Ua ntej tham txog yuav ua li cas Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze hauv Tebchaws Europe tau hloov pauv los ntawm Iron Age, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau "hloov pauv" mus rau thaj chaw ntawm … Ancient Assyria - lub tebchaws uas suav tias yog lub ntiaj teb thawj lub tebchaws. Ib txwm, nws tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm qee lub xeev thiab nrog ib ntawm lawv - lub xeev Urartu, peb tau qhia nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sijhawm rov qab nyob rau qib tsib ntawm tsev kawm theem nrab, nrog rau lub xeev qub tshaj plaws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm USSR. Tam sim no thaj chaw no tsis suav nrog hauv Russia, tab sis keeb kwm ntawm Urartu nws tus kheej tsis tau hloov hlo li. Sab hnub tuaj ntawm nws yog thaj av Hatti, thiab tsuas yog nyob ntawd, raws li kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias S. A. Nefedov cov neeg thiab kawm paub thawj zaug tau txais thiab txheej txheem hlau. Urarts thawj zaug tau qiv cov tshuab no los ntawm lawv. Thaum lub sijhawm Urartian tus vaj ntxwv Argishti I (kwv yees li 780), cov tub rog Urartian tau txais cov ntaj hlau, cov kaus mom hlau thiab cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov phiaj hlau lossis cov nplai xaws ntawm cov khaub ncaws, thiab, dhau los ua tus muaj zog nyob sib ze hauv qhov kev hwm no, pib ua phem rau Assyria nws tus kheej. Lawm, cov neeg Axilias tau sim ua tam sim tam sim ntawd qhov tshiab, thiab tau saws nws. Tom qab tag nrho, qee yam, cia nyob ib leeg txhua yam ntsig txog riam phom, tib neeg qiv los ntawm ib leeg tam sim.
Qhov kawg ntawm Hnub Nyoog Bronze tau cim los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tooj dag dag dag ntawm kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab zoo meej. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias nws tuav tau muab pov rau hauv ib daim nrog cov hniav, tab sis los ntawm kev lig kev cai nws rov tsim cov riam thiab ntaj nrog cov ntoo tuav uas tau riveted rau cov hniav. Los ntawm kev sau los ntawm Georges Hasse. Tam sim no hauv Antwerp hauv cov txhab nyiaj ntawm Het Vleeshuis Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Hauv qhov kev faus neeg ntawm cov kob ntawm Crete, ob ntu tawg ntawm cov hlau tawg, sau hnub tim rau xyoo pua puv 19, kuj tau pom. BC Thiab twb yog qhov kawg ntawm II txhiab xyoo BC. qee cov khoom siv hlau kuj tseem pom nyob hauv Europe. Peb hais txog - cais, ib yam li cov khoom hlau uas tau pom hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun. Raws li rau qhov loj -tsim cov hlau thiab nws cov txheej txheem - uas yog, qhov tseeb cov hlau hlau - thawj zaug tau nthuav dav hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Aegean Hiav Txwv. Thaum twg? Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1000 BC, uas tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom keeb kwm. Cov hlau tsim tau raug coj tuaj rau sab qab teb Ltalis los ntawm cov neeg Greek nyob ib puag ncig 800 BC.
"Crooked Swords" 1600 - 1350 BC los ntawm Sweden kom meej meej muaj lub hom phiaj kev ua yeeb yam. (State Historical Museum, Stockholm)
Zoo, hauv thaj tsam huab cua ntawm Europe, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Alps thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig, nws tau tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig 700 BC. Ntxiv mus, hlau tau ua lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo hauv kev lag luam ntawm pab pawg European nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Thiab txawm tias 500 BC. NS. cov khoom hlau tseem tsawg ntawm no. Kuj tseem muaj thaj chaw uas muaj tooj liab tooj liab ntau, uas tuav cov hlau sib kis. Piv txwv li, hauv tib lub tebchaws Egypt, kev sib tw ntawm tooj liab thiab hlau txuas ntxiv mus txog rau xyoo pua 6 BC. e., thiab cov neeg nomadic ntawm Kazakhstan thiab Central Asia, uas tseem siv lawv cov nyiaj tooj liab nplua nuj, pib siv hlau tsuas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo BC. NS.
Neil Burridge (uas peb twb tau tham txog hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Kev Tsov Rog Trojan) tseem tshwj xeeb hauv ntaj Hallstatt thiab ua rau lawv xaj.
