Iav ntawm Burgundy caw
Louis Jadot "Volnay", Kuv yuav haus qeeb mus rau hauv qab
Nws yog rau kuv saj.
Ah, aroma, ah, astringency; Xim, Zoo li ruby ruby
Yuav qhia qhov pub leejtwg ntawm antiquity
Los ntawm qhov tob ntawm ib puas xyoo.
("Cov iav ntawm Burgundy caw". Prilepskaya Svetlana)
Nws tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej uas muaj lub xeev nyob hauv nws uas tshwm sim hauv nws lub qab ntug, zoo li lub hnub qub, lossis ploj mus ib txhis thiab ib txhis. Nyob rau lub sijhawm puag thaum ub muaj lub xeev Assyria - "lub qhov tsov ntxhuav". Cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Assyria tsis nyob rau papyrus, ntawm pob zeb immortalized lawv yeej ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze, hooves ntawm lawv cov nees tau tsoo txawm tias tus ntug dej ntawm Nile … Thiab dab tsi, nws tag nrho li cas? Yog, tsuas yog vim tias txhua tus neeg nyob sib ze tau npau taws rau nws, sib sau ua ke thiab "npuaj" qhov Assyria no, zoo li "vaj tswv ntawm tus vaub kib", yog li los ntawm nws tsuas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub palaces, thiab cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj ntawm Ashurbanipal lub tsev qiv ntawv tseem nyob. Yog lawm … thiab ob peb txhiab leej neeg Assians tau tawg thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab Assyrian Great Dane aub yug!
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Courtraus hauv 1302 raws li kev xav los ntawm tus kws kos duab xyoo pua 15th Tej yam me me los ntawm Great French Chronicles. (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Askiv, London) Nco tseg tias ntau tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua me me tau ua riam phom nrog Lucerne hammers.
Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, txoj hmoo tsuas yog hnyav rau ntau lub xeev thiab, tshwj xeeb, rau lub nceeg vaj ntawm Arles, uas peb tau pib tham txog hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los. Raws li Latin lub npe ntawm nws lub peev - Arles, lub tebchaws Burgundian tau dhau los ua lub xeev Arelat lossis Arelate.
Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St.
Kev ywj pheej nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, zoo li tam sim no, yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab thaj chaw. Thiab hauv qhov no, Arlu muaj hmoo. Nyob rau sab qab teb, nws cov ntug dej tau ntxuav los ntawm hiav txwv. Thiab hiav txwv yog kev lag luam. Thiab ua ntej tshaj plaws nrog Genoa, Venice thiab Outrimer. Muaj nyob rau sab qab teb yog chaw nres nkoj Marseille - qub Marsala, yooj yim rau qhov no txhua qhov. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntog toj roob hauv pes Switzerland, thiab qhov no yog ntaub plaub thiab nqaij. Thiab, thaum kawg, sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis yog Arles thiab Avignon - qhov chaw uas cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo nkauj loj tuaj, uas ua rau muaj npe nrov Burgundy, yam uas tsis yog ib lub tsiab peb caug tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tag nrho cov no tau muab nyiaj ntau rau cov tswv xeev hauv feudal hauv cheeb tsam, uas lawv tau siv tsis yog rau txhua qhov kev xav, tab sis kuj yog cov cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws thiab riam phom rau lub sijhawm ntawd, uas tuaj rau Arles ob qho tib si los ntawm Ltalis thiab los ntawm sab qab teb lub teb chaws Yelemees, tib yam Augsburg..
Cov duab me me piav qhia txog Germanic knights hauv kaus mom hlau nrog kho kom zoo nkauj lub kaus mom hlau. OK. 1210-1220 Thuringia, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Berlin)
Thaum lub sijhawm 11th thiab txog rau xyoo pua 12th suav nrog, lub hauv paus ntawm Arles cov tub rog yog cov tub rog ua tub rog nyob rau niaj hnub no, sib sau ua ke raws li kev ua tub rog thiab kev cog lus fief. Cov kev cai thov kom tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm suzerain tawm tsam rau nws dawb rau 40 hnub. Lossis - thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim, txog thaum nws tsis muaj cov cai. Thiab yog li nws tau tshwm sim uas ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm ua siab loj tuaj hu nrog ham thiab ib lub thoob cawv. Hauv peb hnub nws tau noj thiab haus tag nrho cov no thiab, nrog lub siab dawb paug, tshaj tawm rau nws tus tswv tias nws tau rov qab mus rau nws lub tsev fuabtais. Thiab nws pib coax nws, muab … qee qhov txiaj ntsig, nyiaj txiag, av, kev sib yuav muaj txiaj ntsig, hauv ib lo lus, qee yam uas yuav txaus siab rau nws. Raws li nyob rau lwm thaj chaw sab hnub poob ntawm Lub Tebchaws thiab hauv tebchaws Ltalis, cov tub rog feudal no tseem yuav tsum tau them yog tias lawv raug xa tawm sab nraud lawv tus kheej.
Hnub no peb yuav rov tig mus rau peb "cov phooj ywg zoo" - cov duab, thiab peb yuav pom tias cov neeg Fabkis txoj kev muaj sia nyob zoo li cas, nrog rau cov neeg German, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, cov Swiss. Vim hais tias hauv Switzerland tsis yog tsuas yog cov neeg ua teb, tab sis kuj yog cov tub rog. Ntawm no, peb tau ua ntej peb cov duab ntawm Fabkis tus tub rog Chaurs de Sourchet hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Saint-Gemmi hauv Neuvillette-en-Charn, sib tham los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.
Thiab qhov no yog lwm qhov Fabkis txoj uas yog tus tub rog Jean de Chateau, faus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Chaumont xyoo 1350.
Close-up ntawm nws daim duab. Thiab txawm hais tias peb hais tias nws tau khaws cia zoo, nws yog qhov tseeb "tsis phem", tsis yog "zoo." Txhua yam zoo ib yam, lawv ntaus nws lub qhov ntswg thiab ua rau nws lub ntsej muag puas. Pom tias txoj xov zoo li cas hauv ncoo hauv qab nws lub taub hau. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias nws cov saw xa ntawv tau pom meej meej so ntawm nws lub tsho. Thiaj li, nyob rau hauv nws yog ib lub saw xa ntawv (hauberk) tsis muaj lub hood, lossis nws muaj ob lub hood thiab, yog li ntawd, tiv thaiv ob lub taub hau. Thiab qhov ntawd tsis suav, ntawm chav kawm, lub kaus mom hlau.
Tab sis cov duab ntawm Robert II d'Artois hauv Saint-Denis Cathedral hauv Paris tuaj yeem hais tias muaj hmoo. Txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm tias nws tau rov qab los li no …
Thiab zoo ib yam li lwm qhov ntawm Lub Tebchaws, cov tub rog feudal tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj hauv xyoo pua 12th, thaum lawv pib vam khom ntau thiab ntau ntxiv rau cov tub rog, txawm hais tias ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog tseem yog cov tub rog feudal. Nees crossbowmen, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, tau pom tseeb, cov kws tshaj lij them nyiaj siab tshaj plaws, tsis suav nrog, tau kawg, "cov paj ntoo" - cov neeg ntawm kev saib tsis taus, txaus ntshai, tab sis tsim nyog ua tub rog txoj haujlwm. Lawv tau koom nrog ua cov hlau tawg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv cov tub rog thiab tub rog. Thawj qhov loj dua, qhov thib ob me dua. Zoo li lub minefield, cov chaw uas pos tau tawg tawg tau ua tib zoo cim (thiab cim nrog cov cim tsis pub lwm tus paub), thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej tau sim ua rau hauv txoj hauv kev xws li ntxias cov yeeb ncuab rau hauv lawv. Nkawm khau ntawm tus nees hla tus pos tau txais kev raug mob zoo li no, thiab nws tus kheej tau ntsib qhov mob hnyav uas nws tsis tuaj yeem caij tau ntxiv, thiab feem ntau tam sim ntawd tau tsa thiab ntog tus neeg caij tsheb tawm ntawm nws tus kheej. Tib yam tau tshwm sim nrog cov tub rog, txij li cov khau tawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd muaj cov leeg ib leeg thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov pos. Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis huv, cov qhov txhab yuav luag ib txwm ua rau kis tus kab mob cuam tshuam, thiab poob nees tsov rog rau tus tub rog yog kev puas tsuaj tiag. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis tau tias cov neeg muag paj tsis raug kaw, tab sis raug tua nyob rau hauv txoj kev phem tshaj plaws - lawv tau dai rau ntawm tsob ntoo, nrog txoj hlua hla ntawm qhov chaw mos.
