Hauv kab lus dhau los, nws tau hais txog Serbia thiab Montenegro. Hauv qhov no peb yuav tham txog lawv cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws - Croats.
Sib ntaus rau Croatia
Ntau tus kws txhais lus tau txais lo lus "Croat" los ntawm cov Slavic сhъrvatъ thiab Indo-European kher, hais txog qee yam ntsig txog riam phom. (Tab sis Serbs, raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntawv, tau "koom ua ke" los ntawm kev sib txheeb zoo. Nws tau pom tias Belarusian lo lus "syabr" yog tib lo lus qub).
Croatian yog pawg South Slavic, ze rau Serbian, Montenegrin thiab Bosnian. Nws muaj peb hom lus - Stockavian, uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev sau ntawv lus Croatian, Kaikavian thiab Chakavian.
Cov tebchaws Croatian tau ntev los ua chaw rau kev tawm tsam ntawm lub zog loj. Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, Venetians, Ottomans thiab Hungarians tau sim tsim lub zog hla thaj chaw no. Thiab ua ntej lawv, qub Byzantium thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas faj tim teb chaws ntawm Charlemagne sib tw ntawm no.
Xyoo 925, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Tomislav I ntawm Trpimirovic dynasty tau los ua thawj tus vaj ntxwv Croatian, tom qab lub xeev no suav nrog Pannonia, Dalmatia, Slavonia thiab Bosnia.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus vaj ntxwv kawg ntawm tsev neeg Trpimirovic, Stephen II, hauv 1091, thov rau cov av no tau ua los ntawm King Laszlo I ntawm Hungary, uas nws tus muam Elena yog tus poj niam ntawm yav dhau los Croatian huab tais, Dmitar Zvonimir. Cov tub rog Hungarian nkag mus rau Croatia, thiab Elena tau tshaj tawm tias huab tais, tab sis raug yuam kom tawm hauv lub tebchaws tom qab Polovtsian tawm tsam Hungary, qhia los ntawm Byzantine tus huab tais Alexei I Komnenos. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Hungarians tseem tswj hwm kom Slavonia qab lawv, thiab tus tub ntawm Laszlo I, Almos, tau los ua nws tus huab tais.
Croats tsis lees paub qhov poob: xyoo 1093 lawv tau xaiv tus vaj ntxwv tshiab - Petar Svachich, uas tom qab 2 xyoos tswj kom kov yeej Slavonia. Tab sis qhov kev ua tiav no ua rau nws puas tsuaj, vim Almos tus tij laug, Kalman the Knizhnik (uas tau los ua huab tais Hungary xyoo 1095) xyoo 1097 yeej cov tub rog Croatian hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mount Gvozd. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, huab tais kawg ntawm kev ywj pheej Croatia tuag.
Thaum xub thawj, muaj kev koom nrog Hungarian-Croatian nrog ib tus huab tais (ib yam Kalman Knizhnik). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 1102 daim ntawv tau kos npe ("Pacta ສົນ ທິ ສັນ ຍາ"), raws li Croatia tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Hungary raws li kev tswj hwm "Av ntawm Crown ntawm St. Stephen (Archiregnum Hungaricum).
Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, sab qaum teb hnub poob Dalmatia nrog lub nroog Zadar, Split, Trogir tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Hungary: sawv cev ntawm tus huab tais ntawm lub tebchaws no, tus tswv xeev, txwv, txiav txim rau cov av no. Hauv Hungary nws tus kheej, txoj haujlwm ze rau Croatian Ban tau tuav los ntawm Palatine, uas yog thawj tus thawj coj thiab tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug.
Sab Qab Teb Dalmatia, uas suav nrog cov nroog ntawm Kotor, Bar, Ulcius, tau dhau los ua vassal ntawm Serbia, qhov twg Nemanich dynasty kav thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Venice tau tuav Zadar hauv 1202, thiab Dubrovnik hauv 1205. Hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, tom qab kev yuav khoom hauv 1409 txoj cai rau ib feem ntawm Dalmatia los ntawm Vladislav ntawm Naples, Venetians tswj tau yuav luag tag nrho ntug dej hiav txwv yav tom ntej Croatia.
