Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2
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Anonim

"Muaj qee yam uas lawv hais:" Saib, qhov no yog qhov tshiab ";

tab sis qhov ntawd twb tau nyob rau ntau pua xyoo ua ntej peb"

(Laj Lim Tswvyim 1:10)

Cov tub rog keeb kwm yav dhau los, nrog rau Askiv nruab nrab, tuaj yeem hais luv luv raws li hauv qab no: nws tau xaws los ntawm ib txhiab kev nyuaj siab. Leej twg tsaws ntawm nws ntug dej ntsuab, leej twg kov yeej nws! Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob (tshwj tsis yog rau Scots thiab Cov Duab uas nyob rau sab qaum teb) tau kov yeej los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg Loos tau tawm mus, thiab Anglo-Saxon kev kov yeej tebchaws Askiv tau pib, uas cov Jutes thiab Frisians kuj tau koom nrog, uas tau nyob ntev li 180 xyoo thiab tsuas yog xaus thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 7. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 6 txog rau xyoo pua 9, tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam "kev tsov kev rog ntawm xya lub nceeg vaj", thiab los ntawm 1016 txhua lub tebchaws Askiv tau kov yeej los ntawm Vikings.

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Tej zaum qhov no yog qhov Saxon cov tub rog zoo li ua ntej Norman kov yeej tebchaws Askiv. Kev kho dua tshiab.

Tsib caug xyoo dhau mus, thiab xyoo 1066 Normans tau tsaws rau ntawd, coj los ntawm Guillaume Bastard, cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm tib Vikings ntawm King Rollon. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tub rog, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Askiv, txawm hais tias kev kawm txuas ntxiv ntawm Anglo-Saxon thiab Anglo-Norman cov tsev haujlwm tub rog tseem muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib cav. Txawm li cas los xij, nws pom tseeb tias Wales khaws nws tus kheej kom txog thaum Anglo-Norman kov yeej lub tebchaws.

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Askiv thiab Wales. Tshooj 2

Txawm hais tias lub kaus mom hlau ntawm Ancient Angles thiab Saxons muaj lub ntsej muag thiab tsom iav, cov tub rog ntawm King Harold thiab txawm tias Harold nws tus kheej muaj lub kaus mom hlau yooj yim nrog tsuas yog lub qhov ntswg thiab them rau nws. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Hastings, nws tau raug ntaus los ntawm xub hauv qhov muag. Paj ntaub saum nws taub hau, cov ntawv sau hais tias: "Vaj Ntxwv Harold raug tua ntawm no." Scene 57 (rho tawm). Duab paj ntaub los ntawm "Tsev khaws puav pheej Ntaub Pua Plag", Bayeux, Fabkis).

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Nws yog cov kaus mom hlau uas tau hnav los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Tsov Rog Hastings. (Nyob ib ncig ntawm XI xyoo pua. Pom hauv Moravia hauv nroog Olomuc xyoo 1864 (Tsev khaws puav pheej Kunsthistorisches, Vienna)

Qhov txaus siab, Anglo-Saxon kev ua tub rog ntawm nruab nrab xyoo pua 11th tau txawv heev los ntawm Saxon thaum ntxov. Ironically, ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Hastings, "Lus Askiv" tau ntsib, leej twg yog Normans ntau dua li Normans lawv tus kheej, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm … Normans. Qhov tseeb yog tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau tsis muaj tub rog coob, thaum cov vaj ntxwv tau siv cov tub rog siv nyiaj ntau, yog li peb tuaj yeem hais tias txawm li ntawd los lub tswvyim ntawm "sib ntaus sib tua" tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Askiv, uas yog, muaj cov tub rog tshaj lij uas tau them los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj..

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Tab sis xyoo 1331 - 1370. Cov tub rog Askiv tau siv cov "kaus mom loj loj" zoo li no. Lub kaus mom hlau qhov ntev: qhov siab 365 hli, dav 226 hli. Ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis tu ncua. Cov tooj dag rivets. (Royal Arsenal, Leeds, Askiv)

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Daim duab ntawm lub cuab yeej ntawm "lub kaus mom hlau loj" los ntawm Dalechin tsev fuabtais hauv cheeb tsam Vysočina (Czech koom pheej).

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib ntaus sib tua txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Europe lossis Scandinavian kev coj noj coj ua, uas hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog, tsis yog tub rog. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem kub tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm txog kev ua tsov rog nruab nrab yog seb Anglo-Saxon cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nees. Tej zaum qhov feem ntau ua tub rog Anglo-Saxon ntawm lub sijhawm yog lub xov tooj txawb txawb rau cov tub rog, uas tau caij nees tab sis tom qab ntawd ntog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Hauv Anglo-Saxon Britain hauv xyoo pua 11th, muaj tus tshwj xeeb Huskerl tus neeg saib xyuas muaj koob muaj npe (lub sijhawm yog los ntawm Scandinavian keeb kwm thiab thaum xub thawj txhais tau qee yam zoo li tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev, ib yam li thawj samurai hauv Nyij Pooj), tsim nyob rau tebchaws Askiv thaum lub sijhawm kav tebchaws King Cnut Great thiab nws yeej los ntawm Danes. Txog rau thaum Norman kov yeej, Huskerls yog lub zog sib ntaus ntawm Anglo-Saxon cov vaj, uas yog, nws yog lawv pab tub rog. Thaum lub sijhawm huab tais Edward kav, lawv kuj tseem siv rau kev pabcuam tub rog raws li "tus neeg saib xyuas tebchaws" los tswj kev ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws. Tau kawg, nrog lawv cov riam phom thiab kev paub sib ntaus, pab pawg Huskerl tau zoo dua li cov neeg Anglo -Saxon cov neeg ib txwm ua tub rog ntawm kev dag thiab cov tub rog ntawm kaum - cov tswv av me thiab nruab nrab, tab sis lawv cov lej feem ntau me me. Yog li ntawd, hauv cov xwm txheej uas tau npaj ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam loj, tau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg.

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Effigius los ntawm Robert Berkeley 1170 los ntawm Bristol Cathedral. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg Askiv ua haujlwm ntxov tshaj plaws, qhia txog cov cuab yeej ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm nyob ntawd - cov saw xa ntawv hauberg nrog lub kaus mom thiab nyiaj ntsuab tsho tiv no.

Anglo-Saxon cov tswv yim tau hais tseg pib kev sib ntaus nrog ntuav riam phom. Lawv tau siv zoo li hmuv, rab taus, thiab tseem, txiav txim los ntawm "Paj Ntaub Bayeux", kuj yog pab pawg, uas tseem raug pov rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Tau kawg, yuav tsum muaj hneev taw. Txawm li cas los xij, Anglo-Saxon cov hneev taw rau nws vim qee yam tsis tuaj.

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Effigia Geoffrey de Mandeville Thawj Earl ntawm Essex, uas tau tuag xyoo 1144, txawm hais tias nws tus kheej laus dua thiab hnub rov qab mus rau 1185. Tuam Tsev Tuam Tsev, London. Nws yog qhov txawv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau cylindrical (lub kaus mom kaus mom) nrog lub puab tsaig, tseem paub los ntawm qhov me me ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. piav qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tua Thomas Becket. (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London).

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1066 thiab 1100, Anglo-Saxons tseem txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Anglo-Norman pab tub rog tom qab kev kov yeej, tab sis lawv tau yoog sai sai ob qho tib si kev tawm tsam thiab riam phom ntawm lawv cov neeg kov yeej thiab, feem ntau, dhau los ua txhua yam zoo ib yam li cov tub rog ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Fabkis thiab Flanders. Fird tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntxiv lawm. Yog li keeb kwm kev ua tub rog ntawm Anglo-Normans kev ua tub rog zoo ib yam li keeb kwm ntawm lwm haiv neeg European nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj muaj qhov sib txawv.

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Lub npe nto moo ntawm William Longspe, 1226 Salisbury Cathedral. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov duab nrog daim duab ntawm lub tsho ntawm caj npab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv. Kev txiav tawm sab saud ntawm daim ntaub thaiv kuj tseem pom meej, uas tau muab puag ncig ntawm cov ntaub thaiv qub.

Yog li, txawm tias nyob hauv Henry II, Askiv tsis yog kev ua tsov rog zoo li ntau ntawm nws cov neeg nyob sib ze, lossis tsawg kawg nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv "kev ua tub rog hauv lub tebchaws feudal." Cov neeg tua tsiaj, ob qho tib si hauv nroog thiab txawv teb chaws, tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua, uas feem ntau tau siv sijhawm ntev, tab sis tshwm sim sab nraud ntawm Askiv. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tib neeg nyob hauv kev ua tsov rog tau poob qis, tab sis nws tseem tseem yog txoj cai lij choj uas tuaj yeem rov tsim dua tom qab. Twb tau nyob rau XII caug xyoo, nws cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Askiv, thiab nyob rau XIII-th cov neeg ua liaj ua teb dawb, uas muaj coob leej nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv, tau yooj yim them nrog lub luag haujlwm kom kawm paub siv "Lus Askiv zoo hneev". Kev sib tw tau npaj rau cov tua, tau piav qhia zoo hauv cov nkauj nrov nrov txog Robin Hood. Cov tua feem ntau tuaj ntawm cov nroog sab qaum teb lossis Kent, Sussex thiab lwm thaj chaw hav zoov. Hla hneev xub dhau los ua riam phom, txawm hais tias lawv tau siv feem ntau hauv huab tais cov tub rog, vim tias lawv kim heev rau cov neeg ua teb. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm hauv tebchaws Askiv, nws lub koob npe tau poob qis, thiab qhov no txawv ntawm lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe.

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John de Walkungham, d. 1284 Lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Felixkerk hauv Felixkerk (sab qaum teb ntawm York). Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau qis dua qhov loj dua, lub hauv caug tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov hauv caug hauv ncoo. Kev twv txiaj twv txiaj uas tau pom nyob hauv qab cov saw xa ntawv.

Hais txog cov cuab yeej siv tub rog ntawm cov tub rog tub rog Askiv tom qab 1066, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias nws tau hloov pauv hauv kev coj ua kom nws ua haujlwm tau zoo. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv saw hlau tau pib tiv thaiv yuav luag tag nrho lub cev ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb, tsis yog ntawm cov vaj ntxwv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov tub rog zoo ib yam, thiab cov hmuv taub hau tau nqaim thiab nkag mus tob dua. Cov txheej txheem no tau tshwm sim hauv XII thiab XIII ib puas xyoo dhau los, thaum cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm "ris tsho hnav", ob qho los ntawm "tawv tawv" thiab los ntawm hlau, tau pib tshwm sim nyob rau ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua. Kev tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb cavalry tau ua raws los ntawm kev sib piv zoo ntawm kev ua tub rog, thiab txawm tias yog tus siv hneev taw qub.

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Kev Thov Vajtswv Crusader yog qhov me me los ntawm Winchester Psalter. Lub quarter thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 13th Qhia nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv niaj hnub ntawm nws lub sijhawm: cov saw xa ntawv hauberge nrog lub hood thiab cov hlau hlau nyob ntawm xub ntiag ntawm txhais ceg. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm lub xub pwg muaj lub hauv paus nruj hauv qab nws, zoo, cia peb hais tias nws tuaj yeem yog lub hauv siab ua los ntawm tawv, uas tau npog los ntawm lub tsho loj. "Grand Slam" muaj cov kab ntsug rau ua pa thiab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog embossing. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov kaus mom hlau no tsis muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no thiab tsis nyob hauv tsev cia puav pheej. (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London).

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John de Hanbury, d. 1303, tab sis txog thaum 1300 nws tsis muaj tus thwj tim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej muaj thiab nqa cov kev pabcuam zoo. Faus hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Welburh hauv Henbury.

Ntxiv mus, nws tau dhau los ua tus lej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm tub rog ntawm tebchaws Askiv, txawm hais tias, tau kawg, nws tau tawm tsam deb ntawm txoj kev uas cov neeg tua nees ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tawm tsam. Hauv XIV xyoo pua, thaum Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo, nws nyob hauv qab xub xub ntawm cov neeg hais lus As Kiv Teb cov neeg hais lus zoo tias cov qib zoo nkauj ntawm Fab Kis cov tub rog caij nees sib tsoo, cov lus teb rau kev yeej uas yog kev mob siab rau siv rab phom thiab rab phom loj.

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William Fitzralf, d. 1323 Pembrash County Lub Koom Txoos. Lub taub hau tooj dag yog tooj dag, nrog cov ntsiab lus ntxaws ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, suav nrog cov phaj saum taub hau ntawm caj npab thiab txhais ceg.

Hauv Wales, kev txhim kho kev ua tub rog tau ua raws txoj kev sib luag tab sis txawv, uas tau ntau pua xyoo tau pom los ntawm ib pab pawg tub rog sib txawv. Tsis zoo li Welsh ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thaum ntxov nyob rau sab qaum teb teb chaws Aas Kiv, Welsh hauv Wales tsis muaj kab lis kev cai caij nees. Yog li ntawd, thaum kawg ntawm 11th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, lawv yuav tsum kawm kev ua rog cavalry los ntawm Norman conquerors, thiab lawv ua tiav qee qhov ua tiav, txawm hais tias lawv tau tsim los feem ntau yog siv phom me me. Cov tub rog Welsh coob tau ua haujlwm pab tub rog Askiv nyob rau kaum peb thiab kaum plaub caug xyoo ua cov tub rog, nyob rau hauv kev xa cov tub rog "niaj hnub" cuam tshuam rau lawv hauv Wales. Nws yog Welsh uas tau muab tus huab tais Askiv Askiv Edward I nrog thawj qhov kev sib tw ntawm cov hneev nrog nws tau ua nws cov phiaj xwm tawm tsam Scots.

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Askiv rab ntaj 1350-1400 Ntev: 1232 hli. Hniav ntev: 965 hli. Qhov hnyav: 1710 (Royal Arsenal, Leeds, Askiv)

Lwm thaj tsam Celtic ntawm British Isles uas muaj nws tus kheej kev ua tub rog yog Cornwall. Muaj pov thawj pom tias thaum ntxov ntawm Celtic cov koom haum tub rog tseem muaj sia nyob los ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm Cornwall los ntawm Anglo-Saxon Wessex xyoo 814 thiab mob siab txog thaum Norman kov yeej nws tus kheej. Zoo, thiab twb tau muaj nyob rau Pua Xyoo Kev Tsov Rog, txhua qhov kev sib txawv hauv tub rog hauv tebchaws Askiv yuav luag sib xyaw ua ke, tshwj tsis yog qee qhov nyob deb thiab txaus siab rau Scotland.

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Effigia los ntawm John Leverick. Siab. 1350 Lub Koom Txoos hauv Asha. Ntawm nws lub taub hau nws muaj lub kaus mom kaus mom hauv qab nrog daim hlau rau ntawm ntug. Hloov chaw ntawm lub tsho tiv no, nws hnav lub tsho luv luv, nyob rau hauv lub qhov uas lub plhaub ua los ntawm daim hlau hlau, sib tshooj ib leeg, pom meej. Ntawd yog, lub sijhawm ntawd, cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau-forged daim hlau uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis tsis pom nyob hauv cov khaub ncaws nyiaj ntsuab!

Nco ntsoov tias Askiv thiab lawv cov keeb kwm tau muaj hmoo heev txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam thiab kev ua tsov rog nyob rau ntawd, tsis zoo li Fabkis nyob sib ze, tsis muaj leej twg tshwj xeeb tau rhuav tshem cov keeb kwm qub, txawm hais tias qee qhov ntawm lawv tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua ntawm kev ya dav hlau thaum Lub Ob Hlis Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg. Yog li ntawd, hauv Askiv cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, ntau lub qhov ntxa pob zeb tau khaws cia - cov duab, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshuaj xyuas tau zoo tshaj plaws txoj hauv kev cov riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, pib txij lub sijhawm tam sim no rau cov duab puab no. Hmoov tsis zoo, vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem pom lawv los ntawm nraub qaum, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg txua ntoo lawv tus kheej tsis yog ib txwm muaj qhov zoo sib xws, txawm li cas los xij, raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, cov duab puab no tsis muaj nuj nqis.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. R. E. Oakeshott, Ntaj hauv Hnub Nyoog Chivalry, London, kho dua tshiab, London thiab lwm yam, 1981.

2. AW Dufty thiab A. Borg, European Swords and Daggers in the Tower of London, London, 1974.

3. Gravett C. Norman Knight 950 - 1204 AD. L.: Osprey (Warrior series # 1), 1993.

4. Gravett C. English Medieval Knight 1200-1300. UK. L.: Osprey (Warrior series # 48), 2002.

5. Nicolle D. Caj Npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.

6. Gravett, K., Nicole, D. Normans. Knights thiab conquerors (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv A. Kolin) M.: Eksmo. 2007

7. Gravett, K. Knights: A History of English Chivalry 1200-1600 / Christopher Gravett (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm A. Colin). M.: Eksmo, 2010.

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