Cov lus dab neeg ntawm "Belarusian European xeev", Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas tawm tsam kev hais lus nruj ntawm "Asian" Moscow, yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg niaj hnub no ntawm Belarusian haiv neeg
Ib qho ntawm txoj cai ntawm Belarusian kev xav hauv tebchaws yog kev lees paub tias Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania yog Belarusian thiab European lub xeev. Tau txais kev lig kev cai Polish, Belarusian cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam "European GDL" mus rau "Asian Muscovy", uas, hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tau txais tag nrho "otatarization" nyob rau xyoo 13th-15th thiab poob nws cov kab lis kev cai European. Dichotomy "European ON / Asian Moscow" yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Belarusian txoj haujlwm los ntawm qhov pib: txawm tias cov ntawv Belarusian qub Maksim Bogdanovich sau hais tias, vim yog ib feem ntawm Lithuania, "Belarusians tsis raug rau thaj tsam Tatar, zoo li Great Russians ", thiab" tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus qub ". Nyob rau lub sijhawm post-Soviet, fetishization ntawm GDL mus txog nws qhov kawg, noj cov ntawv tsis zoo.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, keeb kwm qhov tseeb cuam tshuam cov tswv yim ntawm Belarusian haiv neeg hais txog "European tus yam ntxwv" ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis thab ntau dhau ntawm "paub" cov kws txawj ntse uas ua raws txoj cai "yog tias qhov tseeb cuam tshuam nrog kuv txoj kev xav, ntau zuj zus rau qhov tseeb ". Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis tseeb, Kuv yuav muab cov lus sib cav tshwj xeeb tsis lees paub lub tswv yim hais txog tus txheej txheem "Europeanness" ntawm GDL hauv kev sib piv nrog "Asian" Moscow xeev.
1) Cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian, pib nrog Vitovt, nquag nyiam Tatars los ntawm Golden Horde thiab Crimea rau lawv thaj chaw thiab muab rau lawv nrog kev nyob yooj yim tshaj plaws. Keeb kwm ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania ntawm ib lub sijhawm nthuav qhia peb nrog qhov xwm txheej txawv txawv. Thaum txhua tus Europe tau siv nws tus kheej nrog ntaj thiab kev ntxub ntxaug rau cov neeg Muslim, tom qab ntawd txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm lub tebchaws Lithuanian txoj cai, nrog kev hlub thiab kev tos txais qhua, tau caw Tatars rau lawv cov khoom, uas raug yuam los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej kom tawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws thiab yeem migrated rau Lithuania. Nws nyob ntawm no, piv txwv li, kev ua tib zoo xav ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian cov cai tau muab cov Tatars nrog thaj av, txhawb nqa lawv txoj kev ntseeg thiab tom qab ntawd sib npaug nrog lawv cov neeg tseem ceeb, txuag lawv los ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov se … tus thawj coj loj thiab tsars, lossis rau cov tib neeg ntiag tug: Tatar vaj ntxwv thiab Murzas koom nrog thawj pawg; cov neeg Muslim uas raug kaw, uas yog tus tswv ntiag tug thiab tsis lees txais Orthodoxy, tau ua tiav qhev. Vytautas, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau tso cai rau lawv thaj av, tau txiav txim siab tsuas yog tso cai ua haujlwm rau kev ua tub rog … Nws kuj tau txiav txim siab lawv hauv nroog; thiab hauv tebchaws Russia Tatars tsis raug tso cai nyob hauv cov nroog … Thaum kawg tso cai rau lawv muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg, yam tsis yuam lawv hloov kev ntseeg thiab tseem zais nrog nws cov kev cai dab qhuas. Ua li no, lawv nyiam txhua txoj cai ntawm kev ua pej xeem thiab nyob hauv tebchaws Lithuania, zoo li yog lawv lub tebchaws, nrog lawv tus kheej txoj kev ntseeg, lus thiab kev lis kev cai”(Mukhlinsky AO Kev Tshawb Fawb txog keeb kwm thiab lub xeev ntawm Lithuanian Tatars. St. Petersburg, 1857). Hauv XVI-XVII ib-paus xyoo hauv tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Cov Neeg (uas Lithuania yog ib feem txij li 1569), raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, los ntawm 100,000 txog 200,000 Tatars nyob. Vim tias cov neeg Tatar siab nyob hauv Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, nrog rau cov ntawv Cyrillic, muaj cov ntawv Arabic siv los sau cov lus Lavxias sab hnub poob. Thawj lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Minsk tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th (thaum nyob hauv Moscow thawj lub tsev Muslim ntawm kev thov Vajtswv tau tsim tsuas yog xyoo 1744). Txog rau xyoo pua 17th, kuj muaj cov tsev teev ntuj hauv Vilna, Novogrudok, Zaslavl thiab Grodno.