Thiab tom qab ntawd Ottoman sultans tau ua tib zoo mloog rau cov av no.
Ottoman conquest ntawm Croatia
Nov yog li cas Lub Tebchaws Ottoman zoo li xyoo 1451 - ua ntej yuav ntes Constantinople (1453) thiab "dhia" mus rau Balkans.
Xyoo 1459, raws li peb nco los ntawm tsab xov xwm "Lub sijhawm Ottoman hauv keeb kwm ntawm Serbia", Serbia thaum kawg yeej. Xyoo 1460 Ottomans tau ntes Bosnia, xyoo 1463 - Peloponnese, xyoo 1479 - Albania thiab ib feem ntawm Venetian cov khoom, thaum kawg, hauv 1483, Herzegovina tau kov yeej. Xyoo 1493, cov tub rog Croatian tau swb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Ottomans ntawm thaj chaw Krbavsky.
Cov tub rog Turkish tau coj los ntawm Bosnian Sanjak bey Khadim Yakup Pasha. Thaum nws pov tseg tsuas yog akinji - lub teeb (piv rau sipahi) Ottoman cavalry. Nws tau tawm tsam los ntawm kev txwv Imre Deremchin, uas nqa nrog nws 8 txhiab tus tub rog thiab ob txhiab tus tub rog caij nees hnyav.
Cov neeg caij nees hauv tebchaws Ottoman tau nqa tawm cov tub rog Croatian nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd, puag ncig lawv, tua lawv. Tom qab ntawd nws yog qhov tig ntawm cov tub rog (uas tau npau taws rau lawv cov qib thaum nce qib). Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, ntau tus nom tswv Croatian tau tuag, suav nrog kev txwv nws tus kheej.
Xyoo 1521 Sultan Suleiman I (Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws) tau thov khoom plig los ntawm Hungary. Tom qab tsis kam lees, nws xub ntes Belgrade, uas yog lub tebchaws no, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau txav nws cov tub rog mus rau lub nroog Buda. Cov Hungarians ntsib lawv ntawm Mohacs tiaj - txog 250 km ntawm lub peev. Nov yog Lub Yim Hli 29, 1526, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas tau xaus qhov kev swb ntawm cov tub rog ntseeg.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua pib nrog kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Hungarian hnyav ntawm sab xis ntawm Ottomans. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog ntseeg tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Janissaries hauv nruab nrab thiab ntawm lwm sab.
Cov tub rog Hungarian tau tswj hwm kom nias lub cav tub rog Ottoman (txawm hais tias nws ntseeg tias kev tawm ntawm Turks yog kev dag ntxias dag ntxias). Thaum kawg, Cov Turks tau coj cov yeeb ncuab tub rog mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm phom loj: hluav taws ntawm cov phom Ottoman tau sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qib kev nce qib. Kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Turkish tsoo cov tub rog, uas yuav luag txhua tus tuag, raug nias tawm tsam Danube.
Cov tub rog tub rog tau tuav ntev dua, uas thaum kawg tau nyob ib puag ncig thiab tseem swb. Vaj Laj Lajos II ntawm Hungary, Croatia thiab Bohemia raug tua. Nws tau dhau los ua tus huab tais thib ob ntawm Jagiellonian dynasty tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Turks. (Thawj yog Vladislav Varnenchik, uas tuag hauv 1444 hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Varna - koj tuaj yeem nyeem zaj dab neeg txog nws hauv kab lus "Crusaders tiv thaiv lub tebchaws Ottoman: phiaj xwm kawg").
Ob lub lis piam tom qab, lub peev ntawm Hungary, Buda, kuj tau poob.
Ib ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Ottoman hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mohacs yog ib tus menyuam tub liab qab ib nrab pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej, ib tus neeg Croat lossis Hungarian, uas tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm raws li Piiale Pasha, tus vizier thib ob ntawm lub tebchaws, tus thawj coj-hauv-tus thawj ntawm cov tub rog Ottoman thiab tus yawm txiv ntawm Sultan Selim II. Nws tau piav qhia hauv kab lus "Ottoman pirates, admirals, cov neeg taug kev thiab cov kws kos duab."
