Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)
Video: 10 lub teb chaws muag Riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua rog ntau tshaj hauv qab ntuj 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Raws li cov tub ntxhais hluas los ntawm sab qab teb, koj

enchantress, quav, cov hlau ntawm cov hniav yog kuv txoj kev ntseeg siab, koj tuav kuv zoo li tus poj niam.

("Steel-phooj ywg". Miredah O'Daley, npe menyuam yaus Scotsman (d. C. 1224))

Yog tias muaj ib lub tebchaws twg nyob hauv Europe uas yav dhau los tau muab zais rau hauv qhov tsis paub meej rau ntau dua li lwm tus, nws yuav tsis ntseeg tias yog tebchaws Ireland - cov kob kawg ntawm ntug ntawm thaj av uas muaj neeg nyob thaum ub. Cov neeg Loos tsis tau mus rau ntawd, tab sis tib neeg twb nyob ntawd lawm thaum lawv txoj cai kav tebchaws Askiv. Raws li cov ntseeg nyob nruab nrab "Phau ntawv ntawm Kev Tsov Rog ntawm Ireland", nws tau kov yeej los ntawm Spanish Celts uas tau caij nkoj los ntawm Galicia, uas tau txais lub npe Milesians (los ntawm cov lus Mev Spanish Mile). "Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Neeg Brit" (IX xyoo pua) kuj hais txog lawv thiab tshaj tawm tias Mil no yog leej txiv ntawm Irish Gauls. Tsis muaj kev lees paub keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm kev nkag tebchaws Spanish hauv tebchaws Ireland, tab sis zaj dab neeg no tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no.

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Cov tub rog Irish sib ntaus Vikings ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Clontarf (23 Plaub Hlis 1014). Txhuv. Angus McBride.

Zoo, raws li kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, 84% ntawm cov txiv neej Irish muaj cov cim cim caj ces ntawm haplogroup R1b, txawm hais tias thawj tus neeg nyob hauv uas tuaj txog ntawm cov kob ib ncig 4350 BC. e., Muaj tus cim ntawm haplogroup "G". Tsis yog li 2500 xyoo dhau los, cov tib neeg nrog pab pawg no tau raug tua pov tseg, yog li niaj hnub no nws tsuas muaj 1% ntawm cov txiv neej Irish. Thiab R1b tau nthuav dav nyob rau sab qaum teb Spain thiab tseem nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob Fabkis.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov chaw nyob tebchaws Ireland tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws. Nws tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg kov yeej kom mus txog ntawd. Tias yog vim li cas, thaum nyob rau xyoo V. Kev ntseeg Vajtswv kis rau ntawm cov kob, nws tau dhau los ua ib hom "kev thaj yeeb ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab nyob ntsiag to", uas tau pab txhawb kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev ntseeg Christian thaum ub thiab qhov chaw ntawm Western cov nyiaj pabcuam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kob tau ua los ntawm cov xeem coj los ntawm lawv cov thawj coj, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev txom nyem ntawm cov peev txheej, uas tsis tso cai rau muaj ntau tus kab mob tsis ua haujlwm nyob hauv zej zog. Qhov xwm txheej tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 10, thaum Scandinavian Vikings pib ua lawv cov kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Ireland. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1014 Irish tus huab tais Brian Bohr tswj kom kov yeej lawv ntawm Tsov Rog Clontarf. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus kheej tuag thiab muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov ntshav pib ntawm cov kob. Qhov txaus siab, kom txog thaum Anglo-Norman ntxeem tau, Ireland tau faib ua tsib lub nceeg vaj, thiab ib lub xeev tsis ua haujlwm hauv nws. Thaum twg, tom qab 1175, Kev tswj hwm tebchaws Askiv thaum kawg tau tsim hauv tebchaws Ireland (txawm hais tias tsis nyob txhua qhov chaw), Irish, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv - txawm tias yeej ntawm Robert the Bruce, lossis kev kis tus kabmob kis ntawm 1348, uas ua rau tag nrho cov lus Askiv nyob hauv cov nroog., sim ob peb zaug kom tso lawv tus kheej los ntawm nws, tab sis lawv tsis ua tiav lub sijhawm ntawd. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog qhov txaus siab tias, txawm hais tias Ireland me dua li Askiv, ntau dua 100 lub tsev fuabtais tseem raug khaws cia rau hauv nws thaj av (tsuas yog 40 ntawm lawv tau muaj sia nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv), thiab txij li muaj lub tsev fuabtais, yog li, ntawm chav kawm, tsev fuabtais muaj ob lub suzerain thiab cov tub rog uas yuav tsum tiv thaiv nws.

