Chateau Gaillard: "lub tsev fuabtais siab tawv"

Chateau Gaillard: "lub tsev fuabtais siab tawv"
Chateau Gaillard: "lub tsev fuabtais siab tawv"

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Txhua tus neeg uas tau nyeem Cursed Kings series cov dab neeg los ntawm Maurice Druon, thiab tej zaum tsis yog lawv nkaus xwb, paub txog lub tsev fuabtais no. Nws tsis yooj yim tsim nyog hais dab tsi Maurice Druoon tau sau txog nws. Tab sis koj tuaj yeem thiab yuav tsum saib dab tsi tseem tshuav ntawm lub tsev fuabtais no txog niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog qhov piv txwv txaus nyiam ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev tiv thaiv nruab nrab.

Chateau Gaillard: "lub tsev fuabtais siab tawv"
Chateau Gaillard: "lub tsev fuabtais siab tawv"

Lub citadel thiab donjon ntawm Château Gaillard dai hla hav ntawm Seine.

Nws tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Richard I ntawm Askiv lossis Richard the Lionheart, raws li peb feem ntau hu nws hnub no, ntawm ntug dej ntawm Seine thiab, ntxiv rau, ntawm thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb, uas tau sib cav los ntawm Askiv dukes thiab vaj ntxwv Fabkis los ntawm txhua qhov. lwm yam. Thiab yog li xyoo 1194, Richard txiav txim siab ib zaug thiab rau txhua tus kom "koom nrog qhov chaw no" los ntawm kev tsim kab tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kev nkag los ntawm Fab Kis sab. Qhov chaw tau xaiv nyob qhov twg Gambon Dej ntws mus rau Seine los ntawm sab qaum teb, thiab qhov twg muaj ib lub islet tso rau ntawm lawv qhov sib tshuam, uas muaj lub nroog me me nyob rau ntawm cov kob Ptit-Andeli, thiab nyob ib sab ntawm nws, nyob nruab nrab ntawm dej, muaj lwm qhov me me. Tau kawg, Richard tuaj yeem txwv nws tus kheej kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub islet thiab lub nroog no, thiab qhov no yog qhov nws tau ua: nws tau xaj kom tsim phab ntsa thiab tus yees nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Tab sis … "lwm tus neeg, tsis yog koj li", thiab koj tuaj yeem tso siab rau cov neeg hauv nroog li cas?

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Kev txhim kho sab nrauv ntawm Chateau Gaillard thaum lub caij King John Lackland kav.

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Donjon.

Yog li ntawd, nyob ze Ptit-Andeli, nyob rau ntawm lub chalk siab spur uas ua rau lub nroog thiab tag nrho ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, huab tais hais kom tsim lub tsev fuabtais muaj koob muaj npe. Lawv pib tsim nws xyoo 1196, lawv ua haujlwm sai, yog li kev tsim kho tau ua tiav tsuas yog 13 lub hlis. Nws ntseeg tias thaum Richard tuaj saib nws, nws txiav txim siab tso dag thiab hais tias qab zib npaum li cas kuv tus ntxhais muaj ib xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muab lub npe rau lub tsev fuabtais tsis yog kev ua si. Richard lub npe nws "Gaillard", uas feem ntau txhais ua "cocky" lossis "khav", txawm hais tias lo lus no tseem tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "siab tawv" lossis "dawb". Nws tau hais tias nws yuav tau tiv thaiv ib puag ncig nws, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov lus no hauv kev coj ua, txij li nws tau tuag xyoo 1199.

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Saib ntawm cov khoom pov tseg ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. Lub nroog thiab donjon tau pom meej, lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv cov phab ntsa fortress thiab cov seem ntawm yav qab teb puag ncig pej thuam ntawm lub zog tom ntej, uas ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm barbican.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yeej muaj lub hauv paus rau nqe lus no. Xwm nws tus kheej tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws tsis tuaj yeem coj nws mus, thiab qhov twg ua tsis tiav, tib neeg ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm los tsoo lub tsev fuabtais tsuas yog los ntawm ib sab, los ntawm sab qab teb, tab sis cov neeg tawm tsam pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov dej qhuav uas muab txua rau hauv lub pob zeb thiab lub tsev fuabtais sab nrauv ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag. Thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv rau pem hauv ntej tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm barbican thiab tiv thaiv lub hauv paus loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, Richard tau xaj kom txhim kho lub tsev tshiab tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, uas muaj peev xwm zoo dua tuaj yeem tiv taus lub pob zeb tawg thiab tsoo rams. Los ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv rau pem hauv ntej, lub tshav puam tuaj yeem nkag mus tau los ntawm tus choj hla lwm lub pas dej qhuav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov chaw nyob tau nqaim heev, yog li tau txais ntawd yog tantamount rau kev tua tus kheej.