Lub hauv paus ntawm Hungary tam sim no nyob hauv Ottomans. Cov cheeb tsam sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb, suav nrog lub nroog Pozsony (Bratislava), tau los raws txoj cai ntawm Habsburgs. Cov Ottomans tseem nyob ntau thaj tsam ntawm Croatia.
Tej zaum koj yuav tau hnov cov kab lus ntawm qhov chaw:
“Cia lwm tus sib ntaus; koj zoo siab Austria, sib yuav! Dab tsi Mars muab rau lwm tus, Venus muab rau koj."
Qhov kev sib txuas no yog tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Hungary, Matius Corvin, uas nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Tab sis nws tau tshwm sim, pom, nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no (xyoo 1526) uas kev sib yuav ua tiav tau coj Austria lub Habsburg crowns ntawm Hungary thiab Croatia.
Qhov teeb meem yog tias cov neeg Ottomans tau tso tseg "cov seem uas seem" mus rau Austria. Cov Turks khaws cov khoom hauv Hungary txog 1699. Thiab tam sim no tsis yog tsuas yog cov neeg Ottomans tau thov thaj av ntawm cov ntseeg uas ntog rau sab qaum teb ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej (qhov kawg ntawm lawv qhov kev tua yog kev kaw ntawm Vienna xyoo 1683), tab sis Austrians tseem nrhiav kev kov yeej thaj av ntawm Ottoman Sanjaks uas yog rau lawv "los ntawm txoj cai".
Hauv Dalmatia, lub nroog Dubrovnik (koom pheej ntawm Ragusa) ib txwm tuav txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb, uas yog los ntawm Venetians txog 1358, thiab tom qab ntawd poob rau hauv txoj cai Hungary.
Xyoo 1526, lub tebchaws no tau kov yeej los ntawm Ottomans. Tab sis txawm li ntawd los nws tau tswj hwm kom muaj kev ywj pheej, txwv nws tus kheej kom them khoom plig - txog thaum muaj av qeeg loj heev ntawm 1667.
Thiab cov Venetians, txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cav sib ceg hnyav nrog cov neeg Ottomans, tau tuav mus rau Adriatic ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dalmatia txog 1797, thaum koom pheej ntawm St. Mark tau kov yeej los ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte.
Txij thaum Lub Yim Hli 6 txog Lub Cuaj Hli 8, 1566, cov Ottomans tau tiv thaiv lub fortress me me ntawm Sigetvar, uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Croatian Ban Miklós Zrinyi.
Sultan Suleiman Kuv tau nrog pab tub rog Turkish, uas tau tso siab rau cov lus txib rau Grand Vizier Mehmed Pasha Sokkol (tus Serb no, uas tau coj los ntawm nws niam thiab txiv los ntawm "devshirme" system, tau piav qhia hauv kab lus Lub Sijhawm Ottoman hauv keeb kwm ntawm Serbia).
Hmo ntuj ntawm lub Cuaj Hli 7, Suleiman Kuv tuag hauv nws lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub. Tab sis tus vizier tsis tau qhia nws pab tub rog txog qhov no. Hloov chaw, nws tau xa ib pab tub rog mus rau kev txiav txim siab tsis txaus ntseeg: lub nroog tau hlawv thiab Zrinyi, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm 600 tus neeg caij nees, tau tawm tsam cov tub rog loj tshaj ntawm Turks. Tsuas yog xya leej ntawm lawv tau hla dhau, thiab Miklos Zrinyi poob, tsoo los ntawm peb lub mos txwv Turkish.
Zrinya tus tub Gaspar Aldapich tau raug kaw, tab sis raug txhiv dim. Tom qab ntawd nws tus kheej tau dhau los ua Croatian txwv.
Kev tuag ntawm Suleiman sib xyaw cov phiaj xwm ntawm Mehmed Pasha: es tsis txhob mus rau Vienna, nws rov qab mus rau Constantinople txhawm rau ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv nrog tus tshiab sultan - Selim II. Thiab yog li Richelieu hu ua Siege ntawm Sigetvar
"Kev sib ntaus sib tua uas cawm kev vam meej."
