Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 10, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lavxias cov haujlwm sab hauv lub cev ua kev zoo siab rau lawv cov hnub so haujlwm. Hnub tseem ceeb no tau pib hauv lub sijhawm Soviet tsis ntev dhau los. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Soviet Union uas tau ua haujlwm so hnub so ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tau tsim - Hnub Hnub ntawm Soviet Cov Tub Rog. Raws li tsab cai tshwj xeeb ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Soviet ntawm USSR sau hnub tim 26 lub Cuaj Hli 1962, nws tau pib ua kev zoo siab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 10 ntawm txhua lub xyoo - hauv kev hwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Internal Affairs A. I. Rykov "Ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab tub rog", tau txais kev pom zoo thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28 (Kaum Ib Hlis 10) 1917, tam sim ntawd tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli.
Dhau ntawm yuav luag ib puas xyoo ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm Soviet thiab tom qab ntawd cov koom haum tub ceev xwm Lavxias, lawv tau dhau los ntau qhov kev hloov pauv. Cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa, kev koom nrog hauv tuam tsev, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv. Tau kawg, kuj tseem muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov kab ke ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Peb yuav tham txog qhov no kom ntxaws.
Raws li koj paub, nyob rau hauv tsarist tub ceev xwm, tsis muaj qib tshwj xeeb zoo ib yam li cov qib tshwj xeeb niaj hnub no ntawm tub ceev xwm Lavxias lossis qib tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm muaj cov pej xeem nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis lawv hnav lub xub pwg pluaj uas sib haum rau cov tub rog lub xub pwg pluaj, tshwj tsis yog tias lawv tau nqaim - qhov dav ntawm tub ceev xwm lub xub pwg pluaj yog peb lub hlis twg ntawm qhov dav ntawm pab tub rog lub xub pwg pluaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yog tias ib tus tub rog tau hla mus rau tub ceev xwm, tom qab ntawd nws tau khaws nws qib ua tub rog thiab tseem hnav cov tub rog xub pwg.
Raws li rau qib qis dua ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm - tub ceev xwm, lawv tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov tub rog uas raug tshem tawm thiab cov tub ceev xwm tsis raug txib, yog li ntawd, lawv tau muab faib ua peb pawg. Cov tub rog thiab cov tuam txhab uas tau nkag mus rau tub ceev xwm tau los ua tub ceev xwm nrog cov nyiaj hli qis dua, cov tub ceev xwm tsis yog tub ceev xwm nrog cov nyiaj hli nruab nrab, thiab cov tub ceev xwm uas tsis yog tub ceev xwm laus nrog cov nyiaj hli siab dua. Ntawm kev caum, tus tub ceev xwm hnav cov kab txaij zoo li no, uas sib haum rau nws qib ua tub rog hauv pab tub rog, thiab koom nrog pawg tub ceev xwm tau txiav txim siab los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm gombochki ntawm lub xub pwg nyom. Piv txwv li, tub ceev xwm nrog cov nyiaj hli qis dua, tshem tawm los ntawm pab tub rog nrog rau qib ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, hnav ib txoj hlua rau ntawm kev nrhiav thiab ib qho gombochka ntawm txoj hlua. Tus tub ceev xwm raug tshem tawm-tus neeg tseem ceeb, uas yog tus tswv haujlwm hauv nroog cov nyiaj hli, feem ntau raug xaiv los pab rau cov neeg saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov neeg saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam tau tuav txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv tub ceev xwm tsarist - lawv tsis yog nyob rau qib qis, tab sis lawv tsis yog koom nrog qib kawm, txawm hais tias, raws li txoj cai lij choj, lawv nyiam qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chav kawm 14. Ntawm lawv cov khaub ncaws, cov neeg saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam tau hnav lub xub pwg pluaj nrog lub qhov ntev ntev - raws li cov cim ntawm cov tub rog ua ntej kev tawm tsam lossis tus thawj coj ntawm Soviet pab tub rog thiab tub rog.
Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917, cov qib kawm tau raug tshem tawm. Raws li, txoj cai tshiab tsim txoj cai lij choj ntawm lub tebchaws tau ploj mus yam tsis muaj kev txhim kho cov qib. Tau ntev, Soviet cov tub rog tsuas muaj haujlwm - tub rog, tub rog laus, ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv thaum ib nrab xyoo 1930s, thaum Soviet kev coj noj coj ua los xaus qhov uas nws tsim nyog hloov kho ob pab tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm. Hauv cov tub rog, qib tau tshwm sim tom qab Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants 'Red Army thiab lub xeev cov koom haum ruaj ntseg.
Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1936, Txoj Cai Tshwj Xeeb tau txais los ntawm Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm ntawm USSR thiab Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm USSR, thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 5, 1936, tsab cai no tau tshaj tawm los ntawm kev xaj tshwj xeeb ntawm Cov Neeg Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Sab Hauv Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm USSR No. 157. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim no, qib tshwj xeeb ntawm tus thawj coj thiab tus kheej tau qhia hauv tub ceev xwm Soviet. Lawv txawv qhov txawv ntawm cov tub rog qib uas tau tsim hauv Red Army. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qib tshwj xeeb tau suav nrog qib ua tub rog, hauv tub ceev xwm lawv tau nqa lub nra sib txawv - piv txwv li, qib ntawm tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm tau koom nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm tswj hwm thiab sib raug zoo nrog rau qib ntawm cov tub rog liab.
Yog li, xyoo 1936, cov qib tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim hauv cov tub rog Soviet. Lub hierarchy ntawm cov qib tau saib raws li hauv qab no (nyob rau hauv nce kev txiav txim): 1) militiaman, 2) senior militiaman, 3) detached militia commander, 4) militia platoon commander, 5) militia sergeant, 6) militia sergeant, 7) militia junior lieutenant, 8) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 9) tub ceev xwm tub rog laus, 10) tub rog tub rog, 11) tub rog tseem ceeb, 12) tub rog laus laus, 13) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 14) tub rog thawj coj, 15) tub rog thawj coj thawj coj. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 15, 1936, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm NKVD ntawm USSR No. 208 tau txais los, raws li qhov khawm tshiab thiab cov cim tshiab tau qhia rau qib thiab ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog. Lub pob khawm tau xaws ntawm lub dab tshos ntawm lub tsho loj, lub tsho loj, lub tsho lossis lub tsho thiab muaj lub ntsej muag zoo ib yam. Qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov nrog lub kav dej yog kaum centimeters, qhov dav yog 5 centimeters, thiab qhov dav ntawm ntug yog 2.5 hli.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 3, 1936, Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm ntawm USSR tau pom zoo "Txoj Cai ntawm kev hla kev pabcuam los ntawm kev hais kom cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants 'Militia ntawm Cov Neeg Commissariat ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm USSR". Raws li nws, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pabcuam, kev txiav txim ntawm kev tshem tawm thiab ntau lwm yam tseem ceeb tau tsim. Raws li tsab cai no, txhua qib tshwj xeeb tau muab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog, pib nrog cov tub rog tub rog thiab saum toj no. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob hauv txhua qib thiab cov txheej txheem rau lawv txoj haujlwm tau tsim. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob hauv qib ntawm tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm laus yog peb xyoos txhua, tub ceev xwm tus thawj coj - plaub xyoos, tub ceev xwm loj - tsib xyoos. Raws li rau qib ntawm tub ceev xwm loj, tus kws tshuaj xyuas tub ceev xwm, tus thawj coj tub ceev xwm thiab tus thawj coj tub ceev xwm, tsis tau hais txog kev pabcuam twg rau lawv thiab tau muab rau tus kheej. Kev muab npe ua haujlwm thaum ntxov tau muab tsuas yog ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev pabcuam lossis txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb.
Yog li, qib siab tshaj plaws hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm USSR xyoo 1936-1943. tseem yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm "tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog". Hauv qib, qib tshwj xeeb no tau sib raug zoo rau qib 1 ntawm lub xeev tus kws saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg hauv NKVD lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg, 1st qeb duas tus thawj coj hauv pab tub rog liab thiab qib thib 1 hauv lub tebchaws RKKF. Txawm li cas los xij, rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm kev muaj lub npe no, nws yeej tsis tau muab rau ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm USSR. Hauv qab lub npe ntawm "tus thawj coj" yog lub npe ntawm "tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog". Nws sib haum rau qib thib ob hauv lub xeev tus kws saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg hauv NKVD, qib thib ob tus thawj coj hauv pab tub rog liab thiab qib thib ob ntawm cov tub rog ua rog hauv RKKF. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev muaj lub npe, nws tau muab rau plaub tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm 'tub rog - lub taub hau ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants' Militia Tus Thawj Coj ntawm NKVD ntawm Ukrainian SSR Nikolai Bachinsky, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants 'Tus Thawj Coj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm hauv Moscow Leonid Vul, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants' Militia ntawm NKVD USSR Sergey Markaryan thiab tus lwm thawj coj ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants 'Militia ntawm NKVD ntawm USSR, Dmitry Usov. Los ntawm txoj kev, tag nrho plaub hauv 1937-1939. raug tua.