Zoo, tam sim no, tau paub txog txoj hauv kev uas hlau tau mus rau Tebchaws Europe, cia saib seb nws kis tau li cas ntawm no. Cia peb pib nrog keeb kwm: hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob, ob lub sijhawm nws kis tau tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv: Hallstatt (900 - 500 BC) thiab Laten (500 BC - pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm).
Hallstatt ntaj los ntawm Mindelheim. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze Late. Ntev 82.5 cm. Nyhav 1000 g. £ 300 rau cov hniav tiav, £ 400 rau kev txiav thiab nrog tus tuav.
Zoo, qhov kev tshawb pom keeb kwm tiag ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau hauv Europe tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg European tau hais hauv cov ntawv sau tseg: nyob rau sab qaum teb - Cov neeg German, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - Slavs thiab Illyrians, nyob rau sab qab teb - Thracians, cov neeg ntawm Apennine ceg av qab teb nyob rau sab qab teb, thiab, thaum kawg, Celts - hauv Western thiab Central Europe.
Ntaj "carp tus nplaig" - cov hniav nrog rab rawg hauv qab tuav.
Ntaj "carp tus nplaig" los ntawm Fabkis. Tus thawj yog ib ntawm ob peb tus ua tiav tooj liab European ntaj nyob rau hauv ib tug scabbard. Ntev 76 cm.
Raug "ntaj kav hlau txais xov" los ntawm Witham, UK.
Cia peb pib nrog Hallstatt kab lis kev cai, muaj npe tom qab qhov chaw faus neeg khawb ze lub nroog. Hallstatt yog lub nroog nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob Austria. Kev khawb av hauv thaj chaw no tau pib xyoo 1846-1864. thiab txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kwv yees li ob txhiab qhov kev faus neeg tau raug nthuav tawm ntawm no. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob: tom qab tag nrho, lub sijhawm thaum cov neeg tuag raug faus ntawm no siv sijhawm ib ntus: qee yam txog 350 xyoo (750 - 400 BC). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Zoo, tib neeg nyob ntawm no tau ntau pua xyoo thiab nyob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim tias tseem muaj cov pob zeb hauv av ntsev thiab, pom tseeb, nws yog lawv txoj haujlwm los rho ntsev thiab muag nws. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias kwv yees li 45% ntawm tag nrho cov qhov ntxa yog kev faus neeg, uas yog, lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm "thaj tsam ntawm qhov taub faus."
Tus tuav ntawm rab ntaj hlau ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai ua los ntawm kaus ntxhw nrog pommel ntawm amber. Austria. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 650-500 BC Vienna Military History Museum.
Tab sis nyob hauv qhov seem ntawm qhov ntxa, cov neeg tuag tau pom (feem ntau yog lub taub hau tig mus rau sab hnub poob, uas yog, "mus rau hnub poob"). Tib lub sijhawm, ob qho tib si thiab lwm yam kev ua yeeb yam tau ua thaum lub sijhawm faus ntawm ob tus poj niam, thiab tsis yog, hais, yog li - tsuas yog rau txiv neej, hlawv lossis tsuas yog rau poj niam. Tsuas yog qhov sib txawv uas tau pom yog qhov nplua nuj ntawm cov khoom ntxa. Kev hlawv cov neeg tuag hauv qhov no yog nplua nuj dua thiab tseem muaj txiv neej ntxiv hauv lawv. Lwm qhov sib txawv: cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov neeg tuag tsis muaj riam phom. Kev hlawv tus neeg tuag tsis tau ua tiav ntawm qhov chaw faus neeg (tsis muaj qhov seem ntawm lub qhov cub tawg pom!), Tab sis lwm qhov ("hauv qhov chaw hlawv tsev"!)
Lub qhov ntxa Hochdorf nto moo tau nyob hauv qab lub roob no. Thiab lawv pom dab tsi hauv?
Zoo, cov pob txha uas tau hlawv lawm tau muab tso rau hauv av, lossis hauv pob zeb, lossis hauv cov av nplaum lossis lub nkoj tooj liab. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov no tau faus rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm 1 - 1, 5 m. Muaj cov ntxa nyob puag ncig los ntawm lub voj voos pob zeb thiab npog nrog pob zeb nyob saum. Nrog rau cov neeg tuag uas nyob hauv qhov ntxa Hallstatt coj txawv txawv, tau pom ntau lub tooj dag thiab hlau riam phom, nrog rau cov tais tooj liab thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj.
Lub qhov ntxa Hochdorf, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Kwv yees li 530 BC Pom tias yog "Celtic qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun". Nws tau tshawb pom xyoo 1977 ze ntawm Hochdorf hauv Baden-Württemberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Ib tug txiv neej 40 xyoo, siab 187 cm, tau muab faus rau hauv nws, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj zaum tooj liab. Cov khaub ncaws hnav zoo nkauj nrog kub, qhwv tes kub ntawm tes. Ib lub cauldron loj tau muab tso ze ntawm lub rooj zaum, nrog cov duab ntawm tsov ntxhuav nyob ntawm ntug. Lub qhov ntxa muaj lub laub log uas muaj plaub lub log nrog cov tais tooj dag - txaus los pab rau cuaj tus neeg. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm ntawm Bern).
Raws li rau La Tene kab lis kev cai, nws tau paub txog kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19. thiab tau muaj npe tom qab Swiss lub zos La Ten ntawm Lake Neuchâtel. Xyoo 1872, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm G. Hildebrand tau hu ua La Tene era raws li Hnub Nyoog Hlau thib ob, tom qab thawj Hnub Nyoog Hlau - uas yog, lub sijhawm Hallstatt. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hnub Nyoog Hlau thib ob hauv Europe tau pom meej meej zoo dua li thawj zaug, txij li hauv La Tene, cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom ua los ntawm tooj liab tsis tau ntsib!
Ib lub laub nrog tais diav.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kab lis kev cai Hallstatt nyob qhov twg? Hauv cov ntoo ntoo tsev thiab ib nrab dugouts. Hom kev sib hais haum ib txwm yog ib lub zos nrog txoj kev teeb tsa ntawm txoj kev, tsis muaj zog ntxiv. Cov pawg sib tham kuj tseem paub, uas yog, cov neeg ntawm kab lis kev cai no tau ntau rau kev tsim khoom. Ntsev mines ntawm Hallstatt tau pom, cov tooj tooj liab qhov uas lawv tau khawb tooj liab, kev cob qhia cov hlau thiab ua kom tawg.
Replica ntawm rab riam los ntawm qhov ntxa Hochdorf.
Cov khoom siv ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai yog tooj liab thiab hlau ntaj nrog hilts, pommel uas tuaj yeem muaj lub ntsej muag zoo li lub tswb lossis sawv cev zoo ib yam ntawm "tus kav hlau txais xov" ntawm ob lub suab sib dhos sib tsoo, sib dag hauv hlau hlau, qaum, hlau thiab bronze tus hmuv taub hau.
Ob lub "nqaij leeg" cuirasses thiab lub kaus mom hlau nrog ob lub puab tsaig (thawj peb ntawm xyoo pua thib 6 BC) Pom hauv Styria, Austria. Cov khoom cuav yog nyob hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Eggenberg Castle, Graz.
Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm Hallstattians suav nrog tooj liab conical thiab hemispherical lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub tiaj tiaj tiaj thiab ntug ntawm lub dome, ris tsho tiv thaiv, ob qho tib si los ntawm cov phaj tooj dag, thiab "nqaij cuirasses". Qhov kev faus neeg muaj cov tais diav tooj liab, cov peculiar brooches, cov khoom ua los ntawm cov iav thiab cov saw caj dab ua los ntawm iav tsis pom kev. Kev kos duab ntawm pab pawg ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai kom meej meej rau qhov khoom kim heev; tom qab tag nrho, hauv kev faus neeg lawv pom ntau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm tooj liab, kub, iav, pob txha, brooches nrog cov tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj, siv cov plaques nrog cov duab kos thiab cov qauv, thiab lawv cov tais diav kuj zoo nkauj heev: daj lossis liab, nrog polychrome, carved lossis stamped geometric ornament.
Daim ntawv qhia Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Hallstatt thiab La Tene kab lis kev cai. Thaj tsam ntawm kev faib tawm ntau tshaj ntawm Celtic kab lis kev cai yog qhia liab.
Raws li rau cov neeg no yog leej twg, tom qab ntawd … nws ntseeg tias Hallstattis yog Proto -Celts thiab, thaum kawg, La Tene kab lis kev cai - "Celts dawb huv." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj kev sib cav ntawm Hallstatt thiab La Tene kev coj noj coj ua: qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov khoom cuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm taug qab ob qho kev txhim kho thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm tib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cuab yeej, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab riam phom hauv ob kab lis kev cai.
Tus sau xav ua tsaug Neil Burridge (https://www.bronze-age-swords.com/in_my_workshop.htm) rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov duab muab.