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Ireland (ntu 4)

Lub Kurrach yog lub nkoj caij nkoj ntawm cov neeg Irish thaum ub thiab Cov Duab nrog cov tawv tawv tawv. Nws ntseeg tias nws nyob ntawm lub nkoj uas St. Brendan ua nws txoj kev mus rau Iceland, Faroe Islands thiab Asmeskas. Txhuv. Wayne Reynolds: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!

Tau ntau pua xyoo, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua tub rog Irish, rau qhov laj thawj zoo, tau siv phom me me rau cov tub rog, uas muaj nyob hauv lawv cov khoom siv rab ntaj, rab ntaj ntev, hneev nti thiab xub, thiab teeb cov ntais pob. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, kev ua tub rog yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog "kev tsov rog" tau raug tua nrog lub hom phiaj nyiag nyuj.

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Ib tus neeg Irishman thaum ub thaum raug tua ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Askiv, xyoo V. Cov kev tawm tsam no vim yog kev tua tsiaj thiab ua qauv qhia ntawm lawv cov tub ntxhais hluas tau ua nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Txhuv. Cai Richard Hook.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Gaelic Irish tau pib kawm ntau yam los ntawm Scandinavians thiab siv dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua ntev. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv Ian Heath, piv txwv li, tshaj tawm tias Irish thiab lawv cov kab (yav dhau los tau lees paub hauv Scandinavian kev cuam tshuam) tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv uas lawv tau hnav nyob txhua qhov chaw, txawm tias nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov. Girald Kambrensky, Topographies ntawm Ireland (puag ncig 1188), tau sau hais tias rab riam tau tuav hauv ib txhais tes xwb, "siv tus ntiv tes xoo raws tus tes tuav kom tshuab"; thiab ntxiv tias tsis yog lub kaus mom hlau lossis lub saw xa ntawv yuav tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev raug riam phom no. Txawm hais tias ib tus tub rog Anglo -Norman tswj kom khiav tawm ntawm Irish kev ua phem, txawm hais tias nws tus nees tau txais peb tshuab nrog rab riam, thiab nws tus kheej - ob leeg hauv nws daim thaiv npog. Lwm yam riam phom ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus, hu ua kerns, yog rab hmuv luv thiab ob rab hneev nti. Txoj hlua tseem tau siv, vim tias muaj qee yam, thiab muaj pob zeb txaus hauv tebchaws Ireland txawm tias muaj ntau. Cov riam ntev ntev muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov peev txheej tshaj ntaj, thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog tsis tshua hais txog. Luv, lub teeb nrig tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tej cuab yeej thiab feem ntau raug mob ntau dua li raug tua, ntxiv rau, Irish tsis siv hneev xub thawj, yog li lawv "lub zog tua hluav taws" tau txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv "Conquest of Ireland" los ntawm 1189, tib Girald sau tseg tias tom qab Anglo-Norman ntxeem tau, cov Irish "… maj mam dhau los ua txuj ci thiab paub siv cov xub." Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb Irish tau hais ua ntej hauv Annals of Ulster, xyoo 1243. Txawm li cas los xij, txaus txaus, rab hneev Irish tsis yog rab phom ntev hauv Welsh, tab sis yog riam phom luv, uas nyob rau xyoo XIII. hauv tebchaws Askiv nws tau hu ua "ib nrab hneev". Ib qho ntawm cov hneev taw no, ua los ntawm yoj, ntev li 35 ntiv tes thiab nrog lub hauv paus me ntsis tuav, tau pom ntawm Desmond Castle nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19. Nws tau paub tias hneev tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog Irish txawm nyob rau xyoo 17th. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov uas Vikings nyob, piv txwv li, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tebchaws Ireland, hneev tau siv dav dua.

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Viking riam phom ntawm National Museum of Ireland hauv Dublin.

Raws li cov lus piav qhia hauv Girald's Topography ntawm Ireland, cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov tub rog Irish muaj cov khau muag muag, cov ntaub linen, cov ris tsho hnav kom nruj (thaum lub caij ntuj no, lub caij ntuj sov lawv taug kev nrog ko taw) thiab caftan, feem ntau quilted, nrog lub hood-tight-fitting. Ib feem tseem ceeb heev ntawm lub khaub ncaws yog lub tsho - lub tsho, uas hais txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws tus tswv. Zoo, rau cov neeg pluag, feem ntau nws tau ua los ntawm daim ntaub paj ntaub.

