Don Pedro daim ntaub thaiv tau raug hmuv, Nws tawm los, tab sis nws tsis nkag mus rau hauv cev nqaij daim tawv, Nws tus ncej tau tawg hauv ob qhov chaw.
Bermudez tsis viav vias, tsis poob lub eeb, Nws ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab rau lub tshuab uas nws coj mus.
Cov hmuv poob hauv qab cov pos tiv thaiv, Ib zaug nws tau hla ib nrab mus rau hauv daim ntaub thaiv, Hauv kab ntawv peb npaug, ob kab tau tsoo, Thiab qhov thib peb nws tau nyam, ze rau lub plawv, Qhov ntawd tsuas yog qhov laj thawj vim li cas Fernando thiaj muaj txoj sia nyob.
Lub tsho, camisole thiab cov hlua hlau
Lawv nias rau hauv cov nqaij rau hauv nws xib teg …
(Nkauj hais txog Sab. Txhais los ntawm Y. Korneev.)
Ib qho ntawm Spain teeb meem loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Muslim kev hem thawj yog feudal fragmentation. Nws kuj coj teeb meem ntau hauv lwm thaj av. Tab sis ntawm no hauv Spain, ib nrab ntawm cov uas yog cov ntseeg thiab lwm yam rau Muslims, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Txog xyoo 1030, txoj haujlwm ntawm Christian Spain yog raws li hauv qab no: nws suav nrog ob lub nceeg vaj, León thiab Navarre, thiab tseem muaj ob lub nroog, Barcelona thiab Castile. Cov cheeb tsam uas tom qab dhau los ua Lub Tebchaws Portugal thiab Aragon yog ib feem ntawm yav dhau los, lossis tseem yog cov neeg Muslim.
Monument rau Force Compador los ntawm Anna Hattington hauv Buenos Aires.
Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Castile thiab León tau dhau los ua kev sib koom ua nom tswv zaum thib peb ntawm León thiab Castile xyoo 1230. Thiab nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li ob lub tebchaws tau sib koom ua ke ob zaug, tab sis … txhua lub sijhawm lawv dhau mus rau cov tub ntawm tus huab tais tuag lawm! Yog li, txij xyoo 1037 txog 1065 lawv tau txiav txim los ntawm Ferdinand I ntawm León, uas faib nws cov khoom ntawm nws cov tub. Hauv qab Vaj Ntxwv Alfonso VII, lawv tau sib koom siab dua. Tab sis … hauv 1157, Alfonso VII tuag, thiab rov ua lub nceeg vaj poob los, sib faib ntawm nws cov tub: Ferdinand II tau txais Leon, thiab Sancho III tau txais Castile. Yog li lub xeev, siv zog rau kev koom ua ke, vim yog kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab, txhua lub sijhawm rov pom nws tus kheej sib faib, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim thaum muaj kev hem thawj tas li los ntawm Moors!
Christian (sab laug) thiab Arab cov tub rog hauv Spain, XII caug xyoo. Txhuv. Angus McBride
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Reconquista ntawm thaj chaw Islamic tau ua qeeb qeeb, ntxiv dag zog rau ib ntus xwb. Tsuas yog tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Xya Hli 16, 1212 ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Castile, Aragon, Navarra thiab Portugal thiab pab tub rog ntawm Spanish Moors ntawm Almohad dynasty ntawm Las Navas de Tolosa, uas cov ntseeg yeej, qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv hauv lawv nyiam tag nrho. Tshaj li tsib caug xyoo tom ntej no, cov neeg Muslim poob txhua yam tsuas yog Emirate of Granada. Txawm li cas los xij, rau ntau dua ob xyoo dhau los, cov Castilians feem ntau txhawj xeeb txog kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ntseeg Christian nyob hauv Iberia, ntxiv rau koom nrog hauv Anglo-Fab Kis Ntau pua Xyoo Tsov Rog. Nws yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Las Navas de Tolosa, cov neeg tawg rog, cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog tshaj tawm los ntawm Pope, thiab leej twg tuaj txog hauv Spain los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, yuav tsum koom nrog. Tab sis lawv cia nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm ntawm lub yeej rog ntawm Spaniards, raws li ib qho version "vim yog cua sov", raws li lwm qhov - "muaj dab ntxwg nyoog thiab kev khib." Yooj yim muab, kev ua tsov rog nyob rau ntawm ceg av qab teb tau txuas ntxiv mus ntev vim tias kev tshem tawm ntawm Moors tsis yog txhais tau tias nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov tseeb, nws yog kev ua tsov ua rog feudal zoo ib yam, uas yog, kev txeeb av thiab kev tsim khoom hauv qee qhov ua rau hnyav dua vim nws lub tebchaws thiab kev ntseeg.
Ntaj nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab, rab riam thiab lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Iran ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Arab kev kov yeej ntawm xyoo pua 7. Ntev 100.3 cm (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog nthuav dav los tham txog Arab kev kov yeej ntawm Spain zoo li no. Cov Arabs lawv tus kheej sawv cev tsuas yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm kev kov yeej, thiab yog li, feem ntau, txhua haiv neeg ntawm Africa tau sawv cev rau ntawd, nrog rau cov pej xeem hauv zej zog, uas ua raws li cov neeg kov yeej thiab tseem muab rau lawv nrog cov tub rog yav tom ntej.
Spanish Knights 1197 Piv txwv los ntawm Navarre Illustrated Bible, Pamplona, Spain. (Tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Amiens Metropol)
Raws li kev ua tub rog, Castilian Reconquista muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv ntxim nyiam uas ua rau nws txawv ntawm qhov uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nyob rau thaj av ntawm tib lub tebchaws Fabkis. Txhua yam nws tau pib nrog lub luag haujlwm loj hlob ntawm cov tub rog hnyav, uas tau pib nyob rau xyoo pua 9th. Txawm li cas los xij, lub cav tub rog lub teeb tseem txuas ntxiv khaws cia ntawm no hauv qhov nyiaj tsis txaus ntseeg nyob hauv tib sab qaum teb Fabkis. Yog lawm, xa cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm Western European daim ntawv kuj tau siv ntawm no, tab sis nws tsuas yog siv los ntawm haiv neeg tsawg ntawm cov neeg caij nees. Kuj tseem muaj qhov ua tau tias qee tus Castilian maj mam ua tub rog caij nees yog cov hneev thiab tuaj yeem tua los ntawm hneev taw los ntawm tus nees. Cov tub rog hauv nroog tseem ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tebchaws Mev, thiab lawv cov lej suav nrog tsis yog cov tub rog nkaus xwb, tabsis kuj yog cov tub rog.
El Cid (Cid Compador) thiab nws cov tub rog 1050-1075 Txhuv. Angus McBride.
Cov theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Castile tshem tawm tag nrho cov khoom qub no. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev saws cov cuab yeej zoo li Fabkis, riam phom, thiab cov txuj ci sib ntaus. Twb tau nyob hauv XIII xyoo pua, cov cuab yeej ntawm Spanish thiab Fabkis cov tub rog tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv. Nees kuj tau npog nrog daim pam, cov neeg caij tsheb hnav lub tsho tiv no, thiab lawv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tau piav qhia ntawm daim ntaub thaiv thiab txawm nyob ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Nws yuav tsum tau hais meej ntawm no tias hauv cov riam phom no cov tub rog tau kub heev. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg hais lus Spanish, rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov thawj coj ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lub sijhawm ntawm lawv cov tub rog ua haujlwm thiab tsis npaj lawv nyob rau qhov kub tshaj plaws.
Spanish knights ntawm nees nyob hauv daim pam. Pamplona Illustrated Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum thiab Lub Neej ntawm Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg, 1200 (Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Augsburg)
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau los rau peb, uas muaj Catalan suav nyob rau hauv cov ris tsho muaj kab txaij, nrog cov ntaub thaiv kab txaij, thiab lawv cov nees hnav cov pam pam. Ntawd yog, lub cim no qub heev thiab "daim ntawv hla tebchaws" ntawm cov neeg muaj npe hauv Catalan tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm ntev dhau los.
Spanish crusader tawm tsam Moor, 1200-1300, Barcelona, Spain. (Cov ntawv sau los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv San Lorenzo de Escori)
Armored infantry thiab siv dav ntawm tus hneev taw yog lwm qhov tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam. Yog tias nyob hauv Fab Kis tib tus tub rog, yog li ntawd, yog tus tswv ntawm tus tswv, thiab txawm tias tej zaum yog tub rog, tom qab ntawd hauv Spain, qhov twg cov neeg hauv nroog tas li yuav tsum tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Moors, tom qab ntawd sib ntaus nrog cov tswv xeev feudal, nws yog infantry los ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog uas thaum ntxov pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb … Raws li, nws tau yooj yim dua rau cov Vajntxwv Mev los tswj lawv cov tub rog, txij li, qhov tseeb, "kev ywj pheej ywj pheej" muaj nyob hauv lawv, tab sis lawv twb muaj cov tub rog ntawm lawv pov tseg uas ua raws li lawv cov lus txib, thiab … commanders.
Cov tub rog Spanish hnav lub kaus mom hlau saum toj kawg nkaus nrog riveted crosshair reinforcement. "Piv txwv los ntawm cov ntawv sau" Nkauj ntawm St. Mary ", 1284 (Royal Library of El Escorial, Madrid)
Cov lus piv txwv yog los ntawm tib tsab ntawv. Christian knights caum tus khiav Moors.
Nws yog nyob hauv Spain uas cov tub rog ua tub rog nrog tus hneev taw tau tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, uas yog, cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau pem hauv ntej tau ua ntawm no hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv riam phom pov rau hauv tshav rog. Txhuv. Angus McBride
Txawm li cas los xij, lub koom haum Castilian cov tub rog thiab nws cov tswv yim tau suav tias yog cov qub los ntawm Fab Kis thiab Askiv. Thaj, qhov no yog vim qhov kev ua tsov rog nrog Moors ntawm Iberian Peninsula tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv raws li qee yam tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib piv nrog lawv tus kheej kev sib cav. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov slingers hauv pab tub rog Spanish feem ntau suav tias yog kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov tub rog Berber me ntsis, kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hlua khawm tau zoo heev.
Txoj hlua khuam yog kev nplawm ntawm txhais tes ntawm Spanish cov hlua khau. Piv txwv 1050-1100 "Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm Tsev Neeg", Catalonia, Spain. (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Tebchaws, Madrid)
Lub hauv paus pib rau kev kawm txog kev ua tub rog nyob hauv Iberian Peninsula yog qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv ntau qhov tseem ceeb qhia txog cov ntawv sau. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias Andalusian cov ntawv sau tsis tshua muaj neeg pom, lawv tseem muaj nyob thiab lawv muaj tus yam ntxwv zoo nkauj. Ntawm lawv peb pom cov tub rog ntawm Iberian Peninsula, ob leeg ntseeg thiab Muslim, yog li feem ntau muaj cov ntawv me me txaus hauv cov ntawv sau. Kuj tseem muaj cov duab, txawm hais tias lawv coob leej raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv sau cia, piv txwv li, nto moo "Nkauj Ntawm Sab". Txoj haujlwm tau paub txij thaum kawg ntawm XII - pib ntawm XIII xyoo pua. Ib daim ntawv theus ntawm 1207 kuj tseem muaj txoj sia nyob, txawm tias tsis zoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev txhais cov paj huam los ntawm lus Mev mus rau Lavxias tsis paub ntawv kiag li. Txawm hais tias nws ntseeg tias nws nyob ze rau keeb kwm qhov tseeb mus rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li lwm cov haujlwm zoo sib xws ntawm lub siab tawv epic, thiab muab cov duab tseeb tseeb ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim hauv Spain lub sijhawm ntawd. Yog li, Sid hnav rab ntaj hauv nws, txawm hais tias ntaj dab tsi hauv XIII xyoo pua? Cov ntawv epigraph kuj tseem qhia tau zoo heev. "Shield nrog pos" - qhov tseeb, nws yog daim ntaub thaiv nrog lub ntsej muag taw qhia. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tias hmuv ntawm cov tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nees tau hla daim ntaub thaiv, yog tias lawv tsis tsoo lub umbon, thiab tias cov saw xa ntawv ntawm cov tub rog tuaj yeem ua tau peb zaug xaws, uas yog, lawv txuas rau lub nplhaib ib zaug, uas yog peb nrog peb. Qhov tseeb, cov saw xa ntawv yuav tsum hnyav heev. Yog li nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov no yog qhov kev dag ntxias dag ntxias dag ntxias.
Cov duab "ntxim nyiam" piav txog tus nees hneev taw Spanish. Lawv siv nees txav mus los, tabsis nqis los tua cov yeeb ncuab. Tej yam me me los ntawm "Lub Paj Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj", 1300-1325. Catalonia, Spain. (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Tebchaws, Madrid).