Sigetvar koom nrog Ottoman Empire rau 122 xyoo. Thiab xyoo 1994, Chaw Ua Si Hungarian-Turkish Friendship Park tau qhib nyob ze lub nroog no, qhov uas koj tuaj yeem pom lub monument rau Miklos Zrinyi thiab Suleiman I.
Xyoo 1593, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sava thiab Kupa cov dej nyob ze lub nroog Sisak, tom qab ntawd cov neeg Ottomans tau tsoo ntawm Balkans tsis muaj zog. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, pab tub rog ntawm Bosnian Pasha Hassan Predojevic tau sib cav nrog cov tub rog Austrian, feem ntau yog Croats. Kuj tseem muaj thaj tsam ciam teb ntawm Cov Tub Rog Krajina thiab txawm tias 500 tus neeg Serbian Uskoks (peb yuav tham txog Uskoks tom qab hauv kab lus no). Cov Turks yeej swb, txawm tias lawv tus thawj coj-thawj-tus raug tua.
Tus ciam teb tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm Ottomans thiab Habsburgs tseem nyob txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.
Dalmatian ntoo
Hauv Dalmatia (Adriatic ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm niaj hnub Croatia) los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 15th Uskoks tau tawm tsam tsis tu ncua tiv thaiv cov Turks.
Muaj ob qhov qauv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lo lus no. Raws li thawj ntawm lawv, Uskoks yog cov uas tau khiav tawm ("galloped") los ntawm thaj chaw tswj hwm los ntawm Turks. Lawv tuaj yeem yog Serbs, Croats, thiab Bosnians. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj "cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb" los ntawm lwm sab ntawm Adriatic Hiav Txwv, piv txwv li, Venetians. Raws li lwm qhov hloov tshiab, uskoks yog "cov uas dhia" (los ntawm kev tawm tsam).
Leaps tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm thaj av. Tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua neeg nto npe ntawm hiav txwv, qhov uas lawv tau caij nkoj loj (ntev li 15 metres). Ntsib lawv yog qhov txaus ntshai rau ib lub nkoj, tsis tas yuav yog ib tus neeg Turkish (txawm hais tias Uskoks, tau kawg, raug nyiag ntawm Ottomans nrog kev zoo siab tshwj xeeb).
Thaum pib, Uskoks tau ua nyob hauv Klis fortress, nyob ntawm pob zeb, tsis deb ntawm Split.
(Hauv TV series "Game of Thrones" Klis dhau los ua tus qauv ntawm lub nroog Meereen - nyob ntawd lawv "pleev xim rau" cov duab hauv lub computer).
Tom qab Klis tau swb rau Ottomans (xyoo 1537), Uskoks tau tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb -sab hnub poob ntawm Dalmatia - mus rau lub nroog Senj, nyob rau sab nraud ntawm cov kob ntawm Krk thiab koom nrog Austrian Archduke Ferdinand (yav tom ntej huab tais). Thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub lag luam Venetian tau hais tias:
"Thov tus Tswv tiv thaiv peb ntawm Seni txhais tes."
Cov khoom tau txais ntawm hiav txwv feem ntau muag hauv Italis lub nroog Gradiska (ntes los ntawm Austrians los ntawm Venice xyoo 1511), uas thaum kawg txawm pib hu ua "peev ntawm Uskoks".
Xyoo 1615, lawv tau ua siab tawv heev uas lawv tau tawm tsam lub nroog Monfalcone, uas yog Venice. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau ntes tus tswv xeev ntawm Venetian Dalmatia, uas tau tuag thaum sib ntaus sib tua.
Qhov tshwm sim yog kev sib ntaus Uskok, lossis "Gradiski war" (lub nroog no tiv tau ob lub sieges), uas Austrians, Spaniards thiab Croats sib tsoo nrog Venetians, Dutch thiab Askiv.
