Nruab nrab ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab kev ua tsov ua rog: Lub xeev German muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb
Lub xeev German muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb nrog keeb kwm dav dav ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov siv hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb tiag tiag thiab tus lej ntawm cov haujlwm uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev ntsuas thiab ua tau zoo uas tau hloov pauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm vim li cas, keeb kwm ntawm German kev tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob ntu: kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xeev "imperial" ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes - Kaiser thiab Nazi - thiab cov tub rog tshwj xeeb niaj hnub no ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (FRG).
Nws tau lees paub feem ntau tias txawm tias tom qab rov txhim kho cov tub rog ntawm FRG xyoo 1955 (kaum xyoo tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob), cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tsis nyob ntev. Cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tsov rog tom qab German tshwj xeeb tub rog feem ntau pib thaum lub Cuaj Hli 1973-lub sijhawm tsim los tiv thaiv kev ua phem ntawm tsoomfwv tub ceev xwm Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9).
GSG 9 cov neeg ua haujlwm, xyoo 1970s lig. (c) dab
Qhov tseeb, chav kawm rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tau coj los ntawm German Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg sai tom qab tsim Bundeswehr thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees nkag mus rau NATO, tab sis txoj haujlwm no tsis yooj yim tshaj tawm. Qhov kawg tau piav qhia los ntawm ob qho kev txiav txim siab pom tseeb ntawm kev zais thiab tshaj tawm cov kev xav hauv lub siab (thawj lub tswv yim ntawm Bundeswehr raws li "pab tub rog rau kev ywj pheej" nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm pej xeem) thiab kev txiav txim siab raug cai (tsab cai lij choj txwv tsis pub siv tub rog sab nraud Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).
Cov teeb meem kev xav tsis tau tiv thaiv cov neeg German los ntawm kev tsim 1st Airborne Division hauv 1958, ntawm cov haujlwm uas yog kev ntes cov phiaj xwm thiab ua haujlwm tseem ceeb cov khoom nyob tom qab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Yav tom ntej, nws tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau xaiv cov tub rog tshwj xeeb.
West German parachutist, 1958. (c) Buonasera, creativecommons.org
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1958, kev npaj cov tub rog saboteurs pib rau cov tub rog rog (Navy) ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Yelemees, uas tseem tab tom tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Xyoo 1964, lawv tau sib koom ua ke rau hauv ib lub tuam txhab cais kev sib ntaus sib tua ua luam dej ua ib feem ntawm pab pawg amphibious (chav nyob hauv Navy). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab tso los ntawm lub hauv paus tub rog hauv Kiel yog ua kom muaj kev ua phem rau lub nkoj thiab cov nkoj ntawm Soviet Baltic Fleet thiab Navy ntawm German Democratic Republic (GDR) nrog kev pib ua tsov rog puv ntoob nrog Warsaw Pact lub teb chaws.
Kev tawm tsam kev cob qhia ntawm ib lub tuam txhab sib cais ntawm cov neeg ua luam dej sib ntaus, xyoo 1980s. (c) kampfschwimmer.de
Thawj qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ua phem sab nrauv uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog hauv av tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1960s. Lawv lub ntsej muag cuam tshuam nrog kev xa tawm ntawm kev siv riam phom nuclear hauv Tebchaws Europe - lawv tshawb nrhiav thiab rhuav tshem tau dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua lub zog tub rog loj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Leej txiv ntawm cov tub rog German tshwj xeeb tam sim no tuaj yeem suav tias yog Wehrmacht qub tub rog Lieutenant Colonel Konrad Rittmeier, uas tau raug xaiv tsa xyoo 1961 ua tus thawj coj ntawm "Pawg Pabcuam R" ntawm lub tsev kawm paratroopers hauv Schongau (Bavaria). Xyoo 1963, "R pab pawg" tau rov tsim dua tshiab rau hauv 200th lub tuam txhab tshawb nrhiav tob. Yav tom ntej, ntawm nws lub hauv paus, ob lub tuam txhab tshawb nrhiav tob dua tau tsim - lub 100th thiab 300th. Yog li, xyoo 1960, peb lub tuam txhab tshawb nrhiav tob tau tsim nyob hauv FRG (raws li cov naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog muaj), uas tau muaj txog thaum 1996.
Kev tawm tsam kev cob qhia ntawm 300th lub tuam txhab tshawb xyuas tob, 1960s. (c) fernspaehkompanie300.de
Raws li rau lub npe nrov thiab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kab lus "tshwj xeeb rog ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Lub Tebchaws Yelemees" tshwj xeeb rog GSG 9 (pawg ciam teb thib 9), nws tau tsim nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli 1973. Qhov no tau tshwm sim ib xyoos tom qab kev ua phem phem ntawm Munich Olympics, teeb tsa los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Palestinian lub koom haum "Lub Cuaj Hli Dub".