Raws li rau Portugal, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th nws yog ib feem ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm León, thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ua tub rog nws muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog Galicia nyob rau sab qaum teb. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau koom siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ob qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam no feem ntau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm tub rog los ntawm Fabkis. Los ntawm xyoo pua 12th, cov txheej txheem ntawm Portuguese kev tswj hwm tus kheej tau ua tiav, yog li twb tau nyob hauv 1143, Portugal tau txais lub xeev ntawm lub nceeg vaj, tom qab uas nws cov tub rog tau mob siab rau tiv thaiv ciam teb sab hnub tuaj nrog Castile thiab ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Portugal qhov kev txaus siab hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm hiav txwv hnub rov qab mus rau XIV xyoo pua, tab sis Portuguese tsis tau ua lub voyages nyob deb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Las Navas de Tolosa. Artist Francisco Van Halen (Tsev khaws puav pheej Prado, Madrid)
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau nce ntxiv raws li kev tawm tsam Christian ntawm Islamic Andalusia tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsov rog yog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog caij nees ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ib puag ncig txhawm rau txeeb cov neeg raug txhom thiab cov neeg raug kaw, zoo ib yam "Nkauj Ntawm Sab" qhia txog nws. Tab sis txij li feem ntau ntawm lub tebchaws muaj cov roob pob zeb thiab hav, nws nyuaj heev rau cov tub rog, tshwj xeeb yog cov tub rog hnyav, los ua ntawm no. Kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg Askiv tau coj mus rau qhov sib kis ntawm tus hneev ntev nyob ntawm no nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, hloov cov hneev taw uas siv los ntawm cov neeg Arab hauv cov tub rog ntseeg. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov tub rog los ntawm Askiv thiab Fab Kis pib tuaj txog Spain ntau tus, uas coj nrog lawv cov kev paub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pua Tsov Xyoo Tsov Rog. Ua ntej qhov no, Kev ntaus txuj ci Spanish tau tsom mus rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tsev fuabtais thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv thiab cov tub rog thiab tua thaum tsis zam kev sib ntaus sib tua loj uas muaj tub rog coob. Fab Kis keeb kwm Jean Froissard, kos duab txog kev paub ntawm cov qub tub rog uas koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo, tau sau txog cov tub rog Mev raws li hauv qab no:
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv saib zoo rau ntawm tus nees, pov lawv cov spurs ib sab kom tau txais txiaj ntsig, thiab tawm tsam tau zoo ntawm thawj zaug; tab sis sai li sai tau thaum lawv ntuav ob lossis peb rab hneev thiab ntaus nrog lawv rab hmuv yam tsis ua rau cov yeeb ncuab tsis meej pem, lawv tsa lub tswb nrov, tig lawv cov nees ib ncig, thiab khiav sai li sai tau.
Monument rau Sid hauv Burgos
Cov tswv yim zoo li no tau ua rau hom tub rog tshiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd - hinets, lub cav tub rog lub teeb, uas muaj lub tsho tiv thaiv lub teeb, lub eeb nrog lub hneev taw qis qis, thiab kev sib tsoo luv luv, ntxiv rau mobile Andalusian nees, uas tso cai rau lawv sib ntaus sib tua cov ntsiab lus nrog Muslim cavalry, uas siv Berber North African nees. Lub hinet's riam phom yog ob lossis peb rab hneev thiab rab hmuv, uas nws kuj tseem siv ua pov tseg. Ntxiv mus, ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej piav qhia tias thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Lisbon, ib lub dart, pov los ntawm ib lub hinet, tau hle rab riam phom phaj tub rog, nws cov saw xa tuaj, twv txiaj twv txiaj thiab tawm ntawm nws nraub qaum. Thaum xub thawj, cov hinets siv tsuas yog cov ntaub thaiv npog-adargs, qiv los ntawm cov neeg Arab, tab sis twb nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 14, cov European quilted aketones tau pib hnav.
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.
2. Nicolle, D. Cov tub rog ntawm kev kov yeej Muslim. L.: Osprey Publishing (Men-at-Arms # 255), 1993.
3. Verbruggen JF The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages from the Yim Century to 1340. Amsterdam - N. Y. Oxford, 1977.
4. Nicolle, D. El Cid thiab Reconquista 1050-1492. L.: Osprey Publishing (Men-at-Arms No. 200), 1988.
5. "Nkauj Ntawm Sab", ntau yam kev hloov pauv.
