"Cov khoom siv tsis yog ib txwm" yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis hauv kev ua tub rog thiab kev lag luam dav hlau. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum ua ntau dua li tsuas yog ua cov qauv txhawb nqa - lawv yuav tsum yog cov khoom siv ntse
Cov ntaub ntawv ntse yog chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm los ua tus actuator thiab ua tus ntsuas, muab cov khoom siv uas tsim nyog deformations cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, hluav taws xob tam sim no lossis sib nqus teb. Txij li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tau tsim los ntawm ntau dua ib yam khoom thiab vim yog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, tam sim no muaj peev xwm suav nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv (lossis cov qauv) hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muab kev ua haujlwm sib xyaw hauv thaj chaw xws li:
- Maum, - Kho tus kheej, - Kev nkag siab, - Kev tiv thaiv xob laim, thiab
- Lub zog cia.
Peb yuav tsom mus rau thawj ob thaj chaw hauv kab lus no.
Cov ntaub ntawv Morphing thiab cov qauv morphing
Cov ntaub ntawv Morphing suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas, ua raws cov lus qhia tawm, hloov lawv cov lej tsis sib xws thiab uas muaj peev xwm rov qab tau lawv cov duab qub thaum cov cim sab nraud nres.
Cov ntaub ntawv no, vim yog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab, tau siv los ua tus ua haujlwm, tab sis lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev rov qab, uas yog, raws li cov sensors uas qhov kev cuam tshuam sab nraud siv rau cov khoom tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv teeb liab. Kev siv dav hlau hauv huab cua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ntau yam: cov ntsuas hluav taws xob, lub tshuab ua haujlwm, hloov pauv hauv kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob thiab cov cuab yeej siv, avionics, thiab kev sib txuas hauv cov tshuab hydraulic. Cov txiaj ntsig yog: kev ntseeg tau tshwj xeeb, kev pab lub neej ntev, tsis muaj xau, teeb tsa qis thiab txo kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb, ntawm cov actuators ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv morphing thiab cov duab cim alloys, actuators rau kev tswj tsis siv neeg ntawm avionics txias tshuab thiab actuators rau kaw / qhib phau ntawv qhia dampers hauv cockpit cua txias tshuab yog tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntaub ntawv uas hloov pauv qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev thov hluav taws xob suav nrog cov khoom siv piezoelectric (qhov tshwm sim ntawm polarization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov qauv crystalline nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuab kev nyuab siab (ncaj qha piezoelectric effect) thiab cov tshuab deformations nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob (thim rov qab piezoelectric effect)) thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov sib txawv nyob hauv cov lus teb rau daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob: cov khoom siv piezoelectric tuaj yeem ua kom ntev dua lossis luv dua, thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsuas yog ua kom ntev dua, tsis hais txog kev qhia ntawm daim teb thov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntsuas, qhov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm kev siv tshuab kev nyuab siab raug ntsuas thiab ua tiav txhawm rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tib yam kev ntxhov siab. Cov ntaub ntawv no nrog cov txiaj ntsig piezoelectric ncaj qha tau siv dav hauv kev nrawm thiab thauj khoom ntsuas, lub suab ntsuas. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov cuam tshuam piezoelectric thim rov qab tau siv hauv txhua tus actuators; lawv feem ntau siv hauv cov tshuab kho qhov muag kom pom lub hnub qub, vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm hloov kho txoj haujlwm ntawm tsom iav thiab tsom iav nrog nanometer qhov tseeb. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tau hais los saum no tseem suav nrog hauv cov qauv kev hloov pauv txhawm rau hloov qee yam yam ntxwv geometric thiab muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov qauv no. Tus qauv morph (tseem hu ua tus qauv ntse lossis tus qauv ua haujlwm) muaj peev xwm paub qhov hloov pauv ntawm lwm qhov xwm txheej vim kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsuas / lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshuab hluav taws xob ua rau nws. Txoj hauv kev no (vim tias muaj ib lossis ntau lub microprocessors thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob), kev hloov pauv uas tsim nyog tuaj yeem ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub ntsuas cua, tso cai rau cov qauv kom haum rau kev hloov pauv sab nraud. Kev saib xyuas zoo li no tsuas yog siv tsis tau rau sab nraud lub teeb liab (piv txwv li lub tshuab hloov pauv lossis hloov pauv), tab sis kuj tseem hloov pauv tus yam ntxwv sab hauv (piv txwv li puas tsuaj lossis tsis ua haujlwm). Kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov yog dav heev thiab suav nrog qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, dav hlau thiab dav hlau dav hlau (tswj kev co, suab nrov, hloov pauv, hloov pauv kev ntxhov siab thiab aeroelastic ruaj khov), cov tubrog nkoj hauv nkoj (nkoj thiab submarines), nrog rau kev tiv thaiv thev naus laus zis.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev nyiam kom txo qis kev co (kev co) uas tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yog qhov nthuav heev. Cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb (suav nrog ntau txheej piezoelectric ceramics) tau muab tso rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyuaj tshaj plaws txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau paub qhov kev co. Tom qab txheeb xyuas qhov kev co-induced Pib ntsais koj teeb, lub microprocessor xa lub teeb liab (piv rau cov teeb liab ntsuas) mus rau tus actuator, uas teb nrog lub zog tsim nyog muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev co. Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Siv Aviation Technology thiab NASA tau sim cov haujlwm zoo sib xws txhawm rau txo qis kev co ntawm qee qhov ntawm CH-47 qhov siab, nrog rau cov dav hlau dav hlau ntawm F-18 tus neeg tua rog. FDA tau pib ua ke cov khoom siv nquag rau hauv cov rotor hniav los tswj kev co.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rotor, cov hniav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qib siab ntawm kev sib tsoo los ntawm kev sib hloov thiab txhua yam cuam tshuam tshwm sim. Vim li no, thiab txhawm rau txo qis kev co thiab pab tswj kev thauj khoom ua haujlwm ntawm cov hniav, cov tshuab nquag nrog lub peev xwm khoov siab tau raug sim. Hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sim (hu ua "teeb tsa kev sib tw hauv Circuit"), thaum lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev hloov pauv, cov hniav tau sib zog raws nws qhov ntev tag nrho ua tsaug rau cov khoom siv fiber ntau sib xyaw AFC (electro-ceramic fiber embedded in a soft polymer matrix) ua ke rau hauv tus qauv hniav. Cov fibers uas muaj zog tau muab tso rau hauv txheej, ib txheej saum toj ib qho, nyob rau sab saud thiab qis dua ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov fibers nquag ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv cov hniav, uas ua rau muaj qhov khoov sib thooj thoob plaws hauv cov hniav, uas tuaj yeem sib npaug qhov viav vias kev co. Lwm qhov kev sim ("ua kom muaj kev sib hloov tsis sib xws") yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev siv dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem piezoelectric (actuators) rau kev tswj kev co: cov actuators tau muab tso rau hauv cov qauv hniav kom tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee qhov deflectors nyob ntawm ntug kev. Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv aeroelastic tshwm sim uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov kev co tsim los ntawm tus kiv cua. Ob qho kev daws teeb meem tau tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub dav hlau CH-47D tiag hauv kev sim hu ua MiT Hower Test Sand.
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov pauv cov qauv txheej txheem qhib lub zeem muag tshiab hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm cov qauv nyuaj, thaum lawv qhov hnyav thiab tus nqi raug txo qis. Cov cim txo qis hauv qib kev co txhais mus rau: txhim kho lub neej kev ua haujlwm, tsawg dua kev txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau zoo, nce txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim qauv zaum kawg raws li cov qauv raug rau kev co tsawg dua, nce kev nplij siab, txhim kho kev ya dav hlau thiab tswj lub suab nrov hauv qhov siab.
Raws li NASA, nws tau cia siab tias nyob rau 20 xyoo tom ntej no, xav tau kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm lub dav hlau uas yuav dhau los ua qhov sib dua thiab ntau dua yuav xav tau kev siv morphing ntau dua.
Cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej
Cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej uas yog koom nrog chav kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntse tuaj yeem kho nws tus kheej los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Thaum tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab no, cov txheej txheem ntuj thiab kab lis kev cai (piv txwv li, nroj tsuag, qee tus tsiaj, tib neeg daim tawv nqaij, thiab lwm yam) tau siv los ua kev txhawb nqa (qhov tseeb, thaum pib lawv tau hu ua cov khoom siv biotechnological). Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, polymers, hlau, ceramics, tiv thaiv xeb txheej thiab pleev xim. Qhov tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau hauv lawv daim ntawv thov chaw (kev tshawb fawb loj tau ua los ntawm NASA thiab European Chaw Haujlwm Chaw Haujlwm), uas yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev siv tshuab co, hluav taws xob cosmic, nrog rau txo kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov khib nyiab qhov chaw thiab micrometeorites. Ib qho ntxiv, cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam dav hlau thiab kev tiv thaiv. Cov khoom siv polymer niaj hnub siv hauv kev siv dav hlau thiab kev siv tub rog muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev siv tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg, cua sov, hluav taws yeeb ncuab, lossis ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej no. Txij li kev puas tsuaj sab hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj rau pom thiab kho, qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tau tshwm sim ntawm nano thiab qib micro thiab rov ua cov khoom rau nws cov khoom qub thiab mob. Cov thev naus laus zis yog ua raws cov txheej txheem raws li cov khoom siv suav nrog microcapsules ntawm ob hom sib txawv, ib qho muaj cov khoom siv kho tus kheej thiab lwm yam qee yam khoom siv. Yog tias cov khoom puas, microcapsules raug rhuav tshem thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, sau qhov puas tsuaj thiab rov ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov dav hlau niaj hnub no, thaum tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau kev saib xyuas hnyav lossis kho sab nrauv thiab / lossis hloov chaw. Txawm hais tias muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, yuav tsum muaj txhawm rau txhim kho kev saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv siv los ntawm kev lag luam dav hlau, thiab ntau cov pa roj nanotubes thiab cov tshuab epoxy tau thov rau lub luag haujlwm no. Cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus xeb ua rau lub zog tensile thiab damping cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab tsis hloov pauv cov thermal poob siab tsis kam. Nws tseem yog qhov nthuav los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov txheej txheem ceramic - cov qauv sib xyaw uas hloov pauv txhua cov pa oxygen (nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom raws li kev puas tsuaj) mus rau hauv cov khoom siv silicon -oxygen nrog qhov viscosity qis, uas tuaj yeem ntws mus rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov nyhuv capillary thiab sau lawv. NASA thiab Boeing tab tom sim kho tus kab mob nws tus kheej kom zoo nyob hauv cov khoom siv dav hlau uas siv cov polydimethylsiloxane elastomer matrix nrog rau hauv microcapsules.
Cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej muaj peev xwm kho qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kaw qhov sib txawv ib puag ncig ntawm qhov khoom ntaus. Pom tseeb, cov peev xwm zoo li no tau kawm ntawm qib tiv thaiv, ob qho tib si rau kev tiv thaiv cov tsheb thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej.
Cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej rau kev siv tub rog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws. Hauv qhov no, qhov cuam tshuam puas yog nyob ntawm:
- kinetic zog vim lub mos txwv (qhov hnyav thiab tshaj tawm), - kev tsim qauv txheej txheem (txheej txheem sab nrauv, khoom siv, cuab yeej ua rog), thiab
- kev sib tsoo geometry tsom (lub rooj sib tham lub kaum ntse ntse).
Nrog rau qhov no hauv siab, DARPA thiab Asmeskas Tub Rog Laboratories tab tom sim nrog cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej zoo tshaj plaws. Tshwj xeeb, kev rov kho lub ntsej muag tuaj yeem pib los ntawm kev nkag mus rau qhov chaw uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tsoo ua rau muaj cua sov hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov khoom, ua rau kho tus kheej tau.
Cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam tus kheej-kho iav yog qhov nthuav heev, uas cov kab nrib pleb tshwm sim los ntawm qee qhov kev siv tshuab tau ntim nrog kua. Cov iav kho tus kheej tuaj yeem siv hauv kev tsim cov mos txwv tsis muaj cua daj cua dub ntawm cov tsheb tub rog, uas yuav tso cai rau cov tub rog kom tswj tau qhov pom kev zoo. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom daim ntawv thov hauv lwm qhov chaw, aviation, khoos phis tawj, thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem loj yav tom ntej yog txhawm rau txuas lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv qib siab uas siv hauv cov txheej txheem thiab txheej txheej. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no raug tshuaj xyuas:
-cov ntaub ntawv kho tus kheej raws li graphene (ob-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterial suav nrog ib txheej ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms), - qib siab epoxy resins, - cov khoom raug rau tshav ntuj, - tiv thaiv corrosion microcapsules rau cov hlau nto, - elastomers muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov mos txwv cuam tshuam, thiab
carbon nanotubes siv los ua ib feem ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom ua tau zoo.
Cov naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov yam ntxwv tam sim no tau raug sim thiab tshawb fawb sim.
Tso zis
Tau ntau xyoo, cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau tau thov cov tswv yim cog lus rau phiaj xwm, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem siv lawv vim qhov tsis nkag tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau lawv qhov kev siv ua tau zoo. Niaj hnub no, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los tsim cov qauv hnyav nrog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws. Kev txhim kho niaj hnub no hauv cov khoom siv niaj hnub no (cov ntaub ntawv ntse thiab nanocomposites) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias txhua qhov nyuaj, thaum tus yam ntxwv feem ntau muaj lub siab xav ntau thiab qee zaum txawm tias tsis sib haum. Tam sim no, txhua yam tau hloov pauv nrog lub kaleidoscopic nrawm, rau cov khoom siv tshiab, kev tsim khoom uas nyuam qhuav pib, muaj ib qho ntxiv, uas lawv ua kev sim thiab sim. Aerospace thiab kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam tuaj yeem sau ntau yam txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo kawg no.