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Donjon thiab Citadel. Noog qhov muag pom.

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Qauv ntawm lub ruins ntawm Chateau-Gaillard fortress.

Tab sis txawm tias qhov no zoo li tsis txaus rau Richard, yog li lwm qhov kev tiv thaiv tau tsim nyob hauv lub tshav puam no-ib lub nroog nrog "phab ntsa ntais" ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov ntoo ib nrab-yees (sab hauv uas muaj lub tshav puam), thiab donjon kuj tau sau rau hauv nws, uas tau nruab nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb: pob zeb muaj zog "beak", tau teeb tsa kom ua rau nws nyuaj rau khawb hauv qab nws, cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm projectiles thiab ib txhij tsoo cov yeeb ncuab nrog ntuav projectiles poob los ntawm saum toj no. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau sab saud ntawm tus pej thuam muaj pob zeb mashikuli, tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas cov pob zeb tig los poob ntawm lawv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los ntawm qhov ncauj thiab ya mus rau cov neeg tawm tsam! Mus rau sab laug ntawm lub tsev fuabtais yog phab ntsa nrog tus pej thuam, uas tau nce mus rau Seine, thiab muaj peb kab ntawm cov ntoo ntoo tau tsav mus rau hauv qab ntawm tus dej thiab yog li ua kom cov tsheb khiav tsis raws nws. Lub nroog Ptit-Andely tau ua kom muaj zog, thiab cov kob nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Seine tau ua kom muaj zog, txuas los ntawm cov choj mus rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntug dej. Txhua qhov no ua ke tsim tag nrho cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv hauv qhov chaw no, uas xav tau ntau txoj haujlwm los rhuav tshem.

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Rooj vag thiab choj mus rau lub nroog.

Thaum tus kws kes duab vajtse Viollet le Duc tau sim rov txhim kho lub fortress nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19, nws tau muab daim ntaub thaiv tsis zoo nrog lub pas dej nrog ntoo hinged loopholes, zoo li hauv Château de Carcassonne. Thiab nws tau pom tseeb tias nws yog li ntawd, vim nws nyuaj rau xav tias lub zog muaj zog tiv thaiv tsis muaj cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj rau xyoo ntawd. Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm donjon, sab saud uas tau vau lawm, nws xav tias lub pob tw nthuav dav mus rau sab saum toj yog cov pob kws txhawb nqa lub parapet saum lawv; thiab tias txhua lub pob tw tau txuas nrog cov nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub koov. Zoo, thiab cov zawj saum toj no lub vaults arched, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tsuas yog ua haujlwm los cuam tshuam ntau yam "hnyav" ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog lub taub hau. Muaj tseeb, qhov kev xav ntawm nws tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj lossis tsis lees paub hnub no. Txawm hais tias, feem ntau yuav, nws yog li ntawd.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsev fuabtais suav nrog qhov tseeb tias, vim qhov nrawm, cov neeg tsim khoom siv pob zeb me me thiab ua tsis tiav, los ntawm qhov uas, raws li kev coj ua, ob phab ntsa tau tsim, uas tsis tuaj yeem tuab heev, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv yog ntim nrog cov pob zeb ua ke, uas yog, sib xyaw ntawm cov txiv qaub thiab pob zeb tawg … Yog li ntawd, phab ntsa saib tuab heev, tab sis lawv lub zog qis dua yog tias lawv tau ua los ntawm cov pob zeb loj.

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Saib ntawm kev khaws thiab lub nroog ntawm sab saud.

Raws li qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev fuabtais nws tus kheej, lawv tau zoo kawg thiab tseem ua rau niaj hnub no: - tag nrho ntev: 200 m, dav: 80 m, qhov siab: txog li 100 m, tau kawg, suav nrog lub roob. Tag nrho tus nqi tsim kho yog 45,000 phaus (15.75 tons ntawm nyiaj), suav nrog tus nqi ntawm lub tsev fuabtais nws tus kheej, tus choj hla Seine thiab lub nroog tiv thaiv. Hauv tag nrho, 4,700 tons ntawm pob zeb tau siv rau kev tsim kho. Lub donjon muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 meters, qhov siab ntawm 18 m, tuab ntawm phab ntsa nyob hauv qab ntawm donjon yog 4 m. Cov tuab ntawm phab ntsa tsev fuabtais: 3-4 m.

Thaum Vaj Ntxwv Richard tuag hauv 1199, nws tus neeg sawv cev John, tom qab ntawd hu ua Landless, hauv 1200 tau xaus qhov kev cog lus nrog Fab Kis tus huab tais Philip Augustus, tab sis qhov uas tau ua txhaum lawm hauv 1202, uas ua rau muaj kev tsov rog ntxiv. Txhua lub sijhawm no, tus vaj ntxwv tshiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho lub tsev fuabtais, piv txwv li, nws tau tsim lub tsev teev ntuj sab hauv tsev hais plaub nruab nrab. Ntxiv mus, cov peev txheej tshaj tawm tias nws muaj lub qhov rai loj loj saib ntawm phab ntsa, txawm hais tias nyob hauv qhov chaw ntxhab heev.