Lub npe GSG 9 tau muab vim yog kev txiav txim siab los tsim pawg tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv kev ua phem nyob rau hauv tseem hwv tsoomfwv tus ciam teb tiv thaiv, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd suav nrog yim pab pawg ciam teb (sib xws ntawm kev sib cais ntawm ciam teb hauv peb cov lus). Chav tshwj xeeb tshiab tau los ua cuaj. Tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ciam Tebchaws Ciam Tebchaws xyoo 2005, GSG 9 pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm kwv yees li 250 tus neeg yog ib feem ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws German Tub Ceev Xwm raws li cov lus txib ntawm Minister of Interior.
Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm GSG 9, 2015. (c) dab
Ib chav tsev zoo sib xws GSG 9 tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1974 uas yog ib feem ntawm Cov Neeg Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm GDR. Nws tau txais lub npe Diensteinheit IX (kev pabcuam thib 9), lossis 9 Volkspolizei Kompanie (lub tuam txhab thib 9 ntawm tib neeg cov tub ceev xwm), thiab thaum xub thawj muaj 30 tus neeg. Txog xyoo 1980, nws tus lej tau nce mus rau 111 tus neeg sib ntaus. Muaj pov thawj tias Diensteinheit IX tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov tub rog uas tau tso tseg nrog riam phom los ntawm pab pawg ntawm Pab Pawg Soviet Rog hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Tom qab kev sib sau ua ke German nyob rau xyoo 1990, qee tus Diensteinheit IX cov neeg tua rog tau raug lees paub rau tub ceev xwm Spezialeinsatzkommando tshwj xeeb hauv East German xeev Mecklenburg-Vorpommern thiab Saxony-Anhalt.
Diensteinheit IX cov neeg ua haujlwm (c) otvaga2004.mybb.ru
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1995, Tus Kws Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau nthuav tawm rau Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Bundestag lub tswv yim rau tus qauv tshiab hu ua Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK) - Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb hais kom ua. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm KSK tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm pawg tub rog 25, nyob hauv lub xeev Baden-Württemberg. Hnub ua haujlwm raug tsim los ntawm KSK yog lub Cuaj Hlis 20, 1996, thaum lub rooj txhawb nqa tus chij tau tshwm sim ntawm Graf Zeppelin Kaserne cov tub rog puag hauv Calw.
KSK cov neeg ua haujlwm, ib nrab xyoo 1990. (c) Heer / KSK
Feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tau txais los ntawm yav dhau los Bravo Kompanie, lub tuam txhab spetsnaz ntawm cov tub rog sib cais uas tau tsim thaum xyoo 1990 thiab twb tau kawm tiav rau kev ua haujlwm cawm neeg. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau kawm tiav yog cov tuam txhab tshawb nrhiav tob ntawm cov tub rog hloov kho tshiab.
Thaum ntxov 2000s, Cov tub rog German tau mus txog theem tom ntej ntawm kev hloov kho. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim yog nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem. Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv NATO, hauv lawv qhov kev tsim, xav tias yuav koom nrog pab tub rog German thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hais kom ua. Nws tau txiav txim siab los koom ua ke KSK thiab cov tub rog caij dav hlau nyob hauv ib lub koom haum kev teeb tsa. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2001, muaj kev faib haujlwm tshwj xeeb (Division Spezielle Operationen, DSO) tau tshwm sim hauv Bundeswehr, ntxiv rau KSK, nws suav nrog cov tub rog nyob rau 26 thiab 31.
Division_Spezielle_Operationen
Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Pawg Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb (DSO) ntawm Cov Tub Rog German ntawm Schneller Adler 2011 kev tawm dag zog ze Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt. (c) Jens Schlüter / dapd
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb tau koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog hauv Afghanistan, qhov uas nws cov tub rog tau koom tes ntau heev txij li lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2001. KSK cov tub rog tshwj xeeb muaj ntau txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev raug ntes nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 2012 ntawm Mullah Abdul Rahman, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm Taliban thiab tus hu ua tus tswv xeev ntawm sab qaum teb Afghanistan.
KSK hauv Afghanistan_2013
Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm KSK cov neeg sib tw ua haujlwm hauv Afghanistan txij thaum kawg xyoo 2001, 2013. Thaum pib lub Tsib Hlis 2013, nws tau ntsib thawj qhov uas tsis tuaj yeem kho tsis tau. (c) Reuters
Qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev koom nrog hauv Afghan phiaj xwm ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv lub zog tshwj xeeb. Hloov chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua phem phem, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm qub ntawm pab tub rog tshwj xeeb tau rov qab los: kev tshawb nrhiav, kev taw qhia thiab kev kho cov phom loj thiab kev ya dav hlau, kev ua tub rog los ntes lossis rhuav tshem cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab cov yeeb ncuab hais kom ua. Lub tswv yim tseem tau tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke DSO chav nyob nrog cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm cov tub rog ya dav hlau nyob hauv ib qho lus txib.