Cov khaub ncaws feem ntau yog xim dub (pom tseeb, feem ntau Irish yaj thaum lub sijhawm no yog xim dub). Txawm li cas los xij, peb paub los ntawm cov peev txheej ua ntej uas Irish nyiam cov xim ci thiab tsis muaj laj thawj los ntseeg tias lawv cov kev nyiam hloov pauv tom qab. Girald cov duab qhia pom cov khaub ncaws feem ntau nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntsuab, xim av, liab thiab txho, qee zaum nrog cov ntaub txaij.

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Duab ntawm Galloglash cov tub rog nyob ntawm Felim O'Connor's sarcophagus (Roscommon Abbey, Ireland)

Txawm nyob hauv 1260, lawv feem ntau mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus hnav ib lub tsho, hu ua txoj kab hauv Gaelic, thiab muaj peev xwm muaj lub kaus mom. Ntawm qhov tod tes, 1300 paj huam mob siab rau Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Connaught Aed O'Conor (1293-1309) piav qhia nws cov cuab yeej siv, uas suav nrog lub kaus mom hlau, aketon (kotun) thiab lub tsho tiv thaiv corset (louirech), uas nws muaj raws nraim hnav lub tsho nrog lub hood. Ntawm nws txhais taw nws muaj lub ntsej muag kub, thiab los ntawm riam phom - ntaj, hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog (sgiaf) ntawm cov xim dawb, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog "zaj thiab cov ceg kub." Ntawd yog, nws cov cuab yeej ua rog twb dhau los lawm.

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Cov tub rog galloglas. Txhuv. Angus McBride

Thiab tam sim no cia peb mloog zoo rau ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb thiab txaus nyiam. Ireland, zoo li Norway thiab Sweden, tsis zoo hauv cov khoom noj. Nws yog qhov zoo rau kev yug menyuam yaj uas tau muab ntaub plaub rau ntawm no, tab sis koj yuav tsum xav txog tias quav nyab ntau npaum li cas lawv xav tau khaws cia rau lub caij ntuj no, thiab qhov no yog nyob ntawm cov nyom zeb zeb hauv zos. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob nws yog hauv tebchaws Ireland uas tau yug menyuam nees ntawm Connemara-pony, qis dua, shaggy, tsis nyiam, tau yug los. Lawv yog nees zoo rau tsev neeg thiab caij tsheb, tab sis lawv tsis tsim nyog rau cov nees nees.

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Irish tus neeg caij nees. Cov ntawv me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Phau ntawv de Burgo" ("Keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub npe de Burgo"), txawm hais tias nws tau sau nyob rau xyoo XVI. thiab zoo li nws tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Tab sis saib ntawm nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, tsis muaj kev poob siab ntxiv lawm tias lawv yog cov qub. (Trinity College Library, Dublin)

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, txhua qhov no coj mus rau … cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, thawj ntawm Scandinavians, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm Gaelic Irish, thiab hauv thawj thiab thib ob kis, nrhiav kev zoo siab, txiv neej tub rog tawm hauv tsev, dhau los ua Vikings lossis ua tub rog., leej twg raug hu ua galloglas (Gaelic. Gallóglach, lit. "tus tub rog txawv teb chaws"). Lawv tau ua haujlwm pab tub rog ntawm Irish cov tswv tsev los ntawm Gaelic caj ces ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Isles thiab Scottish Highlands thiab nyob rau tiam 13th-17th xyoo pua lawv sawv cev rau cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lub sijhawm dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau sib tham nrog Norse cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Ireland thiab Scotland, nrog rau Cov Duab, thiab tam sim no Irish lawv tus kheej hu lawv ua Gall Gaeil (lit. "txawv teb chaws Gaels").

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Connemara ponies tau zoo tagnrho rau cov neeg caij tsheb cav uas sib ntaus sib tua hauv cov roob hauv tebchaws Ireland.