Qhov nqis qis dua "dav" tom ntej hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog xyoo 1936-1943. yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm "tub ceev xwm soj ntsuam", sib raug zoo rau Lub Xeev Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm qib 3 hauv lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg kabmob ntawm NKVD, tus thawj coj hauv pab tub rog liab thiab tus chij thib 1 hauv RKKF. Thoob plaws keeb kwm ntawm kev muaj lub npe, xya tus neeg tau coj nws - lub taub hau ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Peasants 'Militia ntawm NKVD ntawm USSR.
Hauv qab tus kws tshuaj xyuas tub ceev xwm yog qib "cov neeg laus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog", sib xws rau cov thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog, kev ua tub rog ntawm qib thib ob thiab qib loj ntawm kev ruaj ntseg hauv xeev. Lub luag haujlwm no tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua li lub npe ntawm tus thawj coj thiab tus kws tshuaj xyuas tub ceev xwm - rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1936 txog 1943. nws tau muab rau 31 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog. Qib ntawm "tub ceev xwm tseem ceeb" sib raug rau qib ntawm lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg tseem ceeb hauv NKVD, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog hauv Red Army thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qib thib 1 hauv RKKF. Lub npe ntawm "tub ceev xwm tus thawj coj" sib raug rau lub npe ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm kev ruaj ntseg hauv xeev, tus thawj tub rog ntawm pab tub rog liab thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qib thib ob ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab Lavxias. Cov qib ntawm "tus thawj tub rog laus ntawm cov tub rog" sib raug zoo nrog cov qib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm laus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg hauv lub xeev, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qib thib 3 ntawm RKKF. Qib ntawm "tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm" sib raug zoo nrog rau qib ntawm lub xeev tus neeg saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog liab thiab tus thawj tub rog ntawm RKKF. Cov qib ntawm "cov tub rog nyob qib qis ntawm cov tub rog" sib raug zoo nrog cov qib qis dua ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv xeev kev nyab xeeb, tus thawj coj laus ntawm pab tub rog liab thiab tus thawj tub rog laus ntawm RKKF. Qib ntawm "tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm", cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv kev hais kom ua cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm RKM, sib raug zoo nrog cov qib ntawm lub xeev tus kws saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb thiab tub ceev xwm ntawm RKKA thiab RKKF.
Xyoo 1943, Soviet kev coj noj coj ua tau txiav txim siab tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov pauv cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab lub xeev cov koom haum ruaj ntseg, coj nws mus rau qhov ua tau zoo dua nrog cov tub rog ua haujlwm. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 9, 1943, Tsab Cai ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lub Xeev Soviet ntawm USSR "Txog kev qhia txog lub cim tshiab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm NKVD lub cev thiab pab tub rog" thiab "Nyob rau qib ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txib ntawm NKVD thiab cov tub rog lub cev "tau tawm. Hauv cov tub rog, cov qib tshwj xeeb hauv qab no tau tsim, ze rau qib cov tub rog thiab kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv ntau dua li cov qib dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tseem nyob ruaj khov.
Yog li, tom qab xyoo 1943, cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tau qhia nyob rau hauv Soviet cov tub rog (raws li kev txiav txim siab nce): 1) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 2) tub rog laus, 3) tub rog tub rog tub rog, 4) tub rog tub rog, 5) tub rog tub rog laus, 6) tub rog tub ceev xwm, 7) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 8) tub rog tub ceev xwm, 9) tub rog tub rog laus, 10) tub rog tub rog, 11) tub rog tseem ceeb, 12) tub rog tub rog tub rog, 13) tub rog tub rog, 14) tub rog tub ceev xwm ntawm qib 3, 15) tub ceev xwm tus thawj coj ntawm qib 2, 16) 1st qeb tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm. Yog li, tsuas yog ib qib ntawm "cov tub rog" thiab "cov tub rog laus", nrog rau cov qib siab tshaj plaws - cov tub ceev xwm hauv pawg thib 3, 2 thiab 1, tseem nruj "tub rog". Qib siab tshaj plaws hauv cov tub rog yog qib "tub ceev xwm ntawm qib 1", sib xws rau cov tub rog tub ceev xwm.
Thawj qib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv pawg thawj coj tau muab khoom plig rau lub Peb Hlis 4, 1943 rau lub taub hau ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Tub Rog Loj ntawm NKVD ntawm USSR, Alexander Galkin. Nws kuj tau dhau los ua tib tus neeg uas tau hnav cov tub rog siab tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm nws lub neej. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov qib ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm tau muaj peb caug xyoo - txog 1973.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 23, 1973, Tsab Cai ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Supreme Soviet ntawm USSR tau tshaj tawm, muab rau kev hloov kho ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb nyob hauv tub ceev xwm. Ua tsaug rau tsab cai no, kev tsis meej pem thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb thiab qib ua tub rog tau raug tshem tawm. Tom qab xyoo 1973, cov qib tshwj xeeb hauv Soviet cov tub rog tau ua raws li hauv qab no (raws li kev nce qib): 1) cov tub rog zoo ib yam, 2) cov tub rog tub rog yau, 3) tub rog tub rog, 4) tub rog laus tub rog, 5) tub rog tub ceev xwm, 6) tub rog tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 7) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 8) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 9) tub ceev xwm, 10) tub ceev xwm loj, 11) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 12) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, 13) tub ceev xwm dav dav, 14) tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm
Cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog ntawm qib 2 thiab qib 3, yog li, tau txais txiaj ntsig qib ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab tus thawj coj loj ntawm cov tub rog. Tsis tas li hauv cov haujlwm sab hauv lub cev, cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb zoo ib yam ntawm cov kev pabcuam sab hauv tau qhia. Tab sis, hauv qhov sib piv rau qib tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog, qib ntawm "tus thawj tswj hwm-dav dav ntawm kev pabcuam sab hauv" tau muab rau hauv kev pabcuam sab hauv. Yog li, qib ntawm "Colonel-General of Internal Service" tom qab xyoo 1973 tau dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov haujlwm sab hauv lub cev.
Qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm Soviet cov haujlwm sab hauv lub cev yog qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb "cov cim ntawm kev pabcuam sab hauv" thiab "tus neeg laus tshaj lij ntawm kev pabcuam sab hauv" raws li USSR txoj cai ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 17, 1991. Raws li koj paub, thaum ntxov Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1972, qib kev ua tub rog ntawm "tus chij" tau qhia nyob rau hauv Soviet Army, thiab qib ntawm "tus tuav ntaub ntawv" hauv USSR Navy. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 12, 1981, ib qib ntawm "Senior Warrant Officer" thiab "Senior Warrant Officer" kuj tau qhia. Txij li cov tub rog ntawm Pab Pawg Sab Hauv ntawm USSR Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Sab Hauv tau hnav cov tub rog, cov tub ceev xwm, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub ceev xwm tseem ceeb, tau tshwm sim hauv Pab Pawg Sab Hauv ntawm USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub ceev xwm laus uas tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov tub rog uas muaj lub cev muaj zog, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog sab hauv, tab sis tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas kev pabcuam, thaum tawm mus ncig xyuas hauv tub ceev xwm cov khaub ncaws raug yuam kom hnav lub xub pwg pluaj ntawm cov tub rog ua ntej, txij li cov qib ntawm "tus neeg saib xyuas kev lav phib xaub" thiab "Cov tub ceev xwm tseem ceeb tub ceev xwm" tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub npe "tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm" thiab "cov tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm" tau qhia rau cov tub rog tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Soviet Union - thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 23, 1992. Los ntawm tib txoj cai, qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm "Colonel General ntawm Militia" tau qhia, uas tsis nyob hauv Soviet cov tub rog.
Tom qab hloov npe tub ceev xwm mus rau tub ceev xwm xyoo 2011, txhua qib tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb tau hloov pauv mus rau qib tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb. Hauv tebchaws Russia niaj hnub no, kuj tseem muaj qib tshwj xeeb laus dua li cov tub ceev xwm -tub ceev xwm - tub ceev xwm ntawm tub ceev xwm Lavxias. Nws tsuas yog muab rau Minister of Internal Affairs ntawm Lavxias Federation. Hauv xyoo 2011-2014. dav dav ntawm tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnav lub epaulette nrog plaub lub hnub qub, nco txog lub epaulette ntawm ib pab tub rog dav dav, thiab txij li xyoo 2014 hnav lub epaulette nrog ib lub hnub qub loj. Tsuas yog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias Federation (tsis txhob poob siab nrog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias hauv Tsoom Fwv Tswj Kev Tswj Tshuaj) hauv Ministry of Internal Affairs ntawm Lavxias Federation yog tam sim no Minister of Internal Affairs ntawm Russia Vladimir Kolokoltsev.
