Tam sim no, Tsev Kawm Ntawv-Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Artillery, Pab Pawg Tub Rog thiab Cov Tub Ceev Xwm (VIMAIViVS) nyob hauv keeb kwm ib feem ntawm sab qaum teb peev hauv qhov hu ua Kronverk-lub chaw pabcuam ruaj khov ntawm St. Petersburg (Peter thiab Paul). Txhais los ntawm lus German, Kronwerk txhais tau tias "ua kom muaj zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv" thiab cov qauv zoo nkaus li zoo li lub taub hau muaj koob muaj npe los ntawm tus noog qhov muag pom. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Kronverk yog tiv thaiv Peter thiab Paul Fortress los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Swedes los ntawm sab qaum teb, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv no muaj sijhawm los koom nrog kev ua phem. Muaj tseeb, muaj kev xav tias nyob rau xyoo 1705 cov neeg Swedes tau sim ua tsis tau zoo los txeeb Peter thiab Paul Fortress uas tau tsim tshiab thiab nws yog ntu no uas ua rau muaj kev tsim kho av Kronverk nyob rau sab qaum teb.
Qhov kev tiv thaiv tshiab tau nyob ntawm cov kob dag, uas tau hu ua Artillery Island, thiab yuav tsum tiv thaiv cov neeg tawm tsam los ntawm kev mob siab rau lawv lub zog los tawm tsam lub hauv paus loj ntawm Hare Island. Lub ntsej muag ntawm Kronwerk muaj cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm Fab Kis lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog cov orillons me me (los ntawm Fab Kis orillon - "eyelet"), tso cai tua hluav taws ntev los ntawm kev tiv thaiv, uas yog, tiv thaiv phab ntsa los ntawm kev tawm tsam. Raws li txhua txoj cai, nyob rau ntawm xub ntiag, lawv tso ravelins, lossis daim duab peb sab tiv thaiv cais los ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov dej channel. Cov neeg taug kev, cov neeg tawm tsam tiv thaiv thiab "kapunirs" ntawm Kronverk yog lub sijhawm ntawd ua los ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab ntoo.
Txij li xyoo 1706, pob zeb tau pib nyiam rau kev tsim kho - lub laj kab tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev yaig los ntawm dej nrog cov phuam qhwv caj dab. Ntawm sab sab hauv ntawm Kronverk, casemates kuj tau muab tso rau tsev nyob, thiab hauv qab txhua lub ntsej muag (kev tiv thaiv nyob ib puag ncig rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub fortress) muaj ob-tier tiv thaiv casemates. Thoob plaws lub xyoo pua 17th, tus tiv thaiv sab qaum teb ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress tau hloov kho tshiab thiab rov tsim kho los ntawm kev pib ntawm Peter kuv nws tus kheej thiab nws cov koom nrog. Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, Suav thiab General Burchard Christoph von Munnich, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ludwig ntawm Hesse-Homburg, Suav Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov, ntxiv rau tus kws tshaj lij tub rog thiab General-in-Chief Abram Petrovich Hannibal, yawg-ntawm Alexander Pushkin, nqis peev hauv kev txhim kho ntawm Kronwerk. Ntau caum xyoo tom qab nws tsim kho, ob qho tib si St Petersburg Fortress thiab nws sab qaum teb tiv thaiv tau dhau los thiab dhau los ua ib feem ntawm qhov zoo nkauj St. Petersburg panorama. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hauv paus loj tiv thaiv Kronverk ob qho tib si raws li keeb kwm muaj nuj nqis thiab qhov tseeb - txhawm rau pom kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub nroog plawv, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hla Peter thiab Paul phab ntsa.
Peter lub Great Tsev khaws puav pheej
Yog tias peb sib piv lub hnub nyoog ntawm Kronverk, uas tam sim no nyob hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Artillery, nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov phom sib dhos, nws hloov tawm tias thawj daim phom loj tau pib sau rov qab rau xyoo 1703. Ntawd yog, ob xyoos ua ntej tso thawj ntoo-ntiaj teb Kronverk. Thiab ntau dua ua ntej Kunstkamera nto moo, uas Peter Kuv nrhiav tau xyoo 1714, thiab ntau tus yuam kev yuam kev xav txog lub tsev khaws khoom qub tshaj plaws hauv Russia. Thawj qhov khoom pov thawj ntawm kev sau phom loj yav tom ntej nyob qhov twg? Hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress hauv tsev qhua tsev ntoo los ntawm Peter I. Thiab thawj tus thawj coj thiab tus saib xyuas kev nthuav qhia yog Sergei Leontievich Bukhvostov, uas yog Tsar Lavxias hauv nws cov hluas hu ua "thawj tus tub rog Lavxias". Hauv kev lom zem ua tub rog ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Peter the Great, Bukhvostov ib zaug tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm "rab phom txaus luag".
