Muaj ib tus ntse tshuab rab phom, Ntsib kuv Maxim, Thiab lwm lub tshuab rab phom tau yooj yim
Los ntawm lub npe menyuam yaus, dhau lawm, Maxim.
Suab paj nruag: Sigismund Katz. Cov lus: V. Dykhovichny. 1941g wb.
Yog li, zaum kawg peb tau tso tseg qhov tseeb tias "Maxim's Armory Company" pib tsim phom tshuab thiab tshaj tawm rau lawv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tsis muaj nyiaj tau los ntawm kev tshaj tawm, vim tias txhua yam tau them tam sim. Ua ntej, cov tshuab phom lawv tus kheej raug muag, tom qab ntawd cov cartridges rau lawv raug muag. Qhov thib ob, daim ntawv tso cai tsim khoom raug muag, thiab lawv kim heev. Ntxiv mus, ib qho laj thawj yog vim li cas Hiram Maxim tswj kom thawb nws rab phom tshuab mus rau tom khw yog nws txoj kev muaj sia nyob zoo thiab muaj kev ntseeg tau, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau riam phom loj. Nws tau paub, piv txwv li, thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1899 ib qho ntawm nws lub tshuab rab phom chambered rau Askiv.303 (7, 7 mm) cartridge tau tua 15 txhiab txhaj tshuaj yam tsis muaj teeb meem tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd txhua qhov nws tsis muaj cov cim qhia txog hnav Tus nqi hluav taws xaiv los ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom kuj tseem ua tiav - 600 puag ncig ib feeb (nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 250-300 puag ncig ib feeb), uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau riam phom no yam tsis muaj teeb meem thiab nrog rau kev siv mos txwv.
Atlas ntawm kev kos duab ntawm lub tshuab rab phom "Maxim" luam tawm xyoo 1906. Cia peb tsis tham txog nws cov ntsiab lus tam sim no. Peb tsuas yog sau tseg ib qho - txhua daim duab tau ua hauv tus lej dub los ntawm txhais tes siv tus reefer, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd luam tawm.
Kev ua tiav ntawm Maxim tshuab rab phom hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau xaus nrog Maxim txoj kev mus rau Russia, qhov uas nws tuaj txog nrog nws.45 caliber tshuab rab phom (11, 43 mm). Tom qab ntawd, uas yog xyoo 1887, Russia tau sim nws rab phom tshuab rau 10, 67-mm cartridges los ntawm Berdan phom loj, nruab nrog cov hmoov dub. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 8, 1888, ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim: Emperor Alexander III nws tus kheej raug rho tawm los ntawm rab phom tshuab, uas pom zoo yuav los ntawm Maxim ntawm 12 ntawm nws 1885 rab phom tshuab hauv qab Berdan cartridge.
Thawj lub tshuab rab phom Lavxias "Maxim" ntawm lub tshuab "siab" nrog lub tank ntxiv rau dej. (Duab los ntawm N. Mikhailov)
Tsev khaws puav pheej plaque hauv qab qhov khoom pov thawj. (Duab los ntawm N. Mikhailov)
Tshuab rab phom nyob hauv chav ntawm Artillery Museum hauv St. Petersburg. (Duab los ntawm N. Mikhailov)
Kov, txhais, kov thiab kov daim kab xev. (Duab los ntawm N. Mikhailov)
Cov phom phom yuav tsum tau muab rau Russia los ntawm Cov Tub ntawm Vickers thiab Maxim lub tuam txhab. Kev txiav txim tag nrho tau ua tiav thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1889. Lavxias lub nkoj huab tais tseem pom kev txaus siab rau yam tshiab ntawm riam phom, uas tau nrawm kom xaj ob rab phom tshuab ntxiv rau kev sim hauv nkoj.
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings. Kev pom dav ntawm rab phom tshuab.
Thaum Berdan rab phom tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev pabcuam, lub tshuab rab phom tau hloov pauv lawm rau 7, 62-mm phom loj rau qhov tshiab "peb kab". Xyoo 1891-1892. yuav tsib lub tshuab rab phom chambered rau nws 7, 62x54 mm. Thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1897-1904. lwm 291 rab phom tshuab.
Xyoo 1901, 7, 62-mm Maxim rab phom tshuab rau ntawm lub log tsheb siab ntawm tus qauv Askiv thiab hnyav 244 kg tau nkag mus ua haujlwm nrog rau pab tub rog huab tais Lavxias, uas tau txais thawj 40 rab phom tshuab hauv tib lub xyoo. Cov phom phom yuav tsum tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv, qhov twg, yog tias tsim nyog, lawv yuav tsum tau teeb tsa ua ntej nruab thiab tiv thaiv txoj haujlwm.
Kev xa tawm ntawm nws tus kheej lub Hoobkas kev tsim cov tshuab phom hauv tebchaws Russia pib thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1904. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev txiav txim rau kev tsim cov phom 122 thiab 100 txhiab rubles rau kev xa khoom ntawm lawv cov khoom tau txais los ntawm Imperial Tula Arms Plant. Nws tau npaj los ua thawj rab phom tshuab rau nws thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1904, tab sis lawv tau tswj kom sib sau ua ke tsuas yog lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5. Tab sis twb txog lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8, tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau xa mus rau GAU los ntawm tsob ntoo tias lub tshuab rab phom ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag "dhau txhua qhov kev sim uas tau tsim los zoo heev," thiab tias 3000 qhov kev txhaj tshuaj tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm nws, thiab tsis muaj kev ncua lossis tawg tau pom. Tab sis pom qhov tseeb tias tsob ntoo tsis tau txais cov hlau tshwj xeeb los ntawm Vickers lub tuam txhab, tib lub hlau tau siv rau nws cov khoom lag luam uas tau siv rau kev tsim cov phom ntev. 1891g ua.
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings. Cov ntu ntev ntawm rab phom tshuab thiab ntsia liaj qhov rooj.
Tus nqi ntawm rab phom tshuab hauv tsev yuav tsum yog 942 rubles + 80 phaus sterling yuav tsum tau muab rau Vickers lub tuam txhab, uas yog kwv yees li 1,700 rubles. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov nyiaj no loj heev, txawm hais tias nws tseem tuaj yeem pheej yig dua li yuav cov phom tshuab npaj los ntawm cov neeg Askiv ntawm tus nqi ntawm 2,288 rubles 20 kopecks ib rab phom tshuab. Kev tsim khoom tau pib thaum lub Tsib Hlis, tab sis, raws li peb pom tau, nws tau xa tawm qeeb qeeb vim qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub qhov rooj thaum tua.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1905, 32 rab phom tshuab twb tau npaj rau kev xa khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab yuav luag txhua qhov chaw xav tau los sib sau ua ke lwm lub tshuab phom 105. Txawm li cas los xij, rau tag nrho xyoo 1905, Tula Arms Plant tau tswj kom xa tsuas yog 28 rab phom tshuab, uas tsuas yog 16 tus tau xa mus rau pab tub rog tag nrho. Tab sis qhov laj thawj yog lub hom phiaj. Cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj cuab yeej siv. 700 lub tshuab ntawm ntau hom xav tau, thiab lawv tuaj yeem tau txais tsuas yog los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Muaj tseeb, 600 lub tshuab tau txais, tab sis tsis tau tam sim ntawd thiab nws tau siv sijhawm los kho thiab tswj lawv.
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings. Lub shutter nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab siv lub tshuab rab phom.
Lwm qhov laj thawj yog qhov xav tau kom ua tiav kev sib pauv ntawm txhua lub tshuab rab phom, uas tsis tau ua tiav txawm tias ntawm Vickers. Feem pua ntawm kev tsis lees paub kuj tseem siab, yog li cov khoom tsim tawm, txawm hais tias nws tsis ntseeg tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tseem tsawg dhau.
Yog li ntawd, xav kom nrawm cov txheej txheem ntawm saturating pab tub rog nrog riam phom tshiab, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tsov Rog tau xa daim ntawv xaj tom ntej mus rau Berlin DWM cog. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev tsim cov phom tshuab tau txaus tsis yog tsuas yog "thoob ntiaj teb", tab sis kuj "koom tes" hauv qhov xwm txheej. Yog li hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tula Arms Plant, nws tau sau tseg tias rau 400 lub tshuab rab phom los ntawm Bryansk arsenal nws yog qhov tsim nyog tau txais 400 khub ntawm lub log, los ntawm Izhevsk cog 400 daim ntawm daim npog loj tiv thaiv, 400 daim npog me me, thiab ntxiv rau 400 daim ntawm lub log log, thiab 1,600 daim ntawm ntxhib tshuab rab phom phom.
Lub thoob rau "Maxim" yog qhov nyuaj heev rau cov kws tshaj lij, xav tau qhov ua siab ntev me ntsis. Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings.
Nco ntsoov tias teeb meem nrog rab phom tshuab tau tshwm sim los ntawm "kos", qhov twg, nws yuav zoo li, yuav tsis muaj teeb meem hauv txoj ntsiab cai. Piv txwv li, nws tau hloov pauv tias cov ntaub ntawv Askiv rau siv lub tshuab rab phom yog qhov zoo dua li Lavxias, vim tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov uas, raws li, cov menyuam siv hauv tsev tsis zoo dua li cov lus Askiv thiab ua rau ncua kev tua.
Tab sis qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv txaus nyiam heev, uas ua tim khawv meej txog qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab phom twb tau pib xyoo 1912. (Archive of the Museum of Artillery and Signal Corps in St. Petersburg - F. 6. Op. 59. D. 5. L. 34. - Courtesy of N. Mikhailov)
Lwm qhov teeb meem yog cov khoom siv tsis tau siv. Yog li, hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Lub Taub Hau ntawm Tula Arms Factory rau GAU thaum Lub Xya Hli 16, 1907, nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov cartridges ntawm Petersburg thiab Lugansk cov chaw ua haujlwm muab cov khoom siv thawb ntau dhau thaum tua, uas ua rau muaj kev tawg ntawm cov pa los ntawm primer qhov (socket) Kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm cov mos txwv poob tawm ntawm lub thawv ntawv. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb "cuam tshuam" xws li txhaws ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub tshuab rab phom nrog cov khoom ntawm cov mos txwv mos txwv. Ntxiv mus, xws li qhov tsis xws luag feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv daim cartridges ntawm Tula Cartridge Plant. Nws tau mus txog qhov uas xyoo 1906 lawv txawm txiav txim siab hloov pauv qhov tsim ntawm lub qhov ncauj, tau thov thiab ua ob qhov qauv tshiab, tab sis tib yam txuas ntxiv nrog lawv.
Tubrog nkoj tshuab rau phom tshuab "maxim". Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hauv thawj peb lub hlis xyoo 1907cov nroj tsuag xa tsuas yog 64 lub tshuab phom, tom qab ntawd thaum lub Plaub Hlis - 24, thaum lub Tsib Hlis - 40, thaum Lub Rau Hli - 72, thaum Lub Xya Hli - 56, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli - 40. Rau tag nrho 1907, 448 (lossis 440?) "infantry" thiab 77 lub tshuab phom rau lub nkoj. Ua ntej ntawd, rau tag nrho 1906, cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov tub rog tsuas yog 73 tawm ntawm 145 lub tshuab rab phom (thiab tsuas yog 3 rau cov tub rog), thiab xyoo 1907 - 228 tawm ntawm 525. Ntawd yog, nws hloov tawm tias 50% ntawm cov phom tshuab tsim tawm tau raug tsis lees paub. Ntawd yog, kom txog rau xyoo 1908, qhov kev sim tsim khoom tau tshwm sim ntawm tsob ntoo. Thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1905-1908, cov nroj tsuag tsim 1376 "av" rab phom tshuab ua tiav nrog cov khoom seem (556 "teb" thiab 820 "serfs"), ntxiv rau 208 rab phom tshuab rau cov tub rog huab tais.
Txhawm rau ua tiav kev kho lub tshuab rab phom, cov cuab yeej tsim nyog tau xav tau, uas tseem yuav tsum tau ua thiab ntim rau hauv lub thawv ntoo tshwj xeeb. Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings.
Tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov kawg ntawm Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog, kev xa khoom tawm (yog tias koj tuaj yeem hu nws tias!) Ntawm Lavxias rab phom tshuab txawv teb chaws pib. Tom qab ntawd tsoomfwv Bulgarian thov Russia kom tau txais lub tshuab rab phom rau cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm. Thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 3, 1906, "los ntawm kev tso cai siab tshaj plaws" nws tau tso cai xa ib lub tshuab rab phom tiv thaiv thiab ib lub pob tshuab rab phom nrog khaws cia ntawm 20,000 ncig rau Bulgaria dawb. Cov neeg Bulgarians nyiam lub tshuab rab phom, thiab thaum xub thawj lawv tau txiav txim siab xaj 144 pob rab phom tshuab thiab 115 serfs los ntawm Tuza, tab sis lawv xav tias, thiab thaum kawg, tig nrog qhov kev txiav txim no mus rau German tuam txhab DWM, thiab Russia xaus nrog tsis muaj dab tsi.
Ntxiv mus, txhua lub tshuab rab phom tso siab rau lub tshuab zoo li no rau kev siv cov khoom ntim khoom. Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev teeb tsa pedestal rau lub nkoj. Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Atlas of Drawings.
Kev tsim cov tshuab phom rau cov xyoo ntawd yog qhov nyuaj heev, uas xav tau cov tshuab ua haujlwm hlau kim uas tau yuav nyob txawv teb chaws thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev tsim nyog. Piv txwv li, qhov ntsuas pom zoo li kev kam rau siab ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub thoob hauv nws rab phom yog 0, 0028 rau rab phom tshuab "Maxim", thiab 0, 0031 ntiv tes hauv qab ntawm rab phom phom. Sib cais ib feem ntawm lub qhov rooj "rubbed" rau ib leeg nrog qhov raug sib npaug rau qhov raug ntawm cov qauv uas lawv tau ua. Thiab yog tias rab phom peb kab suav nrog 106 ntu thiab xav tau 540 tus qauv, tom qab ntawd rab phom tshuab Maxim tau sib sau los ntawm 282 tus neeg ib feem thiab xav tau 830 tus qauv, thiab nws lub tshuab - 126 feem thiab tsuas yog 234 tus qauv. Rau kev tsim ntawm ib rab phom tshuab "Maxim" nws yog qhov tsim nyog 2448 kev ua haujlwm, 2422 kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis, sijhawm ua haujlwm 700 teev thiab thauj khoom 40 lub tshuab hauv ib hnub. Txog kev sib piv, peb taw qhia tias rab phom Mosin siv sijhawm tsuas yog 35 teev, thaum lub tshuab rab phom - 500, thiab tshuab rau nws - 170 teev. Cov kav dej tau ua los ntawm cov hlau uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg thiab cov tsis muaj tungsten thiab manganese. Feem ntau, kev tsim khoom ntawm "maxims" tau nce zuj zus qhov xav tau hauv kev lag luam caj npab rau cov khoom siv qis-carbon thiab cov hlau tsis zoo.