Lub Yim Hli 10, 1203 Philip II, nrog rau pab tub rog ntawm rau txhiab leej neeg, tau los txog rau hauv nroog. Thaum tsaus ntuj, "kev sib ntaus sib tua ua luam dej" (nws hloov tawm, muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab zoo li ntawd!) Ua kom lub zog ruaj khov ntawm pawg, thaiv tus dej, tom qab uas lub fort ntawm cov kob tau raug ntes thawj zaug, thiab tom qab nws lub nroog Ptit -Andeli, uas, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem tswj kom khiav mus rau lub tsev fuabtais, lossis, theej, tau tshwj xeeb tau tsav los ntawm cov tub rog Fabkis. Ib qho kev sim tawm tsam, pib los ntawm Earl of Pembroke, xaus rau qhov tsis ua tiav thiab kev tiv thaiv pib. Nws tsis zoo li yooj yim, txij li nws tau paub tias tus thawj coj ntawm Chateau Gaillard, Roger de Lassi, muaj cov tub rog ruaj khov, uas suav nrog 40 tus tub rog, 200 tus tub rog thiab 60 tus neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam. Ib qho ntxiv, tsis muaj leej twg paub muaj pes tsawg tus neeg nyob hauv nroog tau khiav tawm ntawd, txawm hais tias, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog lawv uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov peev txheej ntawm ib puag ncig, txij li lawv tau thov kom noj, tab sis nrog zaub mov hauv lub tsev fuabtais, yam tsis zoo heev. Qhov tshwm sim yog thaum pib lub Kaum Ob Hlis de Lassi tsav tag nrho cov "freeloaders" tawm ntawm lub fortress. Thiab Fab Kis muab sijhawm rau qee tus neeg tawm mus, tab sis tom qab ntawd, paub tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim, 400 tus neeg tau rov qab mus rau lub tsev fuabtais. Tab sis cov neeg Askiv tsis kam lees txais lawv, thiab qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau pom lawv tus kheej ntawm ob qhov hluav taws kub, thiab yog li lawv tau nyob ntawm pob zeb liab qab ntawm txoj kab kev tiv thaiv ntawm Askiv thiab Fab Kis, tuag ntawm qhov txias, tshaib plab thiab nqhis dej. Thaum Philip II thaum kawg xaj kom lawv tso tawm ntawm qhov ntawd, feem coob ntawm cov neeg no twb tuag lawm.

Tsuas yog thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1204 Puas yog Fab Kis tswj hwm los tsim lub tsev thaiv siab ntawm lub log, thiab lawv cov neeg khawb av tau khawb hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm lub tshav puam sab nrauv. Tom qab ntawd cov ntoo txhawb nqa hauv qhov av tau raug hlawv, ib feem ntawm phab ntsa tau tawg, Fab Kis tau tawm tsam thiab tswj kom nyob hauv lub tshav puam sab nrauv.

Tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj teeb meem tshwm sim. Txij li thaum nruab nrab thiab sab nraum lub tshav puam tau muab faib los ntawm qhov sib sib zog nqus uas yuav luag txhua phab ntsa zoo nkauj, txua ntoo hauv pob zeb thiab dav 9 m, nws tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau mus ntxiv. Vim nws qhov tob tob, nws tsis tuaj yeem khawb hauv qab phab ntsa los ntawm hauv qab, ib yam li nws tsis tuaj yeem nce siab dua thiab khawb qhov ntawd. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Fab Kis tau txais kev cawm dim los ntawm ib qho xwm txheej "txawv": ntawm lawv muaj ib tug txiv neej ntawm lub cev "zoo nkauj" thiab, ntxiv mus, tsis nkag siab ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab (lossis tej zaum nws nyuam qhuav raug mob khaub thuas?! Ib tus tsuas tuaj yeem xav txog seb nws nce pob zeb nplua nrog dej phwj tuaj, ntuav rab riam nruab nrab ntawm lawv ib leeg thiab so nws nraub qaum ntawm cov phab ntsa (cov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tso pob zeb me me thiab tsis ua haujlwm!), Thiab tom qab ntawd nws pom nws tus kheej hauv chav tsev teev ntuj thiab dhau los ntawm ib qho ntawm nws lub qhov rais, txiav hauv phab ntsa fortress, cuam tawm txoj hlua hlua rau nws cov phooj ywg. Cov daredevils nce hauv nws, tau mus rau lub rooj vag, tua tus neeg zov me me, qhib nws, thiab cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau khiav mus rau hauv lub tshav puam. Tab sis tub ceev xwm thim rov qab mus rau tom tshav puam, qhov uas nws kaw nws tus kheej.

