Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1

Cov txheej txheem:

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1
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Anonim

"… tab sis ib tus ntawm Thracian horsemen …"

(Phau Ntawv Ob ntawm Maccabees 12:35)

Txoj cai

Vim li cas hauv phau Vajlugkub, qhov uas tus neeg caij nees tau tshwm sim 39 zaug, cov neeg caij nees los ntawm Thrace kuj tau hais txog, lawv tsim nyog tau txais kev qhuas li cas nrog rau txhua tus neeg li cas? Thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog tias Thrace tau nto moo zoo rau nws cov neeg caij nees, thiab nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas ntau tus neeg Roman tus huab tais, pib nrog Marcus Aurelius, suav nrog lub npe "Sarmatian" hauv lawv lub npe. Txawm hais tias … lawv tau ua ntsej muag ntsej muag ntawm lawv cov neeg, txij li txhua qhov lawv yeej ntawm cov neeg caij nees ntawm Great Steppe tau luv luv thiab tsis muaj zog. Tab sis nws yog qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg caij nees tau ua nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg, tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv muaj riam phom zoo.

Tias yog vim li cas niaj hnub no peb tau rov qab mus rau lub ncauj lus knightly, tab sis ntawm qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Yog tias ua ntej nws yog feem ntau hais txog qee hom riam phom zoo, tam sim no nws yuav yog hom kev taug kev hla cov tebchaws thiab sab av loj, thaum lub sijhawm cov tub rog thiab lawv cov riam phom yuav raug txiav txim siab los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov nruj me ntsis piav raws sijhawm - los ntawm 1050 txog 1350. Nov yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb heev hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho riam phom thiab kev siv tswv yim ntawm lawv siv, lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov tebchaws nyob deb. Ntau tus VO nyeem tau taw qhia rau qhov xav tau tsuas yog txoj hauv kev nthuav qhia lub ncauj lus ntawm kev ua tub rog zoo, vim nws yuav muab sijhawm rau nws thaum kawg tau ua tiav, ua tiav daim duab, thiab ib tus yuav tsum lees paub qhov siv tau ntawm cov lus hais ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cheeb tsam tau dhau los ua qhov loj heev, txawm hais tias peb txwv peb tus kheej kom pom qhov yooj yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob ntawm lawv. Ib qho ntxiv, koj yuav tsum tau ntsib ntau qhov kev rov ua dua, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yuav tsum raug zam. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub voj voog feem ntau yuav tsom mus rau muab "duab" dav dav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev siv riam phom zoo nyob hauv "thaj av thiab lub tebchaws" sib txawv, tom qab ntawd qhia tus qauv piv txwv ntawm cov riam phom zoo nkauj, thiab, thaum kawg, los txiav txim siab txog qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb.

Tam sim no, ua ntej txiav txim siab ncaj qha cov tub rog thiab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sijhawm qhia, cia saib seb, qhov tseeb, "cov neeg caij tsheb sib tw" puas muaj nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws sib txawv thiab lawv tau los txog qhov no li cas?

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Norman hneev thiab horsemen nres. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus tseem tab tom tuav hmuv hauv qab lawv lub qhov taub. Ib txhia tab tom npaj pov lawv txoj kev qub. Scene 51 (nthuav dav). Duab los ntawm "Carpet Museum", Bayeux, Fabkis)

Yuav pib nrog, thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab, tsuas muaj peb lub tebchaws uas muaj hwjchim tiag tiag nyob rau thaj tsam Eurasia: Roman nyob rau sab Hnub Poob, Suav nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, thiab Persian xeev nyob nruab nrab. Lub tsheb ciav hlau nees, yam uas hnyav cavalry yog qhov xav tsis tau, Tuam Tshoj tau txais los ntawm Fergana, vim tias cov neeg yug tsiaj hauv zos, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Przewalski nees, tsis haum rau phaj cavalry; cov Pawxia tau txais nees los ntawm Arabia, thiab Loos los ntawm Arabia, Hiavtxwv Dub, thiab tseem yog Spain. "Movable snaffle" twb tau piav qhia ntxaws los ntawm Xenophon. Spurs ntawm cov neeg Greek, Celts thiab Loos tau tshwm sim nyob rau tiam 4 - 3 caug xyoo. BC, thiab tom qab ntawd kis mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau xyoo IV. qee qhov ntawm ciam teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb, kev sib tsoo tau tsim, uas, nrog rau Huns, tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Europe.

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Qhov me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm 869-950 BC. Cov neeg caij tsheb tseem tsis muaj kev sib tsoo. (Saint-Omer, Fabkis, Lub Tsev Qhua Hauv Zos ntawm Saint-Omer, Fabkis)

Thiab tam sim no, los ntawm lub sijhawm thaum Goths, tsis muaj qhov txaus ntshai los ntawm lub sijhawm no, tau los txog rau lub nroog Loos uas nyob mus ib txhis, lawv cov riam phom zoo txaus "knightly". Qhov no tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm tus piv txwv ntawm tus huab tais txaus siab ntawm Goths Totila thiab nws tau npaj li cas rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum hmo ntuj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua (hauv kev piav qhia ntawm Procopius ntawm Caesarea), txawm hais tias nws thiab nws cov tub rog, raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, tseem tsis tau paub cov nyom.

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Chivalry thiab Knights ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1

Frankish pab tub rog thaum lub Peb Hlis. Piv txwv rau Ntawv Nkauj 59. "Golden Psalter". Nyob ib ncig ntawm 880 (St. Gallen (St. Gall Monastery), Monastery Library, Switzerland)

“… Thiab qhov no yog qhov nws pib ua. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau sim ntau yam los qhia tus yeeb ncuab tias nws yog ib tus tub rog zoo li cas. Nws tsis siv cov cuab yeej ntawm daim hlau kub thiab tau dai nws tus kheej nrog cov hlua thiab cov paj ntoo liab doog los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau mus rau rab hmuv, yog li nws tau hloov pauv thiab dhau los ua vaj ntxwv. Zaum ntawm tus nees zoo nkauj, nws taug kev nruab nrab ntawm ob pab tub rog thiab, zoo li ntawm cov npe tub rog, pom tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo li cas, thawb tus nees, ntuav hmuv rau saum huab cua, ntes nws ya. Ua si pov tseg los ntawm ib txhais tes mus rau lwm qhov. Nws txaus siab rau nws tus kheej ntawm nws qhov kev txawj ntse hauv cov teeb meem no. Nws muaj tus nees nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas tsuas yog los ntawm lub hnub nyoog thaum ntxov, siv rau cov npe, tuaj yeem ua nws. Yog li thawj ib nrab hnub dhau mus …"

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Qhov me me los ntawm Simon Marmion hais txog "Zaj Nkauj Roland" los ntawm "Great French Chronicles". Ser. XV xyoo (Lavxias National Library, St. Petersburg.)

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King Clovis thiab lub tais ntawm Soissons. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias Clovis hauv 486 tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem hnav cov cuab yeej zoo li no, uas qhia txog qhov tsis muaj keeb kwm kev xav ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tej yam me me los ntawm Great French Chronicles. Ser. XIV xyoo. (National Library, Fabkis)

Tam sim no tig mus rau Zaj Nkauj Roland, cov kab ntawv uas yog Oxford Manuscript, sau qee zaum ntawm 1129 thiab 1165 hauv Anglo-Norman cov lus thiab khaws cia hauv Bodleian Library ntawm Oxford University, koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov hauv qab no:

Great Charles plundered Spain, Lub nroog puas thiab nyob hauv cov tsev fuabtais.

Nws xav tias lub sijhawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau los txog, Thiab nws rov qab mus rau Fabkis qab zib.

Ntawm no Roland tso nws tus chij rau hauv av.

Los ntawm toj siab, ib tug chij nce mus rau saum ntuj.

Muaj cov tsev pheeb suab Fabkis nyob ib puag ncig.

Lub caij no, hauv lub qhov rooj Saracens tab tom dhia.

Lawv hnav cov hlau hlau thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, Txhua tus nyob hauv lub kaus mom hlau, qhwv nrog ntaj, Muaj ib daim ntaub thaiv ncig nws caj dab, hmuv nyob hauv nws txhais tes.

Lub Moors ambushed nyob rau hauv lub thicket ntawm lub roob.

Plaub puas txhiab ntawm lawv tuaj sib sau nyob ntawd.

Alas, Fab Kis tsis paub qhov no!

Aoi!

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog caij nees tsis muaj cov cuab yeej hlau (hauv qhov kev nkag siab uas peb nkag siab lo lus no) lossis lat nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li qhov no yog kev txhais lus tsis raug, lossis … tom qab ntawv sau ntawv hloov cov lus uas lawv tsis nkag siab ntau "niaj hnub" sawv daws yuav. Peb ua dab tsi los ntawm nqe lus no? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws "cov ntaub ntawv" ntawm lub sijhawm peb xav tau - "" tapestry los ntawm Bayeux ". Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog daim ntaub, tab sis … cov paj ntaub ntau tshaj plaws ntawm ntau hom nrog nqaws thiab xov ntawm ob peb xim ntawm daim ntaub, thiab qee zaum kuj lom zem heev. Muaj tus txiv neej tso quav, tus txiv neej muaj plaub hau ntsuab thiab tus nees xiav. Nws qhov kawg raug txiav tawm, uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias nws qhov ntev twb mus txog 68, 38 m nrog qhov dav tsuas yog … 48/53 cm! Muaj qhov kev xav pom zoo tias nws cov kws sau ntawv tsis yog txhais tau tias Poj huab tais Matilda, tus poj niam ntawm Guillaume tus kov yeej, tab sis cov lus Askiv los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Augustine hauv Canterbury. Txawm li cas los xij, yog qhov nws yuav ua tau, tab sis nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas nws lub hnub nyoog tseem tau piav qhia nyob ntawd. Thawj qhov sau hais txog nws lub neej muaj hnub rov qab mus rau 1476. Tab sis nws tsis tau ua xyem xyav ntau dhau los, vim nws piav txog cov tub rog nrog riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua rog uas tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau paub los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Thiaj li, "Bayeux paj ntaub" hais txog lub sijhawm Tsov rog ntawm Hastings nws tus kheej, uas nws tsuas yog piav qhia, uas yog, nws yuav yog 1066, tab sis, feem ntau yuav yog, nws yog ob peb xyoos laus dua. Los ntawm txoj kev, "kev kov yeej Askiv" los ntawm Guillaume tus Conqueror tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev nthuav dav ntawm cov nroog sab qaum teb ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj Fabkis, thiab nws yog los ntawm thaj av no uas peb yuav pib peb txoj kev mus rau lub sij hawm knightly ntawm qhov nyob deb sij hawmKuv xav hais meej tias cov khoom siv piv txwv rau kab lus ntawm kab lus no yuav zoo nkauj me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau nruab nrab nruab nrab - cov neeg ua pov thawj tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Yog li …

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm Northern Fabkis. Tshooj 1

Cia peb pib los ntawm kev rov nco qab tias lub xeev cov qauv ntawm Fabkis thaum lub sijhawm ntawd txawv heev los ntawm ib puag ncig niaj hnub no, txawm hais tias, raws li lub xeev, nws twb muaj lawm. Thiab nws "daim ntawv qhia" tsis zoo ib yam li qhov peb paub niaj hnub no. Yog li, nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 11th, lub nroog Flanders, uas yog tam sim no sab hnub poob Belgium, yog ib feem ntawm Fabkis lub tebchaws, tab sis Brabant thiab Hainaut nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, uas niaj hnub no yog ib feem ntawm Belgium, tom qab ntawd yog koom nrog Roman Roman Empire. Champagne kuj tseem tsis tshua muaj cai los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Fabkis, tab sis Alsace thiab Upper Lorraine kuj yog koom nrog lub tebchaws. Cov av ntawm Duchy ntawm Burgundy ncig Dijon yog ib feem ntawm Fabkis, tab sis lub nroog ntawm Burgundy ib puag ncig Besançon yog tsis muaj tebchaws. Mus rau sab qab teb, yuav luag txhua thaj chaw sab hnub tuaj ntawm Saone thiab Rhone cov dej kuj yog cov cuab yeej ntawm German huab tais, thiab Fab Kis tus vaj ntxwv tseem tseem "tos hauv tis" thiab tsuas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua pib nws ua ntej mus rau Sab hnub tuaj.

Txawm li cas los xij, Sab Qaum Teb Fabkis nws tus kheej nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog homogeneous los yog kev coj noj coj ua lossis txawm tias yog tub rog. Brittany tau siv Celtic ntau yam lus thiab tswj hwm nws cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua kom txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Hauv XI xyoo pua, Normandy tseem txawv ntawm lwm lub tebchaws hauv qhov Vikings-Normans tau nyob ntawd ib zaug, txawm hais tias lawv tau nrawm thiab kawm tau zoo txog kev kawm tub rog los ntawm Fab Kis thiab, ua ntej tshaj plaws, yuav siv qhov hnyav li cas armed cavalry nyob rau hauv battles nrog infantry. Cov Flemings yog qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov yav dhau los; ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas hais lus Flemish dialect (uas yog, hauv Dutch) thiab, raws li coob leej ntseeg, tsis yog Fab Kis txhua. Txawm li ntawd los, cov tub rog tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lawv ntau dua li lwm qhov hauv Fab Kis.

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Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hastings. Cov lus xaiv tau nthuav tawm ntawm cov tub rog Norman uas lawv tus thawj coj tau raug tua. Tom qab ntawd tus tub huabtais tau tsoo nws lub taub hau kom nws tuaj yeem lees paub, thiab Suav Eustace ntawm Bologna, taw tes rau nws, qw: "Duke William nyob ntawm no!" Scene 55/56. Duab los ntawm "Carpet Museum", Bayeux)

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntseeg tias nws yog Fab Kis Sab Qaum Teb, uas yog li ntawd tau tawm tsam teb chaws Aas Kiv, yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Western European kev ua tub rog zam, tab sis tsis yog thev naus laus zis lossis kev tsim kho tshiab. Nws tau pom tias txij li xyoo 9th txog rau xyoo pua 11th, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg pluag pluag, ua haujlwm rau cov tub rog lossis hauv cov tub rog tsis muaj phom, tsis thooj li ntawm no. Lub sijhawm tam sim no pib hais tshwj xeeb rau tus neeg caij nees, feem ntau hnav khaub ncaws hnav, qhov ua ntej nws txhais tau tias tsuas yog cov neeg muaj riam phom yam tsis muaj qhov txawv ntawm nees thiab ko taw.

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Spearhead xyoo pua 15th Ntev 23.3 cm. Nyhav 2579.8 g. Xws li "cov lus qhia muaj tis" tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe ib txhij nrog cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab tau siv kom txog thaum nws ploj mus. Kev tawm tsam sab tsis tso cai rau hmuv nkag mus tob rau hauv lub cev. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Ntawd yog, hauv 1050 thiab tom qab ntawd, twb tau muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tub rog thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov tub rog raws li cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Tab sis kev qhia ua tub rog loj tau dhau los ua tsis tshua muaj neeg paub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nroog tseem tsis tau muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog, xws li yog cov tub rog los yog chaw tiv thaiv. Tab sis kev txwv ntawm pawg ntseeg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, uas tau tsim lub npe hu ua "Vajtswv kev thaj yeeb", tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis thiab sab qab teb. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm kev txwv cov nplai ntawm kev ua siab phem thiab lawv lub sijhawm, pawg ntseeg tsuas yog pab txhawb rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov tub rog.

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1200 qhov me me piav qhia cov neeg caij nees hauv hauberg-hom saw xa ntawv siv txheej txheem hmuv. Cov hmuv tau nruab nrog daim duab peb sab, cov ntaub thaiv npog yog daim ntawv thim rov qab. Cov pam pam nees, uas tseem tau pab tiv thaiv tsiaj los ntawm tshav kub, yog qhov tsim nyog. ("Pamplona Illustrated Bible and Lives of Saints", Pamplona, Spain, University of Augsburg Library, Germany)

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Cov ntawv me me tom ntej yog los ntawm tib phau ntawv sau. Saum toj no muaj cov neeg caij tsheb, hauv qab no yog cov tub rog tub rog, nws cov riam phom txawv ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb.

Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov tub rog caij nees cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tau dhau los ua tus qauv txaus thiab kim heev, thiab nws txoj kev siv raug pib xav tau cov txuj ci uas tuaj tsuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev kawm ntev. Ntxiv mus, cov tub rog tau kawm ua ib feem ntawm kev tshem tawm, thaum lawv tau hu los ntawm tus tswv mus rau lawv lub tsev hais plaub, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tus kheej, "hauv tsev", hauv cov tsev fuabtais muaj zog. "Tus tub rog yog ib tus kws qhia ntau yam nrog riam phom" - xws li yog qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib tw thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm kawm. Ntxiv mus, nws tau poob, thiab qhov twg nws tau txais riam phom no, qhov twg nws tau txais sijhawm dawb rau qhov no, ntxiv rau zaub mov rau nws tus kheej, ntxiv rau nws tus nees. Qhov cuam tshuam yog tias nws muaj txhua yam no, txwv tsis pub nws yog tus tub rog!

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Raug European saw xa los ntawm cov hlua txuas, txuas los ntawm forged U-shaped brackets. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev sib cais tau zoo heev. Piv txwv li, "kev thim rov qab" ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hastings tau dhau los ua cov tswv yim niaj hnub no, tsawg kawg ntawm Normans thiab Bretons. Cov txheej txheem ntawm "kushin tus hmuv", uas yog, thaum tus neeg sib zog nyem nws hauv qab ntawm caj npab, dhau los ua qhov pom tau tshaj plaws cov txheej txheem kev tawm dag zog hauv Western Europe thaum lig 11th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 12th. Txawm li cas los xij, ntaj hnyav thiab ntev txuas ntxiv mus yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov xub xub nrog tus ntoo khaub lig hla ntawm "hmuv tis" tsis tas yuav tso cai rau riam phom no khaws cia tom qab thawj rab hmuv tshuab, thiab tom qab ntawd tus neeg caij yuav tsum tawm tsam nrog ntaj. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov kev ncua ntev ntawm nws txoj kev tuav, uas yav dhau los tau kaw tus tub rog txhais tes, thaum tus ntoo khaub lig pib khoov rau ntawm cov hniav thiab ntev mus rau ob sab.

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Bas-nyem piav txog tus Conqueror ntawm Div-sur-Mer, Chateau Guillaume le Concourt, Falaise. Kev mloog zoo yog rub rau "ris tsho tiv thaiv" ua los ntawm cov hlua khi rau ntawm lub hauv paus, tsis riveted ib qho, thiab ntev Norman "serpentine shield".

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Biblical Goliath. Kev piav qhia qhov tseeb ntawm tus tub rog txij thaum xyoo pua 11th, los ntawm Cotonian Psalter lossis Psalter ntawm Tiberius (c. 1050, Winchester). Kev hla ntawm rab ntaj yog qhov qhia tau, txij li tam sim no nws tau siv ntau thiab ntau los ntawm cov neeg caij nees. (British Tsev khaws puav pheej, London)

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tua hneev taw kuj nce ntxiv, txawm hais tias hauv qee thaj chaw nws tau nrov dua lwm qhov. Normandy hauv qhov xwm txheej no hais txog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hneev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv Fab Kis, ib yam li lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab hnub poob Europe, hneev tau maj mam hloov los ntawm tus hneev. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg hla hneev taw tau qhia los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj, muaj riam phom hla, uas tau pib nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Cov neeg tua phom no tseem yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv lawv thaj chaw thiab nyob hauv Fab Kis tib yam tau ua raws li "Grand Master of Crossbowmen", uas lub npe tshwm nyob rau xyoo 1230. Nws tau ntseeg tias tus hneev taub hau tau teb rau qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cuab yeej phom loj hauv Tebchaws Europe nyob rau xyoo lig 13 thiab thaum ntxov 14th caug xyoo.

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Archers thiab crossbowmen. Me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Ntiaj Teb thiab Marienleben Chronicle", 1300-1350. Qaum Austria. (Halle-Wittenberg Martin Luther University Library, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)

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Duab

Kev piav qhia tsawg ntawm cov kws tua hneev nees ntawm qhov me me los ntawm "Ntiaj Teb thiab Marienleben Chronicle" phau ntawv sau, 1300-1350. Qaum Austria. (Halle-Wittenberg Martin Luther University Library, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)

Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua tub rog, uas tau pib nyob rau xyoo 12th thiab 13th, tau dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tom qab. Cov vaj ntxwv thiab lawv cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tau pib siv cov tub rog ua haujlwm ntau dua thiab nquag. Piv txwv li, hauv 1202 - 1203. Tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Fab Kis ntawm ciam teb Norman muaj tub rog sib tw ntawm 257 tus tub rog caij nkoj, 267 tus tub rog caij nkoj, 80 tus neeg hla tus ntoo khaub lig, 133 tus neeg hla hneev taw thiab kwv yees li 2,000 tus tub rog, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm lwm 300 tus tub rog, uas nws tsis koom nrog pab tub rog. Ntawd yog, nws yog me me, tab sis txaus ua tub rog tshaj lij.

Duab
Duab

Cov duab me me piav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua horsemen, sau hnub tim 1365 los ntawm World Chronicle los ntawm Rudolf von Ems. (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Baden-Württemberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)

Flanders txhua lub sijhawm no tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog ua tub rog, ob leeg tub rog thiab tub rog, mus txog rau xyoo XIV. Ntau lub nroog tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov tub rog, uas tau muab los ntawm cov nroog guilds. Ntxiv mus, cov tub rog txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws thawj ib nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua, txawm hais tias tom qab ntawd nws lub luag haujlwm poob qis dua. Cov no suav nrog lub teeb javelin infantry hu ua bidouts, uas zoo li tau ua haujlwm ze nrog cov tub rog caij nkoj. Phom phom tau tshwm sim thawj zaug ntawm Fab Kis thaum ntxov li 1338 thiab feem ntau tau hais hauv keeb kwm ntawm 1340s.

Duab
Duab

"Viking Kev pam tuag". Kev pleev xim los ntawm Ch. E. Butler (1864 - 1933), 1909. Cov tub rog tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv cov tawv tawv, uas feem ntau tsis cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm qhov tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim qhov hnyav dua thiab tus nqi siab ntawm cov hlau, cov xa ntawv xa mus tau nthuav dav ntau dua, txawm tias muaj kev txiav txim siab ntau zog ntawm nws cov khoom siv.

Duab
Duab

Segmental helmet VII xyoo pua. (German National Museum, Nuremberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)

PS Zoo siab, hauv nws tus lej ntawm Kev Sib Tw Hastings hauv 1066, sau ua ntej 1127, William ntawm Malsmbury hais tias ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua pib, cantilena Rollandi tau hu, uas yog, "nkauj Roland, txhawm rau txhawb cov tub rog los ntawm piv txwv ntawm tus txiv zoo li tsov rog. " Koj yog tus kws sau paj huam Norman ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, ntxiv rau qhov no tias nws tau hu los ntawm Tylefer, uas tseem tau thov kom muaj kev hwm ntawm kev ntaus thawj rau cov yeeb ncuab.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Bridgeford A. 1066. Cov keeb kwm zais cia ntawm Bayeux Tapestry. L: Plaub Plaub, 2004.

2. Nicolle D. Hnub nyoog ntawm Charlemagne. L.: Osprey (Men-at-arms series No. 150), 1984.

3. Nicolle D. Caj Npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.

4. Verbruggen JF The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages from the Yim Century to 1340. Amsterdam - N. Y. Oxford, 1977.

5. Gravett, K., Nicole, D. Normans. Knights thiab conquerors (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm A. Kolin) M.: Eksmo, 2007.

6. Cardini, F. Lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov tub rog nyob nruab nrab. (Txhais lus txhais los ntawm Italis los ntawm V. P. Gaiduk) M.: Kev vam meej, 1987.

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