Lawv tau hais ua ntej hauv Irish keeb kwm yav dhau los txog xyoo 1259, thaum Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Connaught tau txais 160 tus tub rog Scottish ua tus nqi tsev los ntawm tus ntxhais ntawm King of Hybrids. Hauv kev sib pauv rau kev ua tub rog, Gallohls tau txais thaj av thiab tau nyob hauv cov tswv cuab ntawm Irish cov thawj coj, qhov uas lawv tau txais txoj cai pub lawv tus kheej ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zej zog. Hais txog lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog, Gallohls tau koom nrog cov tub rog hnyav heev. Lawv cov riam phom tseem ceeb yog rab ntaj ob txhais tes loj, uas yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm Scandinavian keeb kwm, nrog rau ob txhais tes ua av nplaum ntau ntaj thiab qee zaum hmuv. Raws li txoj cai, lawv hnav cov saw xa ntawv, hnav tshaj qhov muag twv txiaj twv txiaj, thiab hlau kaus mom hlau ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Galloglas tau mus sib ntaus nrog ob tug tub hluas uas tau ua nws tus pab: ib tus nqa lub javelins, thaum lwm tus muaj cov khoom siv. Tab sis lawv kuj muaj hmuv thiab hneev thiab qee qhov tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws tau sau tseg tias vim yog lawv cov riam phom hnyav thiab tshwj xeeb, cov ntawv ntev-tiab luv, Gallohl tsis zoo li cov neeg caij tsheb nees caij Connemara ponies thiab Irish me ntsis riam phom Kern cov tub rog. Tab sis lawv feem ntau tawm tsam zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Qhov txaus siab, raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm tub rog, lawv feem ntau nyob ntawm thaj av thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais txoj cai zoo ib yam li haiv neeg Irish.

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Guerrilla cov tswv yim tau ua pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam los ntawm Normans thiab Irish, thiab ntawm no ib txwm siv riam phom Irish xws li darts thiab swb, thiab tom qab hneev, tau zoo heev. "Me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau" Roman txog Alexander ", 1250 Abbey ntawm St. Alban, Askiv. (Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Cambridge)

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Norman-Irish equestrian poob rau hauv kev lwj, vim tias lawv yooj yim tsis muaj leej twg tawm tsam ntawm cov kob. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev tawm tsam tshwj xeeb tau tsim ntawm no, raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tub rog lub teeb, kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov hneev taw lossis cov neeg ntaus nrig - cores. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb gallohlasy infantry, uas zoo kawg nkaus tuav lawv ob txhais tes, nrog rau ob txhais tes ntaj. Qhov kawg qhia tias Scottish kev ua tub rog tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Ireland thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th thiab tom qab ntawd. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tau qhia los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dürer. Zoo, cov neeg caij nees hobelar uas muaj npe nrov Irish, uas yog cov tub rog lub teeb, nyob rau xyoo XIV tau ua haujlwm hauv Scotland thiab Askiv thiab, thaum kawg, txawm tias nyob hauv Fabkis, uas zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov hais txog lawv qhov ua tau zoo.

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Irish mercenaries 1521 Teeb duab los ntawm Albrecht Durer. Pom tseeb, txawm hais tias qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1350 thiab 1521. lub sijhawm yog qhov txiav txim siab heev, cov tsos ntawm cov tub rog Irish thaum lub sijhawm no xyaum tsis hloov hlo li.

Hais txog lub tebchaws tus yam ntxwv ntawm Irish riam phom, nws yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi tej zaum … qhov txawv txav thiab tsis pom qhov twg ntxiv ntawm pommel ntawm ntaj hilt. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nplhaib uas koj tuaj yeem pom nws txoj hlua, ua kom ncaj rau ntawm ntug sab nrauv ntawm lub nplhaib no. Cov ntoo khaub lig kuj tsis txawv txav thiab muaj kab rov tav S-puab cov plaub hau flattened ntawm qhov kawg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hniav. Qhov ntev ntawm cov ntaj no yog 80 cm, txawm li cas los xij, ob txhais tes ob txhais tes thiab ntaj dev vwm tau paub.

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Kev tsim kho niaj hnub no ntawm rab ntaj Irish.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Oakeshott, RE Ntaj nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Chivalry, London, kho dua tshiab, London thiab lwm yam, 1981.

2. Dufty, UA thiab Borg, A. European Swords and Daggers in the Tower of London, London, 1974.

3. Clements, J. Medieval Swordsmanship. Cov Qauv thiab Cov Qauv. Tebchaws Asmeskas. Paladin Xovxwm, 1998.

4. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.

5. Braniff, UA Galloglass 1250-1600. Gaelic Mercenary Warrior. Oxford, Osprey Publishing (WARRIOR 143), 2010.

6. Gravett, K., Nicole, D. Normans. Knights thiab conquerors (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm A. Kolin) M.: Eksmo, 2007.

7. Gravett, K. Knights: A History of English Chivalry 1200-1600 / Christopher Gravett (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm A. Colin). M.: Eksmo, 2010.

8. Liab, Thomas. Ntaj. Cov duab piav qhia zoo heev. / per ib. los ntawm German / M.: Omega, 2011.

Pom zoo: