Cov kab lus "Hungarian tank building" hauv nws tus kheej ua rau luag ntxhi hnub no. Hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias xyoo 1940, tsis muaj ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam. Txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev sim, Tus tsim qauv Hungarian ua tsis tiav los tsim cov tsheb sib tw sib tw, lawv ib txwm poob qis tom qab lub peev txheej tsim lub tank. Lub tank Hungarian Turan tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los caum nrog Soviet lub tank hais txog kev tiv thaiv thiab lub zog tua hluav taws.
Rau tag nrho lawv qhov tsis txaus, Turan tso tsheb hlau luam tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob, thiab Hungary nws tus kheej yog ib tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Cov tub rog Hungarian tau tawm tsam ntawm Nazis yuav luag txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv Europe. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum lub sijhawm tsim tawm los ntawm 1942 txog 1944, raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, txog 459 Turan tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho tau sib sau ua ke hauv Hungary. Kev sib ntaus zaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, uas Turan tso tsheb hlau luam tau koom nrog, yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Balaton thaum Lub Peb Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1945. Nws yog nyob hauv thaj chaw no uas tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv Hungarian tso tsheb hlau luam kawg, thiab qee lub tsheb tau raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet.
Czechoslovak keeb kwm ntawm Hungarian Turan tank
Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias cov tub rog Hungarian tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, lawv tsis tau txais kev qhuas nyob hauv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Soviet pab tub rog, thiab cov Hungarians tsis muaj ntau qhov pom tau zoo hauv kev sib ntaus nrog cov tub rog ntawm Red Army. Cov koog Hungarian tau nquag siv tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, thiab lub tsev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau pab tub rog Hungarian yog cov steppes, uas lub peev xwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab lub tank tau nthuav tawm zoo tshaj plaws. Tab sis cov chav Magyar muaj teeb meem loj nrog cov tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog; Cov tsheb tiv thaiv Hungarian yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam Soviet T-34 lub tank nruab nrab thiab hnyav KVs ntawm cov lus sib npaug. Qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias keeb kwm ntawm Hungarian lub tank tsim hnub rov qab tsuas yog rau xyoo 1930s lig.
Ua ntej qhov no, tsoomfwv Hungarian tau sim xaus cov ntawv cog lus rau kev muab cov tsheb tiv thaiv npog nrog ntau lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam "Toldi" tau xaj hauv Sweden, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas yog rab phom tiv thaiv 20-mm. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua no tsis tshaj 8.5 tons, thiab kev xaj ntawm thawj koob yog 13 hli. Lub tank tau tsim los ntawm Swedish Landsverk L-60, ib daim ntawv theej thiab daim ntawv tso cai tsim khoom uas tau yuav los ntawm Hungary. Ib txwm, cov tub rog Hungarian ua npau suav kom tau txais lub tank ntau dua nrog riam phom zoo dua thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm lawv pov tseg. Tab sis npaj los sib tham nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees ntawm kev yuav Pz. Kpfw. III and Pz. Kpfw. IV tsis muaj dab tsi. Tib txoj hmoo tos kev sib tham nrog Ltalis ntawm kev xa daim ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab M13 / 40, kev sib tham tau rub mus txog thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1940, thaum xav tau tsheb Italian yooj yim dua.
Tus cawm seej ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv Hungarian yog Czechoslovakia, uas tau ua tiav los ntawm Nazi pab tub rog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1939. Nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog kev tsim khoom lag luam zoo hauv lub tebchaws, nrog rau kev tsim tub rog ntau heev, uas yog lub tank S-II-c lossis T-21, tsim los ntawm cov tsim qauv ntawm lub tuam txhab Skoda. Lub tsheb sib ntaus tau tsim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm lub tank Czech LT vz. 35, uas tau siv dav hauv qee qhov ntawm Wehrmacht. Cov neeg German tsis txaus siab rau T-21, yog li lawv tsis tawm tsam kev xa cov qauv npaj ua ntej rau Hungary. Nyob rau hauv lem, Cov kws tshaj lij Hungarian tau txiav txim siab tso tsheb hlau luam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab muaj rau lub tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Hungarians tsis tuaj yeem xaj xaj rau kev tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Skoda cov chaw tsim khoom, vim tias lawv tau ntim nrog German xaj.
Thawj tsab ntawv ntawm lub tank Turan yav tom ntej tuaj txog hauv Hungary thaum Lub Rau Hli Ntuj xyoo 1940. Tom qab kuaj thiab hla 800 km yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, lub tsheb tau pom zoo rau kev saws me nyuam thaum Lub Xya Hli xyoo ntawm tib lub xyoo tom qab kev txhim kho thiab kev txhim kho tau tsim los. Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb suav nrog: qhov pom ntawm tus thawj coj lub khob cawv; nce hauv kev teev npe pem hauv ntej txog 50 hli; thiab qhov nce ntawm cov neeg coob ntawm lub tank mus rau tsib tus neeg, nrog rau kev tso peb tus neeg nyob hauv lub pej thuam. Ib qho piv txwv rau cov neeg Hungarians thaum hloov pauv kev tsim lub tank yog cov neeg German, uas tau txiav txim siab lees paub cov tub ceev xwm hauv lub tank tsim thiab siv cov tub rog tank.
Lub tank tshiab, hloov kho tshiab los ntawm Hungarians, tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 1940 raws li lub npe 40. M, thaum lub tank tau txais nws lub npe "Turan". Kev ncua ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev qhia thiab kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom tso tawm ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, uas yooj yim tsis muaj nyob hauv Hungary txog thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1930s, ua rau qhov tseeb tias thawj ntu Turan tso tsheb hlau luam tau xaus hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv tank hauv nroog Hungarian ntawm Esztergom nkaus xwb thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1942.
Tank lig rau kev ua tsov ua rog
Txog nws lub sijhawm, Turan tsis yog lub tsheb sib ntaus phem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias thawj daim qauv ntawm lub tank Hungarian yav tom ntej tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Czechoslovak cov kws tsim khoom rov qab rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1937. Lub tank tau tsim los rau kev xa tawm, nws tau npaj tias cov tub rog ntawm Ltalis, Romania thiab Hungary yuav dhau los ua nws cov neeg yuav khoom. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1939, lub tank hloov nws lub npe mus rau T-21 thiab xaus rau hauv Hungary raws li qhov ntsuas no ib xyoos tom qab. Txog rau xyoo 1930s, kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm lub tank Czech tseem zoo. Txhawb nqa txog 30 hli cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv pem hauv ntej (piv rau LT vz. 35) thiab muaj 47 mm Skoda A11 rab phom ua rau lub tsheb ua riam phom txaus ntshai hauv tshav rog.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog lub tank, tsim nyob rau xyoo 1930s lig, yog lig rau kev ua tsov rog uas nws tau tsim. Kev hloov kho neeg Hungarian, txawm hais tias nws tau txais daim ntawv teev npe pem hauv ntej txhawb rau 50-60 hli (txhua daim phiaj thaiv phom tau teeb tsa ntsug lossis nrog lub kaum sab xis tsis txaus ntseeg) thiab tus thawj coj lub khob, tau txawv los ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm 40-mm semi-automatic cannon ntawm nws tus kheej tsim tawm 41. M, tsim los ntawm German phom tiv thaiv phom PAK 35 /36. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov ntev zoo ntawm 51 lub peev xwm, rab phom tsis tuaj yeem khav ntawm kev nkag tau zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej. Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 300 metres ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev ntsib nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm 30 degrees, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov phom loj ntawm rab phom no tau tsoo tsuas yog 42 hli ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, ntawm qhov deb li ib kilometers - 30 hli. Lub peev xwm ntawm 40-mm rab phom tau ntau dua li txaus los tawm tsam lub teeb Soviet T-26 thiab BT-7 tso tsheb hlau luam, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Pab Pawg Liab lub tso tsheb hlau luam xyoo 1941, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus Soviet tshiab T-34 thiab KV Turan tso tsheb hlau luam.
Qhov teeb meem tau hnyav ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thawj cov tso tsheb hlau luam Hungarian tau pib rub tawm cov kab sib dhos tsuas yog xyoo 1942, lawv tsis muaj sijhawm los koom nrog kev tawm tsam Stalingrad thiab Caucasus. Tab sis qhov no kuj tau cawm lawv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj yav tom ntej, uas yog Pawg Tub Rog Hungarian thib 2, uas tawm tsam rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, raws li ntau qhov kev kwv yees, poob txog 150 txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm, txog 70 feem pua ntawm nws cov khoom siv thiab txhua yam riam phom hnyav.
Kev tshuaj xyuas lub peev xwm ntawm Turan tank
Kev tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua ua ntej ntawm Turan tso tsheb hlau luam tau rub rau ob xyoos; lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam nrog Soviet pab tub rog tsuas yog thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1944. Txog lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tso tsheb hlau luam uas tuaj lig rau kev ua rog tau sim ua kom lawv zoo dua qub. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1942, ua ke nrog Turan I, Hungary tau txiav txim siab pib sib sau ua ke Turan II lub tank, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb uas yog muaj 75-mm rab phom luv luv nrog rab phom ntev 25 calibers. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub tank Hungarian no tau nce los ntawm 18.2 txog 19.2 tons. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tshuav 8-lub tog raj kheej roj cav nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 265 hp. Ua kom lub tsheb nrawm mus txog 43 km / h thaum tsav tsheb ntawm txoj kev loj, cov version nrog rab phom 40 -mm muaj qhov ua tau zoo me ntsis - 47 km / h. Kev hloov kho tshiab tau txais lub npe 41. M Turan II.