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Donjon Chateau-Gaillard. Kev nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog thiab cov arched mashiculi tau pom meej. Kev tsim kho dua tshiab los ntawm Viollet le Duc.

Fab Kis rov pib khawb qhov av, xaiv qhov chaw ze tus choj uas nws tseem tuaj yeem ua tau. Thiab lub tshav puam pib tua hluav taws los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab pov tseg, qhov loj tshaj plaws uas txawm muaj nws lub npe "Gabalus".

Thaum kawg, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 6, 1204, ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa nrog ib lub yees tau tawg, tab sis cov neeg raug kaw (cov uas tseem muaj txoj sia nyob) tsis tau nkaum hauv qhov khaws cia, tab sis tau khiav tawm ntawm lub tsev fuabtais hla lub qhov rooj ntawm lwm qhov kawg ntawm lub tshav puam, tab sis tau pom, puag ncig, thiab thaum kawg swb … Qhov no yog li cas ib qho ntawm cov tsev fuabtais uas tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv Europe tau raug coj los tom qab xya lub hlis ntawm kev tiv thaiv.

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Niaj hnub no thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev fuabtais tau xaiv los ntawm keeb kwm reenactors.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 18, 1314, tus poj niam deev hluas ntawm Philip IV tus tub, Margaret thiab Blanca, raug kaw hauv no, thiab qhov twg thaum Lub Yim Hli 15, 1315, Margaret raug ntaus los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm nws tus txiv, King Louis X, uas yog li xav tau kev tso cai rau kev sib yuav tshiab thiab, raws li, rau txiv neej menyuam yaus sib deev uas tuaj yeem tau txais nws.

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Thiab ntawm no lawv siv lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua …

Thaum Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm John II ntawm Fab Kis, nws tus tub yawg Charles II ntawm Navarre tau khaws cia ntawm no, los ntawm txoj kev, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm tib yam kev sib cav Margaret. Xyoo 1357, nws tau raug tso tawm lossis khiav tawm, raws li keeb kwm cov pov thawj sib cav sib ceg. Xyoo 1417, cov neeg Askiv yuav tsum tau kaw nws, thiab lawv tau coj nws tom qab 16 lub hlis ntawm kev tiv thaiv, thiab rov ua tsaug rau qhov xwm txheej: qhov kawg ntawm cov saw hlau ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tau tawg thiab lawv, pom lawv tus kheej tsis muaj dej, tso tawm. Qhov tseeb yog lub tsev fuabtais muaj peb lub qhov dej nrog qhov tob txog 120 m txhua, uas yog 20 m qis dua qib ntawm Seine River, vim tias vim qhov chaw ntawm pob zeb, cov dej nyob ntawm no ntawm qhov tob no. Cov hlau hlau ntawm qhov ntev no tau hnyav hnyav thiab yuav tsum muaj lub zog zoo. Tab sis … lub sijhawm ntawd nws tsis yooj yim sua kom ua kom muaj zog sib npaug raws nws qhov ntev. Cov saw hlau feem ntau tau ntuag, lawv tau rub los hauv qab ntawm qhov dej los ntawm "miv", lawv tau txuas nrog, tab sis … cov hlua uas "miv" tau dai thiab nrog uas lawv tau sim nqa los kuj tau ntog! Xyoo 1429, Tus Thawj Tub Rog La Guire, tus koom nrog Jeanne d'Arc, tau xa nws rov qab mus rau Fab Kis, tab sis xyoo tom ntej cov neeg Askiv tau rov qab los. Qhov kawg Fabkis Chateau Gaillard dhau los tsuas yog xyoo 1449.

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Cua daj cua dub ntawm lub tsev fuabtais los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Charles VII (1429). Tej yam me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau qub. National Library ntawm Fabkis.

Tom qab ntawd tus vaj ntxwv yav tom ntej Henry IV tau hais kom rhuav tshem tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, thiab muab nws lub tsev puas tsuaj pov tseg. Tab sis kev lag luam no yeej tsis tau ua tiav thiab xyoo 1611 nws tau cuam tshuam. Cardinal Richelieu rov muab qhov kev txiav txim los rhuav lub tsev fuabtais, tab sis nws tsis tau ua tiav kom txog thaum kawg, xyoo 1852 nws cov khoom puas tau suav nrog hauv Cov Ntawv Teev Keeb Kwm Ntawm Fab Kis.

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Qhov ntxa ntawm Richard tus Lionheart hauv Aquitaine -Poitou - hauv Abbey ntawm Fonterveau. Nov yog nws daim duab hla lub ntxa. Hauv keeb kwm yav dhau - tus poj niam ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv John tus poj niam - yav tom ntej huab tais John tsis muaj av, Isabella ntawm Angoulême.

Pom zoo: