Koj yuav tsis pom kev sib ntaus li no …
M. Y. Lermontov. Borodino
Cov ntaub ntawv thiab keeb kwm. Tau kawg, nws yog qhov xav tau tias hnub tim ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub sib txawv tam sim no. Cia peb hais 2022. Tom qab ntawd peb yuav tau muaj hnub nyoog 210 xyoos ntawm Kev Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino, thiab txhua hnub hloov pauv hauv peb lub tebchaws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tab sis dab tsi tsis yog, tsis yog. Tab sis lub Cuaj Hlis 8 yog Hnub Ua Tub Rog Lub Hwj Chim ntawm Russia (txawm hais tias nws yuav raug dua los tsim nws nyob rau hnub 7). Kuj tseem muaj kev txaus siab heev hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab nws tseem tsis tau hloov pauv, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm VO cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kab lus ntawm riam phom ntawm 1812 tsov rog. Riam phom! Thiab tom qab ntawv yuav hais dab tsi txog kev ua tsov rog nws tus kheej lossis tib yam kev sib ntaus sib tua Borodino? Tab sis peb paub dab tsi txog nws yog txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua tsov rog nuclear los ntawm 1780 txog 1816 yog nyob rau hauv vogue tam sim no, mus rau qhov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino yooj yim tsis haum. Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb pib peb qhov kev paub nrog qhov xwm txheej no, zoo li peb txhua tus paub. Leej twg hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsis tau cim "Borodino" los ntawm M. Yu. Lermontov?.. Cia peb pib nrog yam kev tshawb fawb feem ntau pib nrog, nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm: leej twg, dab tsi thiab thaum twg twb tau sau txog qhov xwm txheej no thiab qhov kev xav ntawm ib tus keeb kwm li cas txawv ntawm qhov pom ntawm lwm tus. Thiab Vajtswv foom koob hmoov rau lawv, nrog kev xav. Cia peb saib cov lej, uas feem ntau tsis tau tshem tawm ntawm lub taub hau, tab sis ib txwm ua raws qee yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Zoo, lub sijhawm no cov ntawv theej ntawm nplooj ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Lavxias nrov "Niva" rau xyoo 1912 yuav yog qhov kho kom zoo nkauj rau cov khoom siv no ntawm peb. Kuv paub tseeb tias tsawg tus VO nyeem ntawv puas tau pom cov ntawv xov xwm no lossis tuav nws hauv lawv txhais tes. Lub caij no, qhov no yog qhov nthuav heev ntawm peb qhov kev paub txog yav dhau los, ob qho tib si cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov lus piav qhia, txij li ntau daim duab tau muab tso rau hauv nws txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, thiab, tau kawg, tseem muaj ntau yam duab thiab kos duab hauv nws. Thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus, kuv tsuas yog nyiam saib cov ntawv txuas ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm no, uas tau sau hauv peb lub tsev ntoo qub txij xyoo 1898 txog 1917! Tam sim no, alas, lawv tau ploj mus ntev lawm (raws li tus tub ntxhais kawm, Kuv tau rub lawv txhua tus mus rau lub khw muag khoom thib ob), tab sis lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Penza Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Cheeb Tsam ntawm Lore Hauv Zos tam sim no yog ntawm kuv qhov kev pabcuam, yog li qhov poob ploj tawm los, feem ntau, tsis zoo heev.
Zoo, tam sim no cia peb xav txog qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino yog qhov teeb meem tshaj plaws txog tam sim no? Cov lus nug ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev poob los ntawm ob tog! Hauv Soviet keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm xyoo 1950, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov hom tub rog nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau muab raws li hauv qab no:
Fabkis / Russians
Infantry: 86,000 / 72,000
Cavalry li niaj zaus: 28,000 / 17,000
Cossacks: - / 7000 tus
Cov neeg tua phom: 16,000 / 14,000
Cov tub rog: - / 10,000
Loj: 587/640
Tag nrho: 130,000 / 120,000
(Tau qhov twg los: V. V. Pruntsov. Borodino sib ntaus. Sau ntawv nrov. Cov tub rog tshaj tawm lub tsev ntawm Ministry of Armed Forces ntawm Soviet Union. M., 1947.)
Txawm li cas los xij, puas muaj cov ntaub ntawv no ib txwm thiab txhua qhov chaw thiab tau siv? Zoo, leej twg tuaj yeem saib mus rau Wikipedia hnub no, cov tsev qiv ntawv tseem khaws "Soviet Military Encyclopedia" hauv 8 ntu, yog li nws yooj yim los txheeb xyuas cov lej no. Tab sis puas muaj lwm tus thiab rau leej twg, kuv xav tsis thoob, lawv puas yog? Cia peb saib ob tus lej lawv tus kheej thiab tus kheej ntawm cov uas tau teev lawv, nrog rau cov haujlwm uas lawv mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812. Cia peb pib los ntawm qhov pib, uas yog, nrog cov tim khawv pom thiab koom nrog ncaj qha rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no.
1. Dmitry Petrovich Buturlin (1790-1849), kws sau keeb kwm tub rog Lavxias, tus thawj coj loj los ntawm tub rog, tus tswv cuab tus tswv cuab tiag, tus tswvcuab sawv cev, tus sau Keeb kwm ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm huab tais Napoleon rau Russia xyoo 1812. Ntu 1. SPb.: Hauv hom tub rog., 1837.415 + 9 p., Cov ntawv ntxiv; Ntu 2. SPb.: Hauv hom tub rog., 1838.418 p. Hauv nws qhov kev xav, tus lej ntawm cov uas koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj raws li hauv qab no: Fab Kis - 190 txhiab, cov neeg Lavxias - 132 txhiab xyoo. Xyoo txiav txim: 1824.
2. Philippe-Paul de Segur (1780-1873), Fab Kis tus tub rog dav dav los ntawm Napoleon cov neeg koom nrog. Tus sau phau ntawv “A Trip to Russia. Notes of the Adjutant of Emperor Napoleon I , Smolensk: Rusich, 2003. Nws ntseeg tias Fab Kis muaj 130 txhiab leej, neeg Lavxias - 120 txhiab xyoo: 1824.
3. Georges de Chambray (1783-1848), marquis, Fab Kis feem ntau ntawm cov phom loj. Nws tau tso tseg txoj haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Napoleonic kev tsov kev rog, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntau los ntawm Fab Kis cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg. Nws muaj 133 txhiab tus neeg Fab Kis, 130 txhiab tus neeg Lavxias. Xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov duab no yog xyoo 1825.
4. Karl Philip Gottlieb von Clausewitz (1780-1831), Prussian tub rog thawj coj, tub rog theorist thiab keeb kwm. Xyoo 1812-1814 nws tau ua tub rog Lavxias. Tus neeg sau tsab ntawv "1812". Moscow: Lub Tsev Luam Ntawv Hauv Xeev ntawm USSR Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Kev Tiv Thaiv, 1937; luam tawm: 2004. Nws muaj 130 txhiab tus Fabkis, 120 txhiab tus neeg Lavxias. 30s ntawm XIX caug xyoo.
5. Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky (1789-1848), tus thawj tub rog, nom tswv, nom tswv tub rog Lavxias, kws sau keeb kwm, sau thawj thawj zaj keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812, sau ua plaub ntu ntawm tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm Emperor Nicholas I, thiab luam tawm xyoo 1839 … Hauv nws phau ntawv, Fab Kis ntawm Borodino - 160 txhiab, Lavxias - 128 txhiab.
6. Tus coj Ivanovich Bogdanovich (1805-1882), kws sau keeb kwm tub rog Lavxias; tus thawj tub rog, tus tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj Tub Rog ntawm Lavxias Lub Tebchaws, sau txoj haujlwm "Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Ua Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812" hauv 3 ntu - SPb.: Hom. trading tsev S. Strugovshchik, G. Pokhitonov, N. Vodov thiab Co., 1859-1860. Fabkis - 130 txhiab, Lavxias - 120 txhiab. Xyoo 1859.
7. Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcelin Marbeau (1782-1854), Fab Kis tus kws tshaj lij thiab tub rog sau ntawv, sau txog kev nco txog Napoleonic wars "Memoirs of General Baron de Marbeau" / Per. los ntawm Fab Kis M.: Eksmo, 2005. Nws muaj 140 txhiab tus Fabkis, tab sis 160 txhiab tus neeg Lavxias. Xyoo 1860.
8. Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle (1874-1955), Tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias thiab Soviet, kws tshaj lij ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences (1927), tus sau ntawm cov haujlwm nto moo "Napoleon" thiab "Napoleon's Invasion of Russia". Nws tus lej yog 130 thiab 127, 8. Xyoo uas lawv muaj npe yog xyoo 1962.
9. Nikolai Alekseevich Troitsky (1931, Saratov), kws sau keeb kwm Soviet thiab Lavxias, tus kws tshaj lij txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19 thiab keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812. Tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb (1971), xibfwb, sau ntau yam haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812. Nws cov nuj nqis muaj raws li hauv qab no: Fab Kis - 134 txhiab, Lavxias - 154, 8 txhiab. Xyoo - 1988.
10. Digby Smith (1935), kws sau keeb kwm tub rog Askiv, tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Napoleonic kev tsov kev rog thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws, sau ntau yam haujlwm ntxim nyiam, ntawm lawv: "Cov Lus Qhia Encyclopedia ntawm Uniforms ntawm Napoleonic Wars: Tus Kws Tshaj Lij, -Depth Siv rau Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Cov Tub Rog ntawm Kev Hloov Pauv thiab Lub Sijhawm Napoleonic ", 1792-1815 (" Cov duab qhia kev paub ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm Napoleonic Wars 1792-1815 "). Cov duab qhia kev paub encyclopaedia. London: Lorenz, 2006. Nws muaj 130 thiab 120, 8. Xyoo 1998.
11. Vladimir Nikolaevich Zemtsov (1960), Soviet thiab kws sau keeb kwm Russia, Tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb (2002), Xibfwb (2010), Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv Keeb Kwm ntawm Ural State Pedagogical University (txij xyoo 2005). Tus tswv cuab ntawm cov kws tshaj lij pawg sab laj hais txog keeb kwm ntawm UrFU thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Keeb Kwm thiab Keeb Kwm ntawm Ural ceg ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Nws tiv thaiv nws cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino: "Pab tub rog loj ntawm Napoleon hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino: tshaj tawm … tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. - Yekaterinburg, 2002.-- 571 p. Tus sau phau ntawv: "Cov Tub Rog Loj ntawm Napoleon hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino." M.: Yauza; Thauj tog rau nkoj; Eksmo, 2018. Nws cov ntaub ntawv: Fabkis - 127 txhiab, Russians - 154 txhiab. Xyoo 1999.
12. Viktor Mikhailovich Bezotosny (1954), keeb kwm Soviet thiab Lavxias, tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev ua tub rog keeb kwm ntawm Russia, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsov rog Napoleonic thiab keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks. Tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev nthuav tawm ntawm Xeev Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Keeb Kwm. Cov ntawv pov thawj tiv thaiv: "Kev txawj ntse Fabkis thiab Lavxias thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm ob tog hauv xyoo 1812" (tshaj tawm cov neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb: 07.00.02), M., 1987, thiab "Russia hauv Napoleonic kev tsov kev rog ntawm 1805-1815." (dissertation of Doctor of Historical Sciences: 07.00.02), M., 2013. Nws cov duab: Fabkis - 135 txhiab, Russians - 150 txhiab. Xyoo 2004.
Yog li, txhua tus lej sib txawv, txawm hais tias cov peev txheej rau txhua qhov yog kwv yees zoo ib yam.
Piv txwv li, General Toll qhia txog pes tsawg tus tub rog Lavxias hauv nws phau ntawv sau tseg: 95 txhiab tus tub rog tsis tu ncua, 7 txhiab tus Cossacks thiab 10 txhiab tus tub rog ua tub rog, thiab "pab tub rog no muaj 640 daim phom loj."
Tus lej ntawm Fab Kis tau paub los ntawm kev hu xov tooj tuav lub Yim Hli 21 (Cuaj Hlis 2) hauv Gzhatsk. Raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv, muaj 133 815 qib sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Fab Kis (tab sis kuj tseem muaj tub rog lag luam, thiab lawv cov phooj ywg tau teb rau lawv hauv kev cia siab tias lawv yuav caum nrog pab tub rog). Tab sis qhov no tsis suav nrog 1,500 tus neeg caij nees ntawm General Pajol, uas tuaj tom qab, thiab 3 txhiab tus sib ntaus sib tua uas nyob ntawm Napoleon lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm. Txawm hais tias nws tsis zoo li lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus …
Raws li rau Fab Kis keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Borodino, nws yuav raug tshaj plaws los pib nrog Napoleon nws tus kheej. Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm 18th ntawm Cov Tub Rog Loj ntawm Lub Cuaj Hli 10, uas tau suav nrog nws qhov kev koom nrog yam tsis ntseeg, Napoleon nthuav tawm "Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dej Moscow" raws li kev txiav txim siab kov yeej pab tub rog Lavxias. Nws tau sau rau ntawd tias thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov tus yeeb ncuab raug tua los ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm, sim rov qab los rau lawv, tab sis tsis ua tiav; thiab tias los ntawm ob teev thaum yav tav su qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau ua tiav. Tib tsab xov xwm 18 ntawm Great Army hais txog 12-13 txhiab tus neeg raug tua, 5 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw, 40 tus thawj coj, raug mob, raug tua lossis raug kaw, thiab 60 rab phom raug ntes los ntawm Fab Kis. Tab sis F. Segur, tus tub ceev xwm uas ncaj qha ntawm Napoleon lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm, tshaj tawm cov hauv qab no txog qhov khoom plig: cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm 700 txog 800 tus neeg thiab kwv yees li 20 rab phom. Cov neeg Lavxias tau raug hu 40-50 txhiab tus neeg, cov neeg Fab Kis poob - 10 txhiab leej. Napoleon tau muab kwv yees tib tus lej hauv tsab ntawv hnub tim 9 lub Cuaj hlis rau Austrian tus huab tais Franz I. Tab sis hnub ua ntej, hauv tsab ntawv mus rau Empress Marie-Louise, rau qee qhov laj thawj nws tau sau txog 30 txhiab qhov kev poob ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab txog nws tus kheej nws tau sau: "Kuv tau tua ntau leej thiab raug mob." Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv tag nrho peb cov ntaub ntawv no lub zog ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias tau kwv yees los ntawm Napoleon ntawm 120-130 txhiab tus neeg, tsis muaj ntxiv lawm. Tab sis tsuas yog tsib xyoos dhau los, thiab xyoo 1817 Napoleon tib yam pib lees paub qee yam sib txawv: "Nrog rau 80,000 txhiab pab tub rog, kuv tau khiav mus rau cov neeg Lavxias, suav nrog 250,000, ua rau cov hniav, thiab swb lawv …"
Yog li cov lus "dag raws li tus neeg tim khawv" tsis tshwm ntawm qhov chaw, nws yog qhov tseeb. Txawm hais tias, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj ntau tus tim khawv zoo li no uas tsis muaj dab tsi los pleev, thiab hauv lawv daim ntawv sau cia lawv tau sau dab tsi. Piv txwv li, qhov tsawg heev tau txais los ntawm Fab Kis tau ua pov thawj los ntawm ib tus neeg tim khawv pom tseem ceeb - Napoleon tus neeg txuas Armand Colencourt, uas tau sau tseg tias tus huab tais rov hais ntau zaus tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov kev rov ua dua thiab txoj haujlwm uas raug ntes nrog lub siab tawv " peb tsuas muaj tsawg tus neeg raug kaw. " Nws nug ntau zaus cov tub ceev xwm uas tuaj txog nrog cov ntawv ceeb toom qhov twg yuav tsum raug coj mus kaw. Nws txawm xa mus rau cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog kom paub tseeb tias tsis muaj lwm tus neeg raug kaw. Cov kev vam meej no tsis muaj neeg raug kaw, tsis muaj khoom plig tsis txaus siab rau nws …
"Tus yeeb ncuab tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm nws raug mob, thiab peb tsuas yog cov raug kaw uas kuv tau hais los lawm, 12 rab phom ntawm qhov rov ua dua … thiab peb lossis plaub tus neeg ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam thawj zaug."
Tab sis peb tseem tuaj yeem tshawb pom qee qhov tseeb hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino? Yog, peb tuaj yeem, tab sis ntau ntxiv txog qhov ntawd hauv kab lus tom ntej.