Txhawm rau sau qhov nthuav tawm yuav tsum tau siv dag zog ntau, txij li hnub ntawd lub sijhawm ntawd txhua yam lawv siv thiab siv tsis siv riam phom tau yaj mus tsim cov phom tshiab lossis tswb. Tom qab tag nrho, tooj liab, hlau thiab tooj dag tsis yog cov khoom siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws. Hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm Peter I, ib tus tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov no txog qhov xav tau rau cov thawj coj tub rog ntawm txhua lub nroog ntawm Russia txog qhov xav tau kev nruj kev suav nyiaj txiag, cov khoom lag luam thiab khaws cia ntawm txhua rab phom thiab maszhers (mortars). Cov riam phom zoo tshaj plaws tau xaj kom xa mus rau qhov nthuav qhia ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej pib hauv Petropavlovsk tseikhgauz. Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxov xyoo, 30 rab phom nrog 7 cug tuaj txog ntawm Smolensk ib zaug. Feem ntau tsar nws tus kheej tshuaj xyuas cov riam phom npaj rau kev pov tseg, ntawm qhov nws tau xa qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Thiab txawm tias nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Narva, thaum cov tub rog xav tau riam phom qib hlau, cov phom sau hauv Zeichhaus tsis tau siv rau tag nrho yaj. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej no muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau qhov tseeb ntawm kev yaj lub tswb nrov los ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj uas twb muaj lawm. Lub xeev tau ua cov kauj ruam no tsuas yog tom qab pom zoo los ntawm pawg ntseeg.
Lub sijhawm dhau los, txhawm rau ntxiv cov khoom sau nrog "inverter, xav paub thiab nco" cov khoom pov thawj, lawv pib nyiam cov tub lag luam uas yuav riam phom txawv teb chaws. Zaj dab neeg tseem ceeb hauv qhov no yog tus piv txwv ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam Swedish Johannes Prim, uas tau txais lub qub phom Inrog Lavxias rau nws sau hauv xyoo 1723 hauv Stockholm thiab coj cov khoom loj no tuaj rau nws teb chaws. Pawg thawj coj loj tau sau ntawv hais tias: "Lub phom no tsis xav tau rau cov phom loj thiab tsis tuaj yeem siv tau txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis nws tau yuav tsuas yog xav paub thiab pom tias nws yog Lavxias qub."
Nyob rau xyoo 1776, peb lub tsev khaws khoom phom loj ntawm Count Orlov tau tshwm sim ntawm Liteiny Prospekt hauv St. Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub tsev khaws khoom qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia kuj tau dhau los ua lub tsev khaws keeb kwm tub rog loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov tseeb, nws tau raug kaw kom tsis pub nkag mus rau cov neeg tuaj saib kom txog thaum xyoo 1808, thaum, ua ke nrog thawj tus neeg tuaj saib, lub neej tshiab ntawm kev sau cov tub rog qhov txiaj ntsig pib. Catalogs, phau ntawv qhia tau muab tso ua ke, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj ntawm kev faib tawm thiab rov kho cov khoom pov thawj tau pib. Lub tsev tsis nco qab nyob hauv cov phom loj ntawm St. Petersburg thaum xub daws nrog cov neeg tuaj xyuas, kom txog rau thaum kev tsov kev rog thaum ntxov mus txog rau ib nrab xyoo pua puv puv sau nrog riam phom. Ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom muaj nuj nqis xav tau thaj chaw tshiab, tab sis tom qab ntawd, tsis tau xav txog, lub tsev tsim khoom ntawm Oryol tau xa mus rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees kom nyob hauv tsev hais plaub. Nws tau tshwm sim xyoo 1864, thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv riam phom tau plaub xyoos tau khaws cia hauv qab daus thiab cov chaw khaws khoom uas tsis hloov pauv rau qhov no. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas Russia tuaj yeem poob qhov khoom pov thawj los ntawm Peter cov khoom siv phom loj. Tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm huab tais Alexander II nws tus kheej tau cuam tshuam txog qhov teeb meem, leej twg hauv xyoo 1868 tau xaj kom hloov cov rooj sib txoos ntawm ntau txhiab leej mus rau lub pob zeb, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Kronverk ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, lub npe raug cai ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Petrine tau dhau los ua "Hall of Memorable Items of the Main Artillery Directorate".
Croverk dhau los ua pob zeb rau qhov laj thawj tsis sib haum - kev tawm tsam pib hauv Tebchaws Europe uas coj mus rau kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov vaj ntxwv muaj koob muaj npe. Hauv qhov no, Nicholas Kuv txiav txim siab los tiv thaiv nws tus kheej thiab lub xeev los ntawm "kev tawm tsam kev kis tus kab mob" los ntawm kev tsim cov chaw loj nyob thoob plaws tebchaws Russia. Xyoo 1848, kev tsim kho ntawm ob-storey tsev ntawm cov khoom siv tau pib ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ntoo-ntiaj teb Kronverk. Xyoo 1860, txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv pob zeb liab tau txais lub npe tshiab "Arsenal tshiab hauv Kronwerk". Yim xyoo tom qab, tau pom qhov chaw nyob hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress rau cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm Peter sau, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd ntau dua 150 xyoo.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau qhov kev sim poob rau ntau ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom phom loj. Thaum xub thawj lawv xav txav nws mus rau Peter thiab Paul Fortress, thiab ntawm qhov chaw sib tham lawv tau npaj tso Mint. Xyoo 1917, thaum cov neeg German tau maj nrawm mus rau lub peev, cov tsev khaws khoom pov thawj yuav tsum tau khiav tawm mus rau Yaroslavl. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim muaj cov phom tooj loj, uas cov neeg German tau npaj tshwj xeeb - rau lawv nws yog cov peev txheej tseem ceeb. Lub kiv puag ncig tsis tseg cov khoom pov thawj ib yam. Ob qho tib si hauv Yaroslavl thiab hauv Petrograd, ntau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, sau cov chij, sau cov khoom plig thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug hlawv. Xyoo 1924 tau coj lwm qhov kev puas tsuaj - dej nyab loj heev uas nyab rau ib feem loj ntawm kev nthuav tawm.
Tsis ntev los no keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej
Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kho lub tsev cia puav pheej, kev sau cov khoom sau tau txuas ntxiv mus tas li nrog cov khoom pov thawj tshiab. Cov no yog ob qho piv txwv piv txwv thiab qhov kev txhim kho tshiab kawg ntawm kev lag luam tub rog Soviet, ntau yam uas tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm cov qauv. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab ua tsov rog uas lub tsev khaws ntaub ntawv thaum kawg tsom mus rau cov npe phom loj thiab cov khoom pov thawj ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm sau thiab ntau cov keeb kwm kev siv tub rog-kev kho mob tau raug tshem tawm ntawm kev sau. Kev sau cov kaus mom, cov tub rog hnav khaub ncaws, sau Suvorov thiab cov khoom teev ntuj kuj tseem tawg thoob lub tsev khaws khoom me me. Xyoo 1963, Central Historical Military Engineering Museum tau koom nrog kev nthuav tawm hauv Kronwerk, thiab ob xyoos tom qab Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tub Rog Kev Sib Txuas Lus.
Tam sim no qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Artillery muaj ntau dua 630 txhiab qhov khoom pov thawj, ntawm uas 447 nyob ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv hauv qhov qhib cua. Lub rooj sib tham nws tus kheej, uas kuv tau paub thaum nruab nrab Lub Yim Hli, tawm qhov kev xav tsis sib haum. Ntawm qhov one tes, lub tsev cia puav pheej muaj cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom tshwj xeeb, ntau yam uas tau rov qab los rau tiam 17th-17th centuries. Hauv tag nrho, muaj 13 chav nyob ntawm thaj tsam li ntawm 17 txhiab square metres. m. Lub tsev ntawm Kronverk thiab hauv nws tus kheej yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig keeb kwm, thiab txawm tias nws cov ntsiab lus thiab ntau ntxiv. Tsev khaws puav pheej tuaj yeem nkag mus tau - nws yooj yim mus nrhiav hauv St. Petersburg thiab nws tau qhib tsib hnub hauv ib lub lis piam, thiab koj tuaj yeem mus rau qhov kev nthuav qhia qhib dawb kiag li.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kho kom zoo nkauj rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej niaj hnub no zoo nkauj heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum sib piv nrog cov hangars niaj hnub no ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej nyob hauv Patriot Park ze Moscow. Hauv ntau lub tsev tsis muaj lub teeb pom kev zoo txaus ntawm cov khoom pov thawj, thiab cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws ntawm cov phom loj hauv nruab nrab tau teeb tsa zoo li cav rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Ib qho ntxiv, cov chav ntawm cov phom loj sib dhos yog nyob hauv lub xeev tas li ntawm kev kho thiab koj zoo li tsis tuaj yeem tuaj ntsib lawv txhua lub sijhawm. Ua ntej, ib feem yuav raug kaw rau kev kho vaj tsev, thiab qhov thib ob, yuav tsis muaj sijhawm txaus rau kev tshuaj xyuas tas li - lub tsev khaws khoom raug qhib txij 11.00 txog 17.00. Dua li ntawm qhov no, lub tsev khaws khoom khaws cia thiab huab cua sab hauv yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv Russia koj tuaj yeem pom cov pov thawj loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb rab phom loj thiab keeb kwm kev siv tub rog. Txhua lub tsev ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cais thiab cais cov lus piav qhia.
