Cov riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank tseem ceeb hauv kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog thaum pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II yog lub foob pob tes-tawg loj thiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank, uas yog, riam phom uas pib hauv xyoo kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg. "Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank" (ATR) tsis yog lub sijhawm raug kiag li-nws yuav raug dua los hu cov riam phom no "phom tiv thaiv lub tank". Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tshwm sim yav dhau los (pom tseeb, raws li kev txhais lus German lo lus "panzerbuhse") thiab khov kho nkag mus rau peb cov lus. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank yog ua raws lub zog siv zog ntawm cov mos txwv siv, thiab, yog li ntawd, nyob ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm lub mos txwv thaum lub sijhawm ntsib cov teeb meem, lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev sib ntsib, huab hwm coj (lossis ntau dua, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov hnyav rau qhov muaj peev xwm), tsim thiab tsim cov mos txwv, cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm cov khoom siv mos txwv (cov tub ntxhais) thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog. Cov mos txwv, tsoo los ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, ua rau kev puas tsuaj vim qhov hluav taws kub thiab ua kom tawg. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov tsis muaj kev ua tub rog yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm thawj rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank-ib leeg txhaj 13, 37-mm Mauser tsim xyoo 1918. Ib lub mos txwv raug tua los ntawm PTR no muaj peev xwm nkag tau mus rau 20 mm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 meters. Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib cav, PTR tau sim nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tab sis lawv tau raug kho ntau dua li tus neeg sawv cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li German Reichswehr tau siv Mauser phom tiv thaiv lub tank los hloov ib ntus rau TuF tshuab rab phom ntawm qhov sib xws muaj peev xwm.
Hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, lub teeb me me-rab phom loj lossis rab phom tshuab rab phom loj zoo li rau cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau ua tiav thiab daws tau ntau yam rau ob yam teeb meem-tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm qhov siab thiab tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm kab lus luv thiab nruab nrab. Nws yuav zoo li qhov kev pom no tseem tau lees paub los ntawm Spanish Civil War xyoo 1936-1939 (txawm hais tias thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua ob sab, ntxiv rau 20-mm tsis siv neeg rab phom loj, siv seem 13, 37-mm Mauser ATGMs). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm 30s nws tau pom meej tias "thoob ntiaj teb" lossis "tiv thaiv lub tank" tshuab rab phom (12.7mm Browning, DShK, Vickers, 13mm Hotchkiss, 20mm Oerlikon, Solothurn "," Madsen ", 25-millimeter" Vickers ") los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm nws qhov hnyav thiab qhov ntsuas loj thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm kab hauv ntej los ntawm cov tub rog me me. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov tshuab siv rab phom loj feem ntau yog siv rau kev xav tau ntawm kev tiv thaiv huab cua lossis rau kev tua ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv uas muaj zog tiv thaiv (piv txwv li yog siv Soviet 12, 7-mm DShK). Qhov tseeb, lawv tau siv riam phom tiv thaiv lub tsheb, nrog rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, lawv tau nyiam cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, txawm tias suav nrog cov khoom tiv thaiv lub tank. Tab sis rab phom tshuab rab phom loj tsis tau dhau los ua riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Nco ntsoov tias 14, 5-mm tshuab rab phom Vladimirov KPV, uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 1944, txawm hais tias nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv qab ntawm rab phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank, los ntawm lub sijhawm nws tsis tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm "tiv thaiv lub tank". Tom qab ua tsov rog, nws tau siv los ua kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, cov hom phiaj huab cua thiab cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub teeb.
Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank siv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob sib txawv hauv qhov muaj peev xwm (ntawm 7, 92 txog 20 mm), hom (tus kheej thauj khoom, ntawv xov xwm, txhaj tshuaj ib leeg), qhov loj me, hnyav, teeb tsa. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov qauv tsim muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv sib xws:
- qhov nrawm ntawm qhov ncauj tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub zog muaj zog thiab lub thoob ntev (90 - 150 calibers);
-cov cartridges tau siv nrog cov cuab yeej tho qhov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov cuab yeej tho qhov foob pob tawg, uas muaj cov cuab yeej tho qhov thiab muaj cov cuab yeej zoo txaus. Nco ntsoov tias kev sim tsim cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm rab phom tshuab rab phom loj tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig txaus siab, thiab cov cartridges tau tsim los ntawm lub hom phiaj, thiab hloov pauv cov cartridges rau cov dav hlau phom tau siv hauv 20-hli phom tiv thaiv lub tank. 20-mm tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua ceg cais ntawm "tiv thaiv lub tshuab phom phom" ntawm 20-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem;
- muzzle nres, lub caij nplooj ntoo poob siab absorbers, lub pob tw mos tau raug teeb tsa kom txo qis rov qab;
- txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua kom muaj zog, qhov loj ntawm qhov hnyav thiab MFR tau raug txo, nqa cov tes tuav tau qhia, thiab cov phom hnyav tau nrawm-tshem tawm;
- txhawm rau txhawm rau hloov hluav taws sai, lub bipod tau txuas ze rau nruab nrab, rau qhov sib xws ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab yooj yim, ntau qhov kev kuaj tau muab nrog "sab plhu", lub xub pwg nyom, rab yaj phom tuav tau siv rau kev tswj hwm hauv feem ntau cov qauv, nws tau xav tias yuav tuav tshwj xeeb lossis taub qab nrog rau sab laug thaum tua;
- kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tswv yim tau ua tiav;
- txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev paub thiab tsim khoom.
Tus nqi ntawm cov teeb meem hluav taws tau raug daws ua ke nrog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim ntawm kev tsim qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Ib rab phom tua phom tiv thaiv lub tank muaj tus nqi hluav taws kub txog 6-8 puag ncig ib feeb, cov ntawv xov xwm phom-10-12, thiab kev nqa tus kheej-20-30.
12, 7-mm ib leeg txhaj tshuaj "PTR Sholokhov" chambered rau DShK, tsim tawm xyoo 1941
Hauv USSR, tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj hais txog kev tsim phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Peb Hlis 13, 1936. S. A. Korovin M. N. Blum thiab S. V. Vladimirov. Txog rau xyoo 1938, 15 qhov kev sim raug sim, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg ua tau raws li qhov xav tau. Yog li, xyoo 1936, ntawm Kovrovsky cog tus lej 2 npe. Kirkizha tau ua ob qhov qauv ntawm INZ-10 20-mm "tuam txhab tiv thaiv phom phom" ntawm M. N. Blum thiab S. V. Vladimirova - ntawm lub tsheb laij teb thiab ntawm bipod. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1938, hauv Shchurovo, ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Me Caj Npab, yim qhov kev tiv thaiv riam phom tiv thaiv rau lub tuam txhab txuas tau raug sim:
-INZ-10 20mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank;
-12, 7-mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank, hloov pauv los ntawm NIPSVO los ntawm German "Mauser";
12.7 mm Vladimirov phom loj tiv thaiv tank;
-12.7 hli phom tiv thaiv tank TsKB-2;
-14, 5-mm anti-tank phom ntawm Vladimirov thiab NIPSVO systems (14, 5-mm cartridge tsim los ntawm NIPSVO);
-MT 25-mm tus kheej nqa phom (43-K system ntawm Tsyrulnikov thiab Mikhno);
- 37-mm recoilless gun DR.
Lub foob pob hluav taws INZ-10 pom tus kheej tsis txaus siab thiab raug. Qhov hnyav ntawm riam phom hauv qhov chaw tua kuj tseem loj (41, 9 - 83, 3 kg). Tus so ntawm cov kab ke kuj tseem pom tau tias tsis txaus siab, lossis xav tau kev txhim kho loj. Thaum pib xyoo 1937, NIPSVO tau sim qhov kev sim Tula nws tus kheej thau phom 20-mm tiv thaiv tank (phom) TsKBSV-51 tsim los ntawm S. A. Korovin. Cov phom no muaj lub tswb thiab lub qhov muag pom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tseem raug tsis lees paub vim tsis nkag mus rau tej cuab yeej ua rog, loj loj (47, 2 kg) thiab qhov tsim tsis tau lub qhov ncauj nres nres. Xyoo 1938, B. G. Shpitalny, lub taub hau ntawm OKB-15, tab sis nws tau raug tsis lees paub txawm tias ua ntej pib qhov kev sim. Ib qho kev sim los hloov lub phom 20-millimeter ntawm Shpitalny thiab Vladimirov (ShVAK) rau hauv "thoob ntiaj teb" tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv lub tank riam phom kuj ua tsis tau. Thaum kawg, qhov xav tau heev rau phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau lees paub tias tsis tsim nyog. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 9, 1938, cov kev xav tau tshiab tau tsim los ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj. Lub zog loj 14, 5-mm tau hloov kho, uas muaj cov cuab yeej ua rau phom sij foob pob B-32 nrog cov hlau tawv tawv tawv thiab cov pob zeb hluav taws kub hnyiab (zoo ib yam li B-32 phom loj). Kev tsim hluav taws xob tau muab tso nruab nrab ntawm lub plhaub thiab lub hauv paus. Kev tsim khoom ntawm daim cartridge tau pib xyoo 1940. Qhov hnyav ntawm daim cartridge yog 198 grams, cov mos txwv yog 51 grams, qhov ntev ntawm daim cartridge yog 155.5 mm, lub dav hlau yog 114.2 mm. Ib lub mos txwv nyob deb ntawm 0.5 km ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm 20 degrees muaj peev xwm nkag mus tau 20 mm cov cuab yeej ua kom ruaj khov.
14, 5-mm PTR Degtyarev mod. 1941g ua.
N. V. Rukavishnikov tau tsim qhov ua tiav ntawm nws tus kheej thauj phom rau rab phom no, tus nqi hluav taws uas tau mus txog 15 teev nyob rau ib feeb (tus kheej thauj khoom 14, 5-mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank, tsim los ntawm Shpitalny, ua tsis tau tiav). Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1939, nws ua tiav qhov kev xeem tiav. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo, nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam raws li lub npe PTR-39. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1940, Marshal G. I. Kulik, tus thawj coj ntawm GAU, tau nug cov lus nug ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank uas twb muaj lawm tiv thaiv "tso tsheb hlau luam tshiab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Yelemes", txog qhov kev txawj ntse tau tshwm sim. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1940, PTR-39 tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom los ntawm Kovrov cog npe tom qab V. I. Kirkiz tau raug ncua. Kev xav yuam kev tias kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab lub zog tua hluav taws ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam yuav nce ntxiv nyob rau yav tom ntej muaj ntau qhov kev rau txim: phom tiv thaiv lub tank raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog (kev txiav txim ntawm Lub Yim Hli 26, 1940), tsim tawm ntawm 45-mm tiv thaiv lub tank rab phom tau nres, thiab kev tsim kho sai tau muab rau 107- millimeter tank thiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog Soviet tau poob qhov ua tau zoo tiv thaiv riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank.
Hauv thawj lub lis piam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ntawm qhov ua yuam kev no tau pom. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Rau Hli 23, kev sim ntawm Rukavishnikov rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank pom tias tseem muaj feem pua qeeb. Tua tawm thiab tso phom no rau hauv kev tsim khoom yuav siv sijhawm ntau. Muaj tseeb, cov phom tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm Rukavishnikov tau siv nyob rau qee qhov ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thaum tiv thaiv Moscow. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1941, raws li kev ntsuas ib ntus, hauv kev cob qhia ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv Moscow, lawv teeb tsa kev sib sau ntawm ib rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank rau 12, 7-mm DShK cartridge (rab phom no tau thov los ntawm VNSholokhov, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab rov qab rau xyoo 1938). Kev tsim qauv yooj yim tau theej los ntawm tus qub German 13, 37 mm Mauser phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Txawm li cas los xij, lub qhov muzzle nres, lub tshuab nqus pa nyob tom qab ntawm lub taub qab thiab teeb tsa lub teeb nraub qaum tau ntxiv rau qhov tsim. Dua li ntawm qhov no, kev tsim qauv tsis muab cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li cov cuab yeej nkag mus ntawm 12, 7-mm cartridge tsis txaus los tawm tsam tso tsheb hlau luam. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank, daim cartridge nrog rab phom-tho BS-41 mos txwv tau tsim ua cov pawg me.
Thaum kawg, thaum Lub Xya Hli, lub 14.5 hli daim cartridge nrog rab phom-tho qhov foob pob foob pob tau raug lees paub. Txhawm rau ua kom nrawm dua ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab muaj txiaj ntsig 14, 5-mm tiv thaiv phom phom loj, Stalin ntawm GKO lub rooj sib tham pom zoo tso siab rau txoj kev txhim kho rau "ib qho ntxiv, thiab rau kev ntseeg tau-ob tus tsim qauv" (raws li memoirs ntawm DF Ustinov). Txoj haujlwm tau muab rau Lub Xya Hli rau S. G. Simonov and V. A. Degtyarev. Ib hlis tom qab, cov qauv tsim tau nthuav tawm, npaj rau kev sim - tsuas yog 22 hnub dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm tau txais txoj haujlwm mus rau kev sim tshuaj.
V. A. Degtyarev thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm KB-2 ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Kirkizha (INZ-2 lossis Tsob Ntoo No. 2 ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob) thaum Lub Xya Hli 4 pib txhim kho 14.5mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Tib lub sijhawm, ob lub khw muag khoom tau tsim. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 14, daim duab ua haujlwm tau pauv mus rau kev tsim khoom. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, Txoj Haujlwm Degtyarev tiv thaiv lub tank tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Red Army's Small Arms Directorate. Degtyarev thaum Lub Xya Hli 30 tau muab los ua kom yooj yim ib qho piv txwv los ntawm kev hloov nws mus rau hauv kev txhaj tshuaj ib leeg. Qhov no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom nrawm rau lub koom haum tsim cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank. Ob peb hnub tom qab, cov qauv twb tau nthuav tawm.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm tseem tab tom kho kom zoo rau daim cartridge. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 15, tau hloov pauv ntawm 14.5-mm cartridge nrog BS-41 mos txwv uas muaj cov hmoov sib xyaw sintered tau txais yuav (qhov hnyav ntawm cov mos txwv yog 63.6 g). Cov mos txwv tau tsim los ntawm Moscow Plant of Hard Alloys. 14, 5-mm cartridges sib txawv xim: lub qhov ntswg ntawm B-32 mos txwv tau pleev xim dub, muaj txoj siv liab, lub mos txwv BS-41 tau pleev xim liab thiab muaj lub qhov ntswg dub. Cov tshuaj ntsiav tau npog nrog cov xim dub. Cov xim no tso cai rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kab mob kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov cartridges sai. Ib daim cartridge nrog lub mos txwv BZ-39 tau tsim. Raws li BS-41, lub mos txwv "thooj voos kheej kheej-tshuaj" tau tsim nrog lub tsiav tshuaj nrog cov roj sib sau ua ke ntawm KhAF nyob tom qab (lub German "armor-piercing-chemical" cartridge rau Pz. B. 39 ua tus qauv). Txawm li cas los xij, daim cartridge no tsis tau txais. Kev ua haujlwm nrawm ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank yog qhov tsim nyog, txij li cov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv ntawm cov phom loj tau hnyav dua-thaum Lub Yim Hli, vim tsis muaj cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank, 45-mm rab phom tau raug tshem tawm ntawm kev faib thiab pawg tub rog rau kev tsim cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank loj thiab cov tub rog, 57-hli phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug tshem tawm vim muaj teeb meem thev naus laus zis.
Lub Yim Hli 29, 1941, tom qab ua qauv qhia rau cov tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Kws Tiv Thaiv Lub Xeev, Simonov tus qauv siv tus kheej thiab Degtyarev tus qauv txhaj tshuaj ib leeg tau raug coj los siv raws li lub npe PTRS thiab PTRD. Vim qhov nrawm ntawm qhov teeb meem, cov phom tau txais yuav ua ntej qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev sim-kev ntsuas phom tiv thaiv lub tank rau kev muaj txoj sia nyob tau ua tiav rau lub Cuaj Hlis 12-13, qhov kev sim zaum kawg ntawm kev hloov kho phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau ua rau Cuaj hlis 24. Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tshiab yuav tsum tawm tsam lub teeb thiab nruab nrab tso tsheb hlau luam, nrog rau cov tsheb tiv thaiv ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 500 metres.
14, 5-mm ATR Simonov mod. 1941g ua.
Kev tsim cov PTRD tau pib ntawm tsob ntoo naj npawb 2 npe. Kirkizha - thaum ntxov Lub Kaum Hli, thawj pawg ntawm 50 rab phom tau muab tso ua ke. Hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Tus Thawj Coj Lub Kaum Hli 10, lawv tau tsim tshwj xeeb. ib pawg rau kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv. Tus neeg thauj khoom tau npaj sai. Tawm ntawm txoj kev, cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej tau npaj. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28, kev tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Goryachiy-lub sijhawm ntawd txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv riam phom tank yog qhov muaj feem thib. Tom qab ntawd, Izhmash, tsim Tula Arms Plant, khiav tawm mus rau Saratov thiab lwm tus, koom nrog tsim cov phom tiv thaiv tank.
Degtyarev's ib rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank muaj ib lub thoob nrog lub tog raj kheej txais, ib txoj kab rov tav tig mus ntev, lub taub hau nrog lub thawv rau lub thawv, ua kom pom thiab cuam tshuam cov tshuab, bipods thiab pom cov cuab yeej. Muaj 8 phom nqes hav hauv lub qhov taub nrog mob stroke ntev txog 420 mm. Lub thawv nquag siv lub qhov ncauj muzzle nres tau muaj peev xwm nqus tau txog 60% ntawm lub zog rov qab. Lub tog raj kheej kaw tau tuav ncaj hauv nraub qaum thiab ob lub nra nyob rau sab xub ntiag, lub tshuab cuam tshuam, lub tsom iav thiab lub ejector tau teeb tsa hauv nws. Cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog lub hauv paus loj thiab tus ntaus nrog tus ntaus; tus Tsov tus tw ntawm tus saib zoo li tus nuv thiab tawm mus. Lub bevel ntawm nws tus ncej, thaum qhib lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj, coj tus nruas rov qab.
Lub txais thiab lub thawv txhais tau txuas nrog nruj rau sab hauv lub raj ntawm lub taub qab. Lub raj sab hauv, uas muaj lub caij nplooj ntoo poob siab, tau muab tso rau hauv lub raj taub. Cov kab ke txav tau (tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj, tus txais thiab lub thoob) thim rov qab tom qab txhaj tshuaj, tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj "khiav" mus rau lub tshuab luam ntawv profile txuas rau lub taub qab, thiab thaum tig, xauv lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Tom qab nres lub tog raj kheej los ntawm inertia, tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj thim rov qab, sawv ntawm qhov ntsia liaj qhov rooj lag luam (sab laug ntawm tus txais), thaum lub tes tsho raug thawb los ntawm lub tsom iav rau hauv lub qhov rai qis hauv tus txais. Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav poob siab rov qab txav cov kab ke mus rau txoj haujlwm rau pem hauv ntej. Kev ntxig ib daim cartridge tshiab rau hauv lub qhov rais sab saud ntawm tus txais, nws ramming, nrog rau kev xauv lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj tau ua tiav ntawm tus kheej. Qhov ntsuas suav nrog tus ntsuas, ntsuas thiab ntsuas nrog cov kwj deg. Kev pom tau nqa mus rau sab laug ntawm kab ntawv. Lawv suav nrog lub ntsej muag pom tom ntej thiab tig rov tom qab pom ntawm qhov deb ntawm mus txog thiab ntau dua 600 metres (hauv rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm, pom tom qab tau txav mus rau hauv qhov ntsug).
Ntawm lub taub qab muaj lub hauv ncoo mos muag, ntoo nres tsim los tuav rab phom nrog rau sab laug, rab yaj phom ntoo tuav, "sab plhu". Folding stamped bipods ntawm lub thoob tau txuas nrog tus menyuam yaj clamp. Ib rab tes kuj tau txuas rau lub thoob uas rab phom tau nqa mus. Cov khoom siv suav nrog ib khub ntawm cov hnab canvas, txhua rau 20 puag ncig. Qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm Degtyarev cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank nrog mos txwv yog kwv yees li 26 kg. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, rab phom tau nqa los ntawm thawj lossis ob tus lej ntawm kev suav.
Yam tsawg kawg ntawm ib feem, kev siv lub taub qab yeeb nkab hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim heev tsim cov phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank, thiab qhib lub qhov rooj tsis siv neeg tau nce tus nqi hluav taws. Degtyarev's phom tiv thaiv lub tank ua tiav ua ke yooj yim, ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab ntseeg tau. Qhov ceev ntawm teeb tsa kev tsim khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov xwm txheej ntawd. Thawj pawg ntawm 300 PTRD chav nyob tau ua tiav thaum Lub Kaum Hli thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis nws tau xa mus rau Tub Rog 16 ntawm Rokossovsky. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 16, lawv tau siv thawj zaug hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txog thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 1941, 17,688 Degtyarev anti -tank phom tau tso tawm, thiab thaum xyoo 1942 - 184,800 units.
Simonov tus kheej thau phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim los ntawm kev sim Simonov tus kheej nqa phom ntawm tus qauv xyoo 1938, uas ua haujlwm raws li cov phiaj xwm nrog cov pa roj tawm. Cov phom suav nrog lub thoob uas muaj lub qhov ncauj nres thiab lub tog raj roj, tus txais nrog lub taub qab, tus tiv thaiv tiv thaiv, tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj, lub tshuab rov ntim khoom, lub tshuab tua hluav taws, pom cov cuab yeej, bipod thiab khw muag khoom. Lub qhov taub zoo ib yam li PTRD. Lub qhov rooj qhib hom roj tau txuas nrog cov pins ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1/3 ntawm lub thoob ntev los ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Lub receiver thiab lub thoob yog txuas los ntawm ib tug pas nrig.
Lub thoob ntim tau raug xauv los ntawm kev qaij lub cev pob txha rau hauv qab. Xauv thiab xauv tau raug tswj los ntawm cov ntsia hlau ntsia, uas muaj tus tuav. Lub tshuab thauj khoom rov qab suav nrog tus tswj roj rau peb txoj haujlwm, pas nrig, piston, raj thiab lub tshuab nqus dej nrog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Tus neeg tsav tsheb tau ua rau lub qia ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rov qab los ntawm cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj tau nyob hauv cov qia channel. Ib tus neeg ncaws pob nrog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tau muab tso rau hauv txoj hlua khi. Lub kaw lus, tau txais lub zog txav los ntawm lub zog tom qab txhaj tshuaj, tau rov qab los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus thawb rov qab rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub tes tsho tua tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj ejector thiab tsom mus rau sab saud los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm tus txais. Tom qab cov cartridges khiav tawm, tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj sawv ntawm qhov nres ntawm tus txais.
Ib lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau teeb tsa ntawm tus tiv thaiv tus tiv thaiv. Lub rauj percussion mechanism muaj lub helical mainspring. Tus tsim ntawm tus ntsuas suav nrog: lub suab nrhiav, tus ua rau thiab tus nqaj, thaum lub zog txhais tau nyob hauv qab. Lub khw muag khoom thiab qib pub tau muab piv rau tus txais, nws lub latch tau nyob ntawm tus tiv thaiv. Cov cartridges tau staggered. Lub khw tau ntim nrog pob (clip) nrog tsib daim cartridges nrog lub hau ntsaws. Phom phom suav nrog 6 qhov clip. Lub xub ntiag pom tau muaj laj kab, thiab kev pom pom tau pom los ntawm 100 txog 1500 metres hauv kev nce ntxiv ntawm 50. Cov phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank muaj cov khoom ntoo nrog lub xub pwg thiab lub ncoo muag, rab yaj phom tuav. Lub caj dab nqaim ntawm lub taub qab tau siv los tuav rab phom nrog rau sab laug. Ib qho folding bipod tau txuas nrog lub thoob uas siv lub clip (tig). Muaj tus tuav rau nqa. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau nqa los ntawm ib lossis ob qho ntawm cov neeg coob. Cov phom uas tau muab tshem tawm ntawm kev sib tw - tus txais nrog lub taub qab thiab lub thoob - tau nqa hauv ob daim npog.
Kev tsim khoom ntawm Simonov tus kheej-thau phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau yooj yim dua Rukavishnikov phom ntev (tus lej ntawm ib feem yog tsawg dua ib feem peb, lub tshuab-teev tsawg dua 60%, lub sijhawm los ntawm 30%), tab sis ntau yam nyuaj dua li Degtyarev tiv thaiv tank phom. Xyoo 1941, 77 Simonov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim, xyoo 1942 tus lej twb dhau los lawm 63,308 units. Txij li cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau txais sai, txhua qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab, xws li kev nruj nruj ntawm lub tes tsho los ntawm Degtyarev PTR lossis ob zaug txhaj tshuaj los ntawm Simonov PTR, raug kho thaum tsim khoom lossis "coj" hauv kev ua tub rog kev cob qhia. Nrog rau txhua qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank, kev xa tawm ntawm lawv cov khoom loj hauv lub sijhawm ua rog yuav tsum muaj qee lub sijhawm - cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog pib txaus siab tsuas yog thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1942. Kev tsim cov khoom lag luam loj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tus nqi ntawm riam phom - yog li, piv txwv li, tus nqi phom Simonov tiv thaiv lub tank los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm 1942 txog rau ib nrab xyoo 1943 yuav luag ib nrab.
Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank txuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov "tiv thaiv lub tank" muaj peev xwm ntawm rab phom loj thiab tub rog.
Txij li thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1941, cov tuam txhab muaj riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank (27, thiab tom qab ntawd 54 rab phom) tau nkag mus rau hauv cov phom loj. Txij li thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1942, platoons (18 phom) ntawm PTR tau qhia rau hauv cov tub rog. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1943, PTR lub tuam txhab tau suav nrog hauv cov phom loj thiab cov tshuab rab phom tshuab (tom qab - cov tub rog siv phom submachine) ntawm pawg tub rog. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1944, thaum lub luag haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank poob qis, cov tuam txhab tau raug tshem tawm, thiab "riam phom-tho" tau rov ua dua tshiab rau hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom (txij li lawv tau muab phom rau ntawm T-34-85, uas nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis yog plaub leeg., tab sis ntawm tsib tus neeg). Cov tuam txhab tau xa mus rau hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank, thiab cov tub rog-hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank. Yog li, kev sim tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm PTR chav nyob nrog cov tub rog, rab phom loj thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam.
Thawj cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau txais los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, koom nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm Moscow. Cov lus qhia ntawm General of Army G. K. Zhukov, tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog pem hauv ntej, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 26, 1941, hais txog xa 3-4 platoons ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank mus rau qib 5, 16 thiab 33th cov tub rog, tau thov "kom ntsuas kev siv tam sim no ntawm riam phom ntawm kev ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb. thiab lub zog … muab rau cov tub rog thiab cov txee. " Zhukov qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29 kuj tau hais qhia qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv phom tiv thaiv lub tank-kev siv cov neeg ua haujlwm ua cov phom ntev, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank thiab pab pawg ntawm kev rhuav tshem lub tank, cov neeg tawm ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm tshav rog. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm riam phom tshiab tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig tam sim ntawd, cov neeg ua haujlwm hais kom ua tsuas yog muaj lub tswv yim tsis zoo ntawm kev muaj peev xwm siv nws. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsis txaus ntawm thawj pawg ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank.
Degtyarev cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau siv thawj zaug hauv kev sib ntaus hauv Rokossovsky's 16th Army. Kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo tshaj plaws yog kev sib tsoo thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 16, 1941 ntawm Dubosekovo kev sib tshuam thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv Moscow, ib pab tub rog rhuav tshem ntawm cov tub rog thib ob ntawm 1075th cov tub rog ntawm 316th Panfilov phom sib faib thiab 30 German tso tsheb hlau luam. 18 lub tso tsheb hlau luam uas koom nrog kev tawm tsam tau raug rhuav tshem, tab sis tsawg dua li ib feem tsib ntawm tag nrho lub tuam txhab muaj txoj sia nyob. Kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws thiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv txhais tes ntawm "tank destroyers". Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tau tshaj tawm qhov xav tau los npog "cov neeg tua rog" nrog cov phom loj thiab txhawb nqa nrog lub teeb phom loj.
Txhawm rau nkag siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov tswv yim. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog phom lossis tub rog tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lub tuam txhab ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tag nrho ntawm nws pov tseg lossis xa lawv mus rau tuam txhab phom ntev, tawm tsawg kawg ntawm pawg tub rog tiv thaiv tank hauv thaj tsam tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm regiment nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv raws li ib tug cia. Cov tub rog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tag nrho lossis faib ua ib nrab platoons thiab pab pawg ntawm 2-4 phom. Kev tshem tawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank, ua rau nws tus kheej lossis ua ib feem ntawm pawg tub rog, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum "xaiv txoj haujlwm tua, nruab nws thiab zais nws; npaj sai rau kev tua, nrog rau raug ntaus cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb thiab tso tsheb hlau luam; hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, zais ntshis thiab hloov pauv txoj haujlwm sai. " Txoj haujlwm tua raug xaiv tom qab cov khoom cuav lossis ntuj tsim, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau yooj yim nkaum hauv hav txwv yeem lossis nyom. Cov haujlwm tau raug xaiv raws li txoj hauv kev los muab hluav taws ncig ntawm thaj tsam li 500 metres, thiab nyob hauv txoj haujlwm flanking mus rau kev coj ntawm kev txav ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam. Kev sib cuam tshuam tseem tau teeb tsa nrog lwm cov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv lub tank thiab cov phom me me. Nyob ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm txoj haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm puv ntoob nrog lub platform tau npaj, lub qhov taub rau kev tua hluav taws yam tsis muaj lossis nrog lub platform, lub qhov me me rau tua nyob rau hauv dav dav - hauv qhov no, kev tua tau nqa mus tawm nrog lub bipod tshem tawm lossis khoov dua. Tua hluav taws ntawm lub tank los ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank qhib, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 250 txog 400 meters, zoo dua, tau kawg, nyob rau sab nraub qaum lossis ib sab, txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov tub rog txoj haujlwm, cov cuab yeej siv riam phom ntau heev yuav tsum tau " ntaus hauv pliaj. " Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug tshem tawm hauv qhov tob thiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev ncua deb thiab sib nrug los ntawm 25 txog 40 metres nrog lub kaum sab xis rov qab lossis mus rau tom ntej, thaum tua hluav taws - hauv ib kab. Pem hauv ntej ntawm pab tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank yog 50-80 meters, cov tub rog yog 250-700 meters.
Thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv, "snipers-armor-piercing" tau muab tso rau hauv echelon, npaj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab mus txog peb qhov seem. Ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog kom txog rau thaum pib ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb, cov phom-tus neeg soj ntsuam ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem nyob. Yog tias lub tank txav mus, nws tau pom zoo kom tsom mus rau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm ob peb phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm nws: thaum lub tank tuaj txog, hluav taws tau raug tua ntawm nws lub turret; yog tias lub tank raug tshem tawm - hauv qab. Nrog rau kev ntxiv dag zog rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov hluav taws los ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank feem ntau tau qhib los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 150-100 meters. Thaum lawv mus txog txoj haujlwm ncaj qha lossis thaum tsoo hla mus rau qhov tob ntawm kev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab "tank destroyers" siv tiv thaiv lub foob pob tawg thiab Molotov cocktails.
Tus thawj coj ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem faib pab pawg koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kom rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau. Txoj haujlwm no tau paub. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv cheeb tsam tiv thaiv ntawm 148th SD (Sab Hauv Pem Hauv Ntej) ze Kursk, 93 lub tshuab phom hnyav thiab lub teeb thiab 65 rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau npaj rau kev rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj huab cua. Feem ntau, phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau muab tso rau ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Lub tshuab siv lub koob yees duab tsim los rau lub hom phiaj no ntawm tsob ntoo No. 2 npe tom qab Kirkizha tsis tau lees txais rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab qhov no yog tej zaum ncaj ncees.
Xyoo 1944, kev sib tua phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov tob thiab nrog rau pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov deb ntawm 50 txog 100 meters ntawm ib leeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib tua ntawm txoj hauv kev tau ua kom ntseeg tau, rab riam phom tau siv dav. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau teeb tsa hauv kev suav rau cov swb lossis swb. Hauv thaj chaw kaw nrog qhov chaw tsis tuaj yeem ua rau txoj haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank, pab pawg sib ntaus sib tua nrog lub raj mis tawg thiab foob pob hluav taws tau nyob ntawm lawv xub ntiag. Hauv roob, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau nyob, raws li txoj cai, ntawm txoj kev ntawm txoj kev, nkag mus rau hav thiab qhov chaw, tiv thaiv qhov siab-ntawm lub tank nkag tau yooj yim thiab feem ntau maj mam nqes hav.
Hauv qhov kev tawm tsam, ib pab tub rog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau txav mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsim los ntawm cov tub rog phom loj (tuam txhab) hauv kev npaj ua kom tau raws li cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb nrog hluav taws los ntawm tsawg kawg ob pab pawg. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau ua haujlwm nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov phom platoons. Thaum muaj kev tawm tsam nrog qhib lub ntsej muag, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej feem ntau khaws cia rau ntawm lub ntsej muag no. Kev tshem tawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank feem ntau nce mus rau ntawm cov flanks lossis hauv ib ntus ntawm lub tuam txhab phom loj, cov tub rog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv tank-ib pab tub rog lossis tuam txhab. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm txoj haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txav mus rau hauv qab npog ntawm cov tshuaj khib thiab cov tub rog tua hluav taws raws lossis zais txoj hauv kev.
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau nyob ntawm kab ntawm kev tawm tsam. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws (feem ntau tiv thaiv lub tank) riam phom. Thaum pom cov tso tsheb hlau luam, qhov hluav taws kub tau hloov mus rau lawv tam sim ntawd. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov tob ntawm kev tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab, platoons thiab pab pawg ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau txhawb nqa ua ntej ntawm cov phom me me nrog hluav taws, muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm "kev tawm tsam sai sai ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb thiab tso tsheb hlau luam los ntawm ambushes", rhuav tshem counterattacking lossis tso tsheb hlau luam, zoo li tua cov ntsiab lus. Cov lus suav tau pom zoo kom tsoo cov tsheb tiv thaiv thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam nrog flank thiab hluav taws hla.
Thaum sib ntaus sib tua hauv hav zoov lossis hauv kev sib hais haum, txij li kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tawg, cov phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank feem ntau txuas nrog phom platoons. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog lossis tub rog, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv phom tiv thaiv lub tank tseem yuav tsum tau ua. Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, cov phom me me tiv thaiv lub tank tau npog lub nraub qaum thiab sab nraub qaum ntawm cov tub rog, cov tub rog lossis cov tuam txhab, tua los ntawm ntau qhov tsis muaj lossis cov xwmfab, nrog rau ntawm txoj kev. Thaum siv kev tiv thaiv hauv nroog txwv, txoj haujlwm tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj kev hla kev ntawm txoj kev, hauv cov xwmfab, hauv qab daus thiab cov tsev, txhawm rau kom txoj kab thiab txoj kev, ua txhaum cai thiab arches nyob hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Thaum tiv thaiv hav zoov, txoj haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau muab tso rau hauv qhov tob, yog li txoj kev, txoj kev loj, txoj hauv kev thiab qhov ci tau raug rho tawm. Thaum lub Peb Hlis, ib pab tub rog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau txuas rau qhov chaw tawm tsam lossis ua raws li kev npaj tas mus li kom tau raws li cov yeeb ncuab nrog hluav taws hauv ib kab ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Cov phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank ua haujlwm ua ib feem ntawm kev tawm mus tom ntej thiab kev tshawb nrhiav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau qhov av ntxhib, ua rau nws nyuaj nqa cov riam phom hnyav dua. Hauv kev tshem tawm mus rau tom ntej, cov cuab yeej ua kom tawg tau ua tiav zoo los ntawm cov tub rog tub rog-piv txwv li, thaum Lub Xya Hli 13, 1943, kev tshem tawm ua ntej ntawm 55th Guards Tank Regiment tau ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm 14 German tso tsheb hlau luam hauv cheeb tsam Rzhavets nrog tiv thaiv lub tank phom thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, tsoo tawm 7 ntawm lawv. Yav tas los Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Wehrmacht E. Schneider, tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev siv riam phom, tau sau hais tias: "Cov neeg Lavxias thaum xyoo 1941 muaj rab phom tiv thaiv 14.5 hli tiv thaiv lub tank, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau rau peb cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub teeb uas tau tshwm sim. tom qab. " Feem ntau, hauv qee qhov haujlwm German hais txog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab cov cim ntawm Wehrmacht tankmen, Soviet cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug xa mus ua riam phom "tsim nyog hwm", tab sis lawv kuj tau ua khoom plig rau lub siab tawv ntawm lawv qhov kev suav. Nrog cov ntaub ntawv xa xov siab, 14, 5-mm anti-tank phom tau txawv los ntawm nws kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov phom phom tiv thaiv Simonov tau suav hais tias yog riam phom zoo tshaj plaws hauv chav kawm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob no hais txog kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv lub tank xyoo 1941-1942, phom tiv thaiv lub tank los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov 43-nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom phom thiab tso tsheb hlau luam ntau dua 40 mm-poob lawv txoj haujlwm. Qhov tseeb, muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank nrog cov yeeb ncuab hnyav tso tsheb hlau luam hauv kev npaj ua ntej tiv thaiv txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv li - kev sib ntaus ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog -Ganzha (151st Infantry Regiment) nrog "Tsov". Thawj qhov kev txhaj tshuaj hauv lub hauv pliaj ua rau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, cov cuab yeej ua kom tawg tau tshem tawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank mus rau hauv lub trench thiab, cia lub tank hla nws, raug rho tawm ntawm lub hauv paus, hloov chaw tam sim. Thaum lub sijhawm tig lub tank txhawm rau txav mus rau hauv lub qhov dej, Ganzha tau ua qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thib peb ntawm ib sab thiab muab nws tua hluav taws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog kev zam ntau dua li txoj cai. Yog tias thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1942 tus naj npawb ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv pab tub rog yog 8,116 units, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 43rd - 118,563 units, xyoo 1944 - 142,861 units, uas yog, hauv ob xyoos nws nce 17.6 zaug, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1944 nws pib poob qis. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, Cov Tub Rog nquag muaj tsuas yog 40 txhiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank (lawv cov peev txheej tag nrho thaum lub Tsib Hlis 9, 1945 yog 257,500 units). Cov phom loj tiv thaiv loj tshaj plaws tau muab rau cov tub rog nyob rau xyoo 1942 - 249,000 daim, tab sis twb nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1945, tsuas yog 800 daim. Tib daim duab tau pom nrog 12, 7-mm, 14, 5-mm cartridges: xyoo 1942, lawv cov zis tau 6 npaug siab dua qib ua ntej ua tsov rog, tab sis xyoo 1944 nws tau poob qis. Dua li qhov no, kev tsim ntawm 14.5 hli phom tiv thaiv lub tank txuas ntxiv mus txog Lub Ib Hlis 1945. Hauv tag nrho, 471,500 chav nyob tau tsim thaum ua tsov rog. Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank yog rab phom pem hauv ntej, uas piav qhia txog qhov poob tseem ceeb-thaum ua tsov rog, 214 txhiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm txhua tus qauv tau ploj, uas yog, 45, 4%. Feem pua feem ntau ntawm kev poob tau pom hauv 41 thiab 42 xyoo - 49, 7 thiab 33, 7%, feem. Qhov poob ntawm cov khoom siv sib piv rau qib kev poob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Cov duab hauv qab no qhia txog kev siv rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank nyob nruab nrab ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv ntawm Kursk Bulge ntawm Sab Hauv Pem Hauv Ntej, 387 txhiab daim cartridges rau phom phom tiv thaiv tau siv (48 370 ib hnub), thiab ntawm Voronezh - 754 txhiab (68 250 ib hnub). Thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk, ntau dua 3.5 lab puag ncig ntawm rab phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau siv. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tua ntawm cov ntsiab lus tua thiab npog lub bunkers thiab bunkers ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 800 metres, ntawm dav hlau - txog 500 meters.
Hauv lub sijhawm thib peb ntawm kev ua rog, rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm Degtyarev thiab Simonov tau siv tawm tsam cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub teeb thiab cov phom me me tiv thaiv tus kheej, uas tau siv dav los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, ntxiv rau tua cov ntsiab lus tua, tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nroog, mus txog qhov cua daj cua dub ntawm Berlin. Feem ntau, cov phom tau siv los ntawm cov neeg tua phom los ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab deb lossis cov yeeb ncuab tua phom uas nyob tom qab daim ntaub thaiv. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1945, Degtyarev thiab Simonov cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus nrog cov neeg Nyij Pooj. Ntawm no, hom riam phom no tuaj yeem ua tau, tshwj xeeb yog muab cov cuab yeej tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam Japanese. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov neeg Nyij Pooj siv cov tsheb loj heev tawm tsam cov tub rog Soviet.
Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau ua haujlwm tsis yog siv phom nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem muaj cov tub rog caij nees. Ntawm no, txhawm rau thauj Degtyarev rab phom, ntim khoom rau cov tub rog caij nees thiab ntim lub eeb ntawm tus qauv xyoo 1937. Cov phom tau txuas hla tus nees lub pob tw ntawm pob ntawm cov hlau thaiv uas muaj ob tus ncej. Lub nraub qaum kuj tseem siv ua qhov kev txhawb nqa rau kev tua los ntawm tus nees ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av thiab huab cua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus neeg tua phom sawv tom qab tus nees, uas yog tus nraug vauv tuav. UPD-MM lub hnab dav dav dav nrog lub tshuab nqus pa thiab lub chaw ua pa dhia tau siv los tso phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank rau cov pab pawg thiab cov tub rog tawm tsam. Cov cartridges feem ntau tau poob los ntawm kev ya dav hlau qis yam tsis muaj lub dav hlau ya dav hlau nyob hauv qhov kaw qhov txhab. Soviet rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau xa mus rau txawv teb chaws uas tau tsim hauv USSR: piv txwv li, 6,786 rab phom tau pauv mus rau Pab Tub Rog Polish, 1,283 lub tsev raug xa mus rau Czechoslovak. Thaum Tsov Rog Kaus Lim Kauslim ntawm 50-53, cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog North Kauslim thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb Suav tau siv Soviet 14, 5-mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv lub tsheb tiv thaiv lub teeb thiab tsoo lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb nyob deb (qhov kev paub no tau txais los ntawm Soviet snipers).
Kev txhim kho cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab kev txhim kho cov phiaj xwm tshiab rau lawv tau mus tas li. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sim tsim lub phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem txiav txim siab Rukavishnikov ib leeg tua 12, 7-mm tiv thaiv lub tank phom thaum lub Ob Hlis 1942. Nws qhov hnyav sib npaug li 10, 8 kg. Lub kaw lus kaw tau ua rau nws tuaj yeem tua ntawm qhov nrawm txog 12-15 puag ncig ib feeb. Muaj qhov muaj peev xwm hloov pauv lub thoob nrog 14.5 mm ib. Qhov pom kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim ua rau cov kws tshwj xeeb pov tseg kom pom zoo cov phom Rukavishnikov tshiab rau kev tsim khoom loj. Tab sis kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv phom thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam yeeb ncuab yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev sib txawv.
Kev tshawb nrhiav riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank uas yuav tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog thiab tua cov tso tsheb hlau luam tshiab kawg tau mus rau ob qho lus qhia-"nthuav dav" ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab "ua kom pom tseeb" ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov kev daws teeb meem tau pom thiab tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj tau tsim. Muaj kev paub txog kev tua phom tua phom ntawm Blum thiab phom ntev "PEC" (Rashkov, Ermolaev, Slukhodkiy) ua rau muaj kev txaus siab hauv GBTU thiab GAU. Blum rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim los rau 14.5mm cartridge (14.5x147) uas qhov muzzle nrawm tau nce mus rau 1500 meters ib ob. Cov cartridge tau tsim los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj 23-mm los ntawm rab phom dav hlau (tib lub sijhawm, rab phom 23-mm tau tsim los ntawm tus qauv 14, 5-mm cartridge los pab txhawb nqa rab phom cua). Cov phom muaj rab phom ntev ntev txuas nrog ob lub khawm thiab lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav-lub teeb pom kev zoo, uas ua kom ntseeg tau tshem tawm ntawm lub tes tsho ntawm txhua qhov nrawm ntawm kev txav ntawm lub qhov rooj. Lub phom ntawm rab phom tau muab nrog lub qhov ncauj nres. Ntawm lub taub qab muaj ib daim tawv hauv ncoo sab nraub qaum. Foldable bipods tau siv rau kev teeb tsa. RES cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim rau 20-mm puag ncig nrog lub foob pob hluav taws muaj cov tub rog tiv thaiv (tsis muaj qhov tawg). RES lub thoob tau xauv los ntawm lub qhov rooj txav kab rov tav, uas tau qhib thiab kaw los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rov los. Muaj kev nyab xeeb ntes ntawm tus ntsuas. Ib qho khoom tawg uas tsis zoo ib yam li Degtyarev's phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Cov phom tau nruab nrog lub qhov ncauj nres-nyem nyem thiab lub tshuab log nrog daim ntaub thaiv. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1943, raug ntes Pz. VI "Tsov" tau raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm GBTU kev qhia hauv av, uas pom tias Blum rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau 82-mm tank armor ntawm qhov deb li 100 meters. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, 1943, ob lub phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug tua ntawm Shot course: lub sijhawm no lawv tau kaw qhov nkag ntawm 55-mm armor los ntawm ib lub mos txwv ntawm Blum rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100 metres, thiab 70-mm armor. tau raug hlais los ntawm RES (ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 300 metres) RES tau hlais 60 hli tej cuab yeej ua rog). Los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub luag haujlwm: "hais txog kev ua cuab yeej cuab tam thiab lub zog, ob qho kev sim ua qauv ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau cov phom tiv thaiv tank ntawm Degtyarev thiab Simonov, uas tau ua haujlwm. txhim khu kev qha txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm T-IV hom thiab txawm tias muaj tsheb muaj zog ntau dua. " Blum rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau nrawm dua, yog li cov lus nug ntawm nws kev saws me nyuam tau nce. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tshwm sim. Kev tsim khoom me me ntawm 20-mm RES tau ua hauv Kovrov-hauv 42, ntawm cov nroj tsuag No. 2, 28 units tau tsim, thiab hauv 43, 43 units. Qhov no yog qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm lub Hoobkas # 2, Degtyarev's phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv "ob-caliber" phom nrog kev nce qib pib chambered rau 23 mm VYa rab phom (kev txhim kho kev tsim cov phom ntawm tsob ntoo pib thaum Lub Ob Hlis. 1942) ib. Hauv lwm qhov ntawm Degtyarev cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank nrog kev nce qib pib, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus nqi raws li qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob tau siv, raws li cov phiaj xwm ntawm rab phom ntau chav, raws li kev kwv yees xyoo 1878 los ntawm Perrault. Saum toj no, kwv yees nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub thoob ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank, lub thawv nrog lub chamber tau txuas nrog, uas tau txuas nrog los ntawm lub qhov hla nrog lub thoob. Ib daim npav dawb 14.5 hli, xauv nrog cov ntsia hlau zoo, tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv no. Thaum raug rho tawm, cov hmoov av tau ua rau lub qhov khoob ntawm daim cartridge, uas ua rau nce qhov nrawm ntawm cov mos txwv, tswj lub siab hauv qhov nkag. Muaj tseeb, qhov rov ua dua ntawm riam phom tau nce, thiab kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov kab ke thiab kev cia siab tau tig mus qis.
Kev loj hlob hauv cov cuab yeej nkag mus ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tsis ua raws nrog kev nce hauv kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej. Hauv cov ntawv xov xwm sau hnub tim 27 Lub Kaum Hli 1943, GAU pawg neeg siv phom loj sau tseg tias: “Cov phom tiv thaiv tank ntawm Degtyarev thiab Simonov feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem nkag tau rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tank German nruab nrab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim rab phom tiv thaiv lub peev xwm nkag mus rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 75-80 millimeters ntawm 100 meters, thiab ntsia hlau cov cuab yeej ntawm 50-55 mm ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 20-25 °. " Txawm tias Degtyarev's "ob-caliber" anti-tank phom thiab hnyav "RES" tuaj yeem nyuaj ua tau raws li qhov xav tau no. Ua haujlwm ntawm phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug txwv.
Kev sim "ua kom" cov phom loj rau cov kev txwv ntawm cov riam phom me tau zoo ib yam raws li Txoj Cai Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Zos Xyoo 1942, uas suav nrog cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv cov phom tua hluav taws. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem muaj kev paub txog 25-mm LPP-25, tsim los ntawm Zhukov, Samusenko thiab Sidorenko xyoo 1942 ntawm Artillery Academy lub npe tom qab V. I. Dzerzhinsky. Qhov hnyav hauv qhov chaw tua - 154 kg. Cov neeg coob ntawm rab phom - 3 tus neeg. Cov cuab yeej nkag mus ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100 meters - 100 millimeters (sub -caliber projectile). Xyoo 1944, lub dav hlau 37-hli ChK-M1 rab phom ntawm Charnko thiab Komaritsky tau saws. Thawj qhov rov ua kom lub zog ua kom nws muaj peev xwm txo qhov hnyav sib ntaus mus rau 217 kg (rau kev sib piv, qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom 37-mm ntawm 1930 tus qauv yog 313 kg). Qhov siab ntawm kab kab hluav taws sib npaug 280 mm. Nrog rau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 15 txog 25 qhov hloov pauv ib feeb twg, lub foob pob hluav taws me me tau nkag mus rau 86-mm armor ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 metres thiab 97-mm armor ntawm qhov deb ntawm 300 meters. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog 472 rab phom tau tsim - lawv, nrog rau "txhawb nqa" phom tiv thaiv lub tank, tsis yooj yim xav tau.
Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm:
Cov ntawv xov xwm "Khoom siv thiab riam phom" Semyon Fedoseev "Infantry tiv thaiv tso tsheb hlau luam"
