soviet-Finnish plunged Finland rau hauv kev lag luam nyuaj. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua qhov, Finland tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv sab nrauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, los ntawm cov zaub mov mus rau cov khoom siv roj thiab roj. Lub teb chaws Yelemees, nrog kev pib ua tsov rog nrog Poland, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1939, thaiv Hiav Txwv Baltic, thiab kev lag luam ib txwm muaj ntawm Finland, feem ntau nrog Great Britain, tau raug puas tsuaj.
Tsuas yog chaw nres nkoj Liinahamari, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws, nrog rau ib lub nkoj, tseem nyob dawb rau kev caij nkoj.
Qhov chaw nres nkoj no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev thauj khoom hauv Finnish. Vim tib yam, txhua qhov phiaj xwm ntawm Great Britain thiab Fab Kis los pab Finland hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog USSR, tshwj xeeb, Fab Kis npaj yuav tsaws ib pab neeg ntawm 50 txhiab tus neeg poob vim tias tsis muaj peev xwm xa cov tub rog thiab khoom siv. Lawv tsis tsuas yog yuav tsum tau thauj khoom ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, tab sis tseem thauj hla Finland los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau qab teb.
Cov khoom xa tawm tseem ceeb hauv Baltics, Poland thiab Baltics, tau los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees lossis USSR. Sweden thiab Denmark, uas tseem muaj thauj khoom, lawv tus kheej xav tau zaub mov xa tuaj. Sweden txiav cov khoom noj rau Finland thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1940. Denmark thiab Norway tau nyob hauv tebchaws German thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1940.
British cov thee tau poob qis, uas, raws li kev pom zoo ntawm Finnish-British kev lag luam xyoo 1933, suav txog 75% ntawm cov khoom siv roj av thiab 60% ntawm kev xa khoom coke. Xyoo 1938, Finland tau xa 1.5 lab tons ntawm cov thee, suav nrog 1.1 lab tons los ntawm Great Britain, 0.25 lab tons los ntawm Poland thiab 0.1 lab tons los ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees; kuj tuaj txawv teb chaws 248 txhiab tons ntawm coke, suav nrog 155 txhiab tons los ntawm Great Britain, 37 txhiab tons los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab 30 txhiab tons los ntawm Belgium (RGVA, f. 1458, op. 8, d. 33, l. 3).
Qhov xwm txheej kev lag luam hauv Finland tom qab Soviet-Finnish tsov rog ua rau nws zoo nyob ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Finland tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov peev txheej xav tau los ntawm lwm tus, vim tias tsis muaj kev lag luam nrog USSR, thiab kev lag luam nrog Tebchaws Askiv tau tso tseg. Yog li ntawd, cov tuam txhab Finnish tau pib sib tham txog kev muab cov thee los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab los ntawm Poland, uas nyuam qhuav tau txais los ntawm cov neeg German, twb nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli-Kaum Hli 1939.
Tom qab ntawd tsov rog Soviet-Finnish tau pib, thiab cov neeg German, uas ua raws li txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv Finnish, txiav Finland txhua yam lawv ua tau. Finland yuav tsum thev lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1939/40 nrog rau cov zaub mov thiab roj tsis txaus. Tab sis tom qab kev ua tsov rog xaus, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees rub txoj hlua los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis meej ntawm kev cia siab tam sim no ntawm Finland ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab yog li, txij lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1940, rub nws mus rau nws sab.
Yog li Soviet-Finnish tsov rog, yog tias peb txiav txim siab nws los ntawm kev ua tub rog-kev lag luam pom, ua rau tsis muaj kev vam meej rau USSR thiab kev puas tsuaj loj hauv nws qhov tshwm sim. Qhov tseeb, USSR, ua ntej, ua rau Finland nws tus yeeb ncuab, thiab qhov thib ob, kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm kev ua tsov rog ua rau nws vam khom rau lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab thawb Finns rau sab German. Finland ua ntej tsov rog tau tsom mus rau Tebchaws Askiv, tsis yog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tsis xav tau thaj chaw los ntawm Finns, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, rub mus rau lawv ib sab, muab lawv cov mov ci thiab thee ntau. Coal, tej zaum, nyob deb ntawm kev thauj mus rau Finland los ntawm Donbass, tab sis cov pob zeb me me ntawm Pechersk cov phiab twb tab tom tab tom tsim thiab Kotlas-Vorkuta txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tab tom tab tom tsim.
Finland, nruab nrab lossis nyob ib sab ntawm USSR, yuav ua rau kev thaiv ntawm Leningrad ua tsis tau.