Thiab ntawm no, thaum kawg, "Germans": Eberhard I von der Mark, 1308, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab no yog lub mis qhia txog nws lub tsho npab.
Archbishop ntawm lub nroog Mainz, d. hauv 1340. (Mainz Tsev khaws puav pheej, Rhineland-Palatinate, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) Qhov no yog txhua yam hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab. Nws lub tsho npab ntawm nws lub kaus mom hlau, ntawm lub tsho tshaj sab, thiab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv.
Thiab tus tub rog nyob hauv "lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub raj": daim duab ntawm Ludwig der Bayer, d. ua 1347. (Mainz Tsev khaws puav pheej, Rhineland-Palatinate, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)
Ib zaug ntxiv, nws tau ua tsaug rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm Ltalis thiab Byzantium uas tus ntoo khaub lig tau pib kis hauv Arles. Cov neeg txiv plig tau txwv qhov riam phom no raws li qhov tsis tsim nyog siv rau cov ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hiav txwv nyob ze, thiab muaj cov nkoj Christian raug daig los ntawm Arab Muslim pirates. Yog li ntawd, tus ntoo khaub lig yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nkoj ntawm Provence, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, lawv tsis zoo ib yam ntawm cov Swiss txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.
Muaj cov duab nyob hauv Switzerland ib yam nkaus, thiab lawv tau nqis los rau peb lub neej. Effigia Konrad Schaler, d. xyoo 1316, thiab yog tus kav nroog ntawm nroog Basel.
Effigia Othon de Grandson, d. ua 1382. Lausanne Cathedral. Kev mloog yog kos rau qhov txawv txawv dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm nws lub xub pwg, feem ntau ntawm txhua yam zoo ib yam li … nqes lossis plaub npas, cov ntawv xa "mittens" thiab nws lub tsho npab ntawm caj npab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv piav qhia lub plhaub ntawm St. Jacob ntawm Compostels.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb roob ntawm niaj hnub Switzerland uas tau muaj lub hom phiaj los ua ib tus tub rog zoo tshaj plaws thiab nto npe ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Muaj tseeb, tsis yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tab tom kawm, tab sis txog ib puas xyoo tom qab. Thiab yog tias thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua lawv vam khom feem ntau ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov ncej ntev, tom qab ntawd hauv nruab nrab lossis thaum kawg ntawm XIV xyoo pua tau nce qhov siab tshaj plaws rau nws, yog li cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm pikemen thiab halberdists tau tshwm sim hauv lawv cov tub rog.
Qhov twg yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws los paub txog Swiss crossbows? Zoo, tau kawg, hauv tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Tsev fuabtais ntawm Morges, nyob 16 kilometers ntawm Lausanne, sab xis ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Geneva.
Lwm qhov riam phom zoo ntawm Swiss yog qhov hu ua Lucerne rauj - lwm hom kev ua tsov rog rauv uas tau tshwm sim hauv Switzerland thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th thiab tau ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog mus txog rau tiam 17th century suav nrog. Lub npe no los ntawm Swiss canton ntawm Lucerne. Thiab nws yog ib txoj hlua khi nrog cov kab hlau (ntev txog 2 meters) nrog lub hauv paus xub thawj ua daim ntawv siab tshaj li 0.5 m ntev nrog ob chav rauj rauj ntawm lub hauv paus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, rauj muaj ib lub taub hau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm beak (khaws), tab sis qhov thib ob muaj daim ntawv rauj rauj hniav (zoo li lub taub hau ntawm kev sib tw hmuv) kom ua rau cov yeeb ncuab xav tsis thoob thiab, yog tias ua tau, ua rau qhov txhab ntawm nws los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv.
Halberd XIII xyoo pua Qhov ntev tag nrho yog 2 meters. Muab tso rau hauv tsev khaws puav pheej tub rog hauv tsev fuabtais Morges.
Ib qho ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws los ntawm kev sau los ntawm Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kos Duab hauv New York hnub rov qab rau c. 1375-1400 Los ntawm lub nroog Freiburg. Ntev 213, 9 cm, taub hau ntev 45 cm, hnyav 2409, 7 g. Cov ncej yog ntoo qhib.
Swiss halberd 1380-1430 Ntev 194.9 cm, taub hau ntev 31.8 cm, hnyav 2040g. Ncej yog ntoo qhib. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Thawj qhov kev txiav plaub hau tsis dhau hwv lawm, raws li peb paub cov plaub hau ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas txiv plig thiab cov neeg saib xyuas hauv tsev hais plaub. Nws yog riam phom tsis zoo thiab ua tub rog dawb huv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj hlua ncaj nraim rau ntawm tus ncej ntev, uas muaj cov txheej txheem hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus taw qhia rau pem hauv ntej. Lub npe ntawm riam phom no los ntawm German Halm, "tus ncej ntev," lub ntsiab lus hilt, thiab Barte, rab taus. Ntau tus txiav plaub hau nyob rau sab rov qab kuj tseem muaj tus nuv tshwj xeeb kom rub cov neeg caij tsheb tawm ntawm lawv tus nees. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau pib tsim tib lub sijhawm nrog rab riam thiab rab hmuv. Cov riam phom no tau tsim los rau kev sib ntaus tawm tsam cov neeg caij nees hnav khaub ncaws ua tub rog, tab sis nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm los daws nws, thiab rau qhov no los xyaum tas li, uas yog, ua tub rog kom raug.
Pollax yog lub teeb hnyav ntawm lub halberd thiab tau npaj los tawm tsam cov tub rog hnav khaub ncaws hnav. Feem ntau lawv tau ua tub rog nrog tus saib xyuas hauv nroog, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub rooj vag thiab tiv thaiv lub lattices nqa. Hauv cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, yog tias tsis muaj sijhawm los txo cov ntoo, lawv tuaj yeem txiav cov hlua uas nws tau tuav, kom nws poob thiab thaiv txoj kev mus rau hauv nroog.
Yog li, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Burgundy tsuas yog tshaj tawm nws tus kheej tias yog lub zog ua tub rog muaj zog thiab, hauv kev koom tes nrog Askiv, thaum Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo, tau tawm tsam cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Fabkis. Thiab qhov no yog nws qhov yuam kev loj, ib puas xyoo tom qab, uas ua rau lub xeev Arelat puas tsuaj.
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Vol. 1
2. Oakeshott, E. Lub Archaeology ntawm Riam phom. Caj npab thiab Armor los ntawm Prehistory rau Hnub Nyoog ntawm Chivalry. L.: Xovxwm Boydell, 1999.
3. Edge, D., Paddock, JM Caj npab thiab cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov tub rog nruab nrab. Ib qho piv txwv keeb kwm ntawm Riam phom hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Avenel, New Jersey, 1996 Tus Swiss ntawm Tsov Rog 1300-1500.
4. Miller, D., Embleton, G. Tus Swiss ntawm Tsov Rog 1300-1500. London: Osprey (Men-at-Arms No. 94), 1979.
5. Nicolle, D. Italian Medieval Armies 1000-1300. Oxford: Osprey (Txiv neej-ntawm-caj npab # 376), 2002.