Thaum xyoo 2011 Bundeswehr tau mus txog theem tom ntej ntawm kev hloov kho, cov lus nug ntawm kev tsim kev tsim tshiab - Division Schnelle Kräfte (DSK) - yog nyob rau cov txheej txheem. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm DSK tau ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm pawg haujlwm tshwj xeeb, qhov tseeb nws yog kev rov txhim kho nrog kev ntxiv ntawm pab tub rog dav hlau rau nws.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 2014, pawg tub rog caij dav hlau 11 ntawm Dutch pab tub rog tau suav nrog hauv DSK. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev faib yog tam sim no 11, 3 txhiab tus neeg, suav nrog 2, 1 txhiab Dutch. Qhov sib faib, qhov tseeb, tau xa tawm raws li lub xeev kev ua tsov ua rog thiab nyob hauv kev npaj sib ntaus sib tua tas li. Tab sis nws tsim nyog sau cia tias vim qhov nrawm ntawm kev rov ua kom muaj riam phom ntau ntxiv rau NH90, qhov sib faib ntawm nws tus kheej tuaj yeem hloov pauv tsis pub ntau tshaj ob ntawm nws cov tub rog nyob rau ib lub sijhawm.
Geschichte_KdoS611
Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm pab pawg soj xyuas ntawm Pab Pawg Sib Tw Ceev (DSK) kov yeej cov teeb meem dej ntawm cov khoom siv tsaws tas li. (c) Bundeswehr / C. Schulze
Tom qab tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv mus rau Hnub Nyoog, Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Tshwj Xeeb suav nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb, German 1st Airborne thiab Dutch 11th Airmobile Brigades, nrog rau peb pab tub rog kev tsav dav hlau (10 thiab 30 thauj lub dav hlau thauj mus los thiab 36th lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua).
Kev ua haujlwm, KSK yog tus saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb (Abteilung Spezialoperationen) ntawm Bundeswehr Joint Operational Command, tsim nyob rau xyoo 2012. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov lus txib yog plaub lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj thiab lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm rau Afghanistan. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog hluav taws xob tua hluav taws ntawm cov cuab yeej sib txuas lus ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, nrog rau kev tswj hwm cov cim qhia rau xov tooj cua lub foob pob tawg ntawm cov mines thiab cov cuab yeej tsim kho tawg.
Txhua ntawm plaub lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev sib ntaus sib tua (suav txog ib puas tus txiv neej) suav nrog tsib platoons. Cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua ntawm platoons sib txawv, ntxiv rau kev qhia dav dav rau txhua tus, tau txais kev tshwj xeeb ntxiv. Cov tub rog ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv av tau txais cov txuj ci ntawm kev tsav tsheb ntau yam thiab muaj sia nyob hauv cov suab puam. Txawm hais tias txhua tus commandos tau txais kev qhia ua pa taws, paratrooper platoons tseem tau kawm nyob rau hauv qhov siab siab dhia dhia dhia dhia.
German "kws tshaj lij" ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev. (c) Heer / KSK
Kev cob qhia rau cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua hauv av suav nrog kev qhia ntxiv rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ua luam dej thiab kev qhia kom muaj sia nyob hauv hav zoov thiab thaj av equatorial. Cov neeg tua rog ntawm platoons, npaj rau kev ua haujlwm hauv toj siab thiab thaj av Arctic, tau txais kev cob qhia ntxiv rau kev nce toj. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias txhua lub tuam txhab muaj pab pawg sniper nrog kev qhia tsim nyog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab ntev-ntev ntev tua thiab camouflage.
Ua ntawv thov nce roob. (c) Heer / KSK
Txhua pawg sib ntaus sib tua muaj plaub pab pawg (pab pawg). Txhua tus neeg sib ntaus tau txais kev kho mob thiab kev qhia txog kev tawg, thaum qee pab pawg sib ntaus muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Cov pab pawg yam tsawg kawg nkaus muaj plaub tus neeg thiab suav nrog kws kho mob thiab kws tshaj lij txog cov khoom tawg.
Kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg raug mob los ntawm pab tub rog caij dav hlau. (c) Heer / KSK
Cov tub rog ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb Tshwj Xeeb (KSK) tau ua txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntau theem. Ua ntej, txhua tus neeg sib tw spetsnaz coj mus rau Bundeswehr's Einzelkampferlehrgang Combat Survival Course (EKL). Tam sim no nws muaj ob theem - qib EKL1 thiab qib EKL2 siab dua. Cov theem pib yog yav tas los xav tau rau ib tus neeg sib tw rau qib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tam sim no chav kawm yog xav tau tsuas yog rau cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov chav sib ntaus.
Kev sib tw kov yeej. (c) Heer / KSK
Tsib-lub lim tiam kawm EKL2 qib siab suav nrog kev sim lub cev hnyav, roob, dhia paj paws, kev qhia tua hluav taws, kawm paub qhov pib ntawm kev nkaum, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj, npaj chaw nkaum thiab teeb tsa kev tsaus ntuj. Cov uas tau ua tiav cov chav kawm siab tau txais ib thaj ntxiv thiab muaj cai dhau qhov kev xeem nkag ntawm KSK.
Phooj ywgSukhov: "Hauv lub qub fortress nws yuav tsum tau coj nws los ntawm cov yeeb nkab." (c) Heer / KSK
Kev xeem nkag mus kuj muaj ob theem. Peb-lub lim tiam thawj theem suav nrog cov kev ntsuas lub cev, kev puas siab ntsws thiab kev txawj ntse ntsuas computer. Cov uas dhau thawj qib kev sim (qhov nruab nrab kwv yees li 60% ntawm cov neeg thov raug tshem tawm) raug tso npe mus rau theem thib ob, uas yog hu ua "Kev Kawm Ciaj sia ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tshwj Xeeb".
Culling thaum EKL. (c) Bundeswehr / Detmar Modes
Ntxiv nrog rau 90-teev kev taug kev hla thaj chaw hav zoov hav zoov ntawm hav zoov dub, kev ntsuam xyuas puas siab ntsws tau suav nrog hauv chav kawm. Cov neeg thov yuav tsum nyob ntev tsis tsaug zog, zaub mov thiab dej, nug nrog siv kev xav ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev (dej, suab txhawb zog). Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, qhov kev tso tawm ntau tshaj 90%, tom qab ntawv chav kawm tau yooj yim me ntsis thiab tam sim no qhov kev tso tawm tus nqi tau poob mus rau 80%. Cov uas tau kawm tiav chav kawm muaj lub sijhawm los xaus daim ntawv cog lus thiab tau cuv npe hauv cov npe neeg ua haujlwm ntawm KSK Kev Kawm thiab Chaw Xeem Ntawv.
Xyaum ua phem thiab "ntxuav" thaj chaw. (c) Heer / KSK
Hauv qhov chaw no, ib tug tub rog tau kawm ob xyoos, uas suav nrog ntau yam kev kawm, kev qhia, kev tawm dag zog hauv 17 qhov kev qhia sib txawv thiab cov tsev kawm thoob ntiaj teb. Yav tom ntej KSK cov neeg tua rog tau kawm txog Arctic hauv Arctic Circle hauv Norway, kev kawm suab puam hauv tebchaws Israel, kev qhia rau kev tawm tsam hauv hav zoov hauv Fab Kis Guiana. Kev mloog zoo ntau yog them rau kev qhia lus - tub rog tshwj xeeb yuav tsum muaj peev xwm hais tau yam tsawg ob yam lus txawv tebchaws. Qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov tub rog tseem suav nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tes. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ob (qee zaum peb) xyoo ntawm kev kawm hnyav, ib tus tub rog raug xa mus rau chav sib ntaus. Tib lub sijhawm, thoob plaws txhua qhov kev pabcuam (lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb raug txwv rau 41 xyoo), cov tub rog tshwj xeeb hauv German, qhov tseeb, tseem kawm ntxiv.
"Kuv yuav coj koj mus rau tundra …" (c) Heer / KSK
Txhawm rau nyiam cov neeg sib tw thiab khaws cov neeg ua haujlwm, kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag. Txhua tus tub rog uas tau dhau qhov kev xeem nkag ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tau txais kev them nyiaj ib zaug ntawm 3 txhiab euros thiab, ntxiv rau nws cov nyiaj pab, nce ntxiv txog 1 txhiab euros hauv ib hlis. Rau txhua xyoo ntawm kev pabcuam hauv cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, ib tus tub rog tau txais nyiaj ntxiv ntawm 5 txhiab euros ntxiv rau ntxiv rau 10 txhiab euros rau rau xyoo sib law liag ntawm kev pabcuam.
KSK cov neeg tua rog muaj npe nrov tshaj lij, yog li ntawd, teeb meem loj hauv xyoo tas los no yog kev tawm ntawm cov tub rog uas muaj kev paub dhau los rau cov tuam txhab ua tub rog ntiag tug. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus tswv ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb daim ntawv lo, tau ua haujlwm tsuas yog thawj daim ntawv cog lus thiab tau txais cov npe nkag hauv lawv daim ntawv rov pib ua haujlwm, mus ua haujlwm hauv PMC. Hauv kev sim txhawm rau nyiam cov neeg nrhiav neeg tshiab, cov lus txib tau nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no ua rau cov neeg nkag mus tau yooj yim thiab, ib feem ntawm txoj kev kawm.