Kev ua tsov rog no tau kav ntev los ntawm 1615 txog 1618. Thiab nws tau xaus nrog kev ntiab tawm ntawm Uskoks los ntawm Senya. Qhov txiaj ntsig tsis xav tau yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog Ottoman thiab cov nkoj corsair, uas tam sim no pib nkag mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Adriatic ntau zaus.
Haiduki
Me ntsis tau hais txog Yunaks ntawm Serbia hauv kab lus "Lub sijhawm Ottoman hauv keeb kwm ntawm Serbia".
Thiab hauv Croatia, Bulgaria, Macedonia thiab Hungary, cov koomhaum no tau hu ua hayduks dawb. (Hauv Hungary kuj tseem muaj vaj ntxwv haiduks, zoo ib yam li Cossacks sau npe ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws).
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsis ntseeg tias Yunaks, Uskoks thiab Free Guyduks yog neeg ncaj ncees "tib neeg avengers", mob siab muab cov neeg pluag lawv lub tsho kawg thiab npaj kom nce lub rooj zaum txhua lub sijhawm kom hais lus zoo txog kev hlub rau lawv teb chaws ua ntej tua.
Txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm "kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws" thiab kev ua tub sab yog qee zaum nyias. Cov koom nrog feem ntau tau tawm tsam Turks thiab "koom tes" vim tias nws yog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm uas ib tus tuaj yeem cia siab rau kev tua tsiaj zoo. Thiab koj tau txais dab tsi los ntawm cov neeg txom nyem hauv nroog Christians? Cov Turks twb tau nyiag lawv ntawm qhov raug cai raug cai.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb Ferenc Nagy Szabo, uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Romania niaj hnub no, tau sau txog cov neeg no hauv 1601:
Cov Haiduks no yog cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees tsis ncaj ncees rau Vajtswv, txawm hais tias lawv yog cov ntseeg, lawv yog cov neeg phem heev. Thaum peb hais kom lawv tsis txhob ntaus thiab tsis ntseeg Vajtswv, vim tias peb kuj yog neeg Hungarians thiab cov ntseeg, thiab tias lawv tus Tswv yuav rau txim rau lawv tiag, lawv teb peb tias:
"Qhov no thiab uas yog cov tub ntawm tus ntsuj plig, koj yog plaub hau Turks thiab nyob ib puag ncig nrog cov Turks … Peb tsis ntshai dab tsi los ntawm Vajtswv, txij li thaum peb tso Nws nyob hauv Zatissia."
Croatia hauv xeev Habsburg
Thaum lub sij hawm Austro-Turkish Tsov Rog ntawm 1683-1699, Habsburgs tau tswj kom rov tau Croatian thaj av mus txog rau Sava River. Ntxiv mus, thoob plaws lub xyoo pua 18th, Austrian cov tub ceev xwm txhawb kom cov neeg German rov qab los nyob hauv tebchaws Croatian. Dab tsi ua rau tsis kam ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog.
Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Istria, Dalmatia thiab Dubrovnik tuaj nyob rau hauv Austrian txoj cai, uas thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 (1809-1813) yog Illyrian xeev ntawm Fabkis. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau rov qab mus rau Habsburgs.
Hauv kev ris txiaj rau nws txoj kev pab hauv kev tshem tawm kev tawm tsam Hungarian xyoo 1848, Croatia tau txais txoj cai ywj pheej. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab tsim "ob-pronged monarchy" (Austria-Hungary) xyoo 1867, Croatia thiab Slavonia tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Hungarian lub nceeg vaj, thaum Dalmatia thiab Istria tau muab rau Austria.
Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina xyoo 1878, Cov Tub Rog Ciam Tebchaws (Cov Tub Rog Krajina) tau raug tshem tawm, thaj av uas tau muab tso rau hauv Croatia. Thaum kawg, tom qab swb Austria-Hungary hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1 xyoo 1918, Croatia tau los ua ib feem ntawm Kingdom of Serbs, Croats thiab Slovenes.
Thiab tom qab ntawd peb yuav tham txog Macedonia, uas, ntxiv rau Turks, tau thov los ntawm cov neeg Greek, Bulgarians, Serbs thiab txawm tias Albanians.