2) Nyob rau XIV-XVI ib-paus xyoo, cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian tau yog tus tswv tebchaws Russia yav qab teb uas yog cov neeg Tatar khas, them nyiaj rau lawv thiab tau txais daim ntawv lo los ntawm lawv. Daim ntawv lo kawg los ntawm tus kav Tatar tau txais los ntawm tus tub huabtais Lithuanian Sigismund II hauv xyoo 1560 (tus tub huabtais Moscow tau los ua tus tswv ntawm lub khan daim ntawv lo rau zaum kawg xyoo 1432).
3) Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, ntawm cov neeg siab zoo ntawm Kev Koom Tes, kev xav ntawm Sarmatism tau txais koob meej loj, raws li cov neeg Polish -Lithuanian gentry tau suav hais tias yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Sarmatians - cov neeg ntxeev siab qub. Sarmatism coj qee yam ntawm Asian aesthetics rau kab lis kev cai ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, uas qhia meej nws txawv ntawm lwm haiv neeg European. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Polish-Lithuanian tau xav txog, tshwj xeeb, hauv "Sarmatian cov duab" ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th-18th, uas cov neeg siab zoo tau piav qhia hauv cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj "oriental" (zhupans thiab kontushas nrog cov xim zoo nkauj). Los ntawm txoj kev, tus qauv ntawm Slutsk txoj siv tawv kom nyiam los ntawm "pro-European Belarusians" yog txoj siv sia coj los ntawm Ottoman Empire thiab Persia, thiab lawv cov khoom tsim tawm hauv thaj av ntawm Belarus tau teeb tsa los ntawm Turkish tus tswv ntawm Armenian keeb kwm Hovhannes Madzhants. Hauv niam txiv, kuv nco ntsoov tias hauv tebchaws Russia Lub Tebchaws, hauv kev sib piv rau Lub Tebchaws, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm siab tau nthuav tawm hauv cov duab zoo ib yam li ib txwm muaj nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws Europe, uas yog, tsis muaj "Sarmatian" Asiaticism.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, "Europeanness" ntawm GDL, kom muab nws me me, yog qhov hais lus phem heev (nrog rau "Asianness" ntawm Moscow). Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus tseeb no yuav tsis yuam kom "paub txog Belarusians" rov xav txog lawv lub tswv yim keeb kwm, vim tias lawv muaj ib qho kev tawm tsam thoob ntiaj teb rau txhua qhov kev sib cav ntawm lawv cov neeg tawm tsam - "Muscovites" dag peb keeb kwm (lawv rhuav tshem / rov sau dua Belarusian cov keeb kwm, yuam cov tswv yim cuav txog Belarusian yav dhau los, thiab lwm yam).
Yog tias peb tham txog GDL tiag, yam tsis tau siv kev xav txog kev xav, tom qab ntawd txawm nyob rau xyoo 17th, thaum Lithuania yog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub xeev ntawm Poland, thaj av ntawm Belarus tau pom los ntawm kev sib tham ua ib feem ntawm Russia, ntes los ntawm Lithuanians ntawm ib zaug. Nov yog qhov Austrian baron Augustin Meyerberg sau hauv 60s ntawm 17th caug xyoo: "Lub npe Russia nthuav mus deb, vim tias nws tau npog tag nrho qhov chaw los ntawm Sarmatian roob thiab Tira (Tura) dej, hu los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Dniester (Nistro), hla Volhynia mus rau Borisfen (Dnieper) thiab mus rau Polotsk plains, nyob ib sab ntawm Lesser Poland, Ancient Lithuania thiab Livonia, txawm tias mus rau Gulf of Finland, thiab tag nrho lub tebchaws los ntawm Karelians, Lapontsi thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Qaum Teb, nrog tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm Scythia, txawm tias mus rau Nagai, Volga thiab Perekop Tatars. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Great Russia, Muscovites txhais tau tias qhov chaw nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Livonia, Hiav Txwv Dawb, Tatars thiab Borisfen thiab feem ntau hu ua "Muscovy". Los ntawm Me Russia, peb txhais cov cheeb tsam: Braslav (Bratislawensis), Podolsk, Galitskaya, Syanotskaya, Peremyshl, Lvov, Belzskaya nrog Kholmskaya, Volyn thiab Kievskaya, pw nruab nrab ntawm Scythian deserts, tus dej Borisfen, Pripyat thiab Veprem thiab Me ntsis Poland. Thiab ze Belaya - thaj chaw, xaus ntawm Pripyat, Borisfen thiab Dvina, nrog cov nroog: Novgorodok, Minsk, Mstislavl, Smolensk, Vitebsk thiab Polotsk thiab lawv cov cheeb tsam. Tag nrho cov no ib zaug yog cov neeg Lavxias los ntawm txoj cai, tab sis, vim kev ua tub rog raug xwm txheej, lawv tau muab txoj hauv kev rau kev zoo siab thiab ua siab loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog thiab Lithuanians "(" Meyerberg's Travel ", Kev txhais lus Lavxias hauv" Nyeem nyob rau hauv Moscow Society ntawm Lavxias Keeb Kwm thiab Antiquities ", phau ntawv IV. 1873).
Txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws tau hais hauv Fab Kis phau ntawv txhais lus keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 18: "Russia. Nws yog thaj av loj ntawm Tebchaws Europe uas suav nrog ntu ntawm Poland, Lithuania thiab Muscovy. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb thaj av faib nws ua ob ntu - Great thiab Me Russia, lawv hu cov ntu no "Dub Russia" thiab "Dawb Russia". Tab sis Starovolsky faib Russia ua peb ntu: Russia Dawb, Dub thiab Liab …
Lithuanian Russia. Nws yog ib feem ntawm Dawb Russia thiab suav nrog tag nrho sab hnub tuaj ntawm Lithuania. Nws suav nrog xya thaj tsam: Novogrudok, Minsk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Rogachev thiab Rechetsk”(Charles Maty, Michel-Antoine Baudrand. Dictionnaire geographique universel. 1701).
Thiab ntawm no yog li cas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm Belarus tau ntsuas qhov pom ntawm lawv lub tebchaws uas yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev Polish-Lithuanian:
Aw, cola b, cola
Muscovites tuaj
Muscovites tuaj
Peb cov txheeb ze
Peb cov txheeb ze
Ib txoj kev ntseeg!
Peb ua siab zoo
Peb zoo siab
Yog tias Russia muaj usya, Trimyutsya
Los ntawm ib lub zog
Rau ib tug yog.
Yog nd rau peb rau kev txhaum
Ponishli Lyakhi, Nyob peb thaj av
Yog lawm Lyakhovich.
Oh, Lyakhi yuav tsis mus, Cov lauj kaub tsis tau coj lawv los ua ke!
Au, cov txiv neej, koj tau ploj mus, Yog li lawv muag peb!
Auj, yawg, koj tau ploj mus, Tab sis koj tau tso tseg txoj kev ntseeg."
(Nkauj ntawm cov neeg ua teb ntawm Minsk xeev // Otechestvennye zapiski. Ntim 5. 1839)
Lo lus "Muscovites" hauv zaj nkauj tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo; nws yog qhov kev xaiv rau cov neeg Lavxias loj nyob hauv tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Yog li, thaum lub sijhawm thaum thaj av ntawm Dawb Russia yog ib feem ntawm Lithuania, lawv tau pom los ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig (suav nrog cov neeg txawv tebchaws) raws li thaj chaw Lavxias tau kov yeej los ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau cov tub ceev xwm Polish, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Dawb Russia xav kom cov neeg Lavxias loj kom tuaj sai li sai tau thiab pub dawb los ntawm Polish -catholic quab yuam.