Kev sim ntawm Hungary cov tub rog kom muab lub neej thib ob rau lub phiaj xwm tank los ntawm xyoo 1930 lig yuav tsum suav tias ua tsis tiav. Tab sis lawv tsis ua tiav qhov tseeb vim tias lub sijhawm lub tank tshwm rau ntawm tshav rog. Rov qab rau xyoo 1940 thiab 1941, lub tsheb yuav tau saib kom zoo dua hauv kev sib piv nrog lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv mos txwv, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv ntawm pab tub rog liab. Tab sis xyoo 1944, cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm Turan yog cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab T-34 thiab T-34-85, uas cov neeg Tankers Hungarian yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem sib ntaus sib tua. Cov phom loj 40-mm tsis tau nkag mus rau pem hauv ntej cov cuab yeej ntawm T-34 los ntawm txhua qhov deb, yam tsawg kawg yog qhov ua tau zoo nws muaj peev xwm nkag tau tsuas yog ib sab qis ntawm T-34's sab phom phom. Kev hloov pauv mus rau rab phom ntev 75-mm tsis tau hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej. Qhov tseeb, xyoo 1944, Hungarian analogue ntawm German Pz. Kpfw tank nkag rau hauv tshav rog. IV, nrog rau lub tebchaws Yelemes pib ua tsov rog tawm tsam USSR. Raws li cov tub rog txhawb nqa lub tank 41. M Turan II tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub tsheb zoo, lub 75-mm projectile muaj qhov ua kom tawg tawg tawg zoo, tab sis kev tawm tsam niaj hnub Soviet cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsheb thiab Qiv-xauj Shermans yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev rau Hungarian. tank.
Projectile armor ntawm 50-60mm frontal armor zoo nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1940s. Qhov no txaus los tiv thaiv feem ntau ntawm cov phom ua ntej ua tsov rog tiv thaiv lub tank mus txog thiab suav nrog 45 hli. Qhov tseeb, Turans tau ntsib nrog kev siv phom loj ntawm 57-mm thiab 76-mm los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, uas tau lees tias yuav nkag mus rau lawv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm qhov deb txog li 1000 meters, thiab rab phom 85-mm ntawm qhov hloov tshiab T -34s tsis tau tso cai rau Hungarian tankers txhua. Cov ntxaij vab tshaus tiv thaiv, uas cov neeg Hungarians pib teeb tsa ntawm lawv lub tsheb ua rog nyob rau xyoo 1944, tsis tuaj yeem kho qhov xwm txheej no ib yam nkaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim qauv qub dhau los ntawm kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv daim hlau kuj tseem tsis ua rau kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo thiab muaj sia nyob ntawm cov tsheb. Thaum lub plhaub tsoo lub ris tsho tiv thaiv, cov rivets tau ya tawm thiab txawm tias lub tsho tiv thaiv tsis nkag mus, lawv tuaj yeem tsoo cov cuab yeej thiab cov neeg coob ntawm lub tsheb sib ntaus. Peb-tus txiv neej pej thuam nrog tus thawj coj lub cupola, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm tus thawj coj, leej twg tuaj yeem coj kev sib ntaus yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm, tsis cawm qhov xwm txheej no.
Cov lus teb tsim nyog rau Soviet T-34 tso tsheb hlau luam tuaj yeem yog qhov thib peb ntawm Turan kev hloov kho tshiab, xaiv 43. M Turan III. Tab sis lub tank no, muaj riam phom ntev 75-mm rab phom (phom ntev 43 caliber), nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub hauv ntej txog 75-mm, tau sawv cev los ntawm ob peb qhov qauv xwb, nws yeej tsis tau tsim tawm. Hauv qhov tseeb, thaum ntsib nrog Soviet cov tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog, uas tau nthuav tawm xyoo 1944 tsis yog nrog T-34-85 tshiab thiab IS-2, tab sis kuj nrog ntau yam phom loj rau tus kheej, Hungarian Turan tso tsheb hlau luam tau nrawm los ntawm qeb ntawm cov tub rog. cov tsheb mus rau qeb ntawm cov hlau seem thiab cov kwv tij qhov ntxa rau cov neeg coob ntawm tsib.
