Teeb meem. 1920 xyoo. 100 xyoo dhau los, Lub Ib Hlis 9-10, 1920, Red Army tau tso Rostov dim. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Cov Tub Rog Don tau thim rov qab dhau ntawm Don.
Qhov xwm txheej dav dav ntawm xub ntiag
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Liab thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis-Kaum Ob Hlis 1919, Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia (AFYUR) tau swb lawm. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov lus txib dawb los hloov mus rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, yog li, los ntawm kev tiv thaiv tawv ncauj, siv kab ntuj, txhawm rau ua kom cov tub rog Liab tsis muaj zog, nce sijhawm, koom nrog pab tub rog, sib sau ua rog tshiab thiab mus tawm tsam ntxiv, rov qab pib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, raug thwarted.
Nyob rau thawj theem ntawm kev tawm tsam (Kaum Ib Hlis 19 - Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1919), Soviet cov tub rog tau kov yeej lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, Mamontov pab pawg tub rog, tau tso Belgorod, Kharkov, thiab thawb cov neeg pab dawb rov qab rau Donbass. Hauv nruab nrab, Reds tau tsoo rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Don pab tub rog thiab thim rov qab White Cossacks dhau ntawm Don. Ntawm sab xis, Reds tau kov yeej pab pawg Kiev ntawm Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb, tso rau thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Me Russia, Poltava thiab Kiev, thiab nkag mus rau thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm Little Russia.
Nyob rau theem thib ob ntawm kev tawm tsam (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 17, 1919 - Lub Ib Hlis 3, 1920), pab tub rog ntawm Red Southern Front, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Red pab pawg, ua rau muaj kev swb tshiab ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don, tso tawm feem ntau ntawm Donbass. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, sab laug-sab flank ntawm Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau raug txiav tawm ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb, uas tau rov qab mus rau Rostov-on-Don. Dawb sab laug flank rov qab mus rau Crimea thiab Novorossiya. Cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab ib feem ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob (8th Army) hla Don, tsoo qhov tawv ncauj tsis kam ntawm Don thiab mus txog ze rau Novocherkassk. Cov tub rog thib 10 thiab 11th ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau tso Tsaritsyn.
Dawb pem hauv ntej
Txog thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1920, Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia suav ntau dua 85 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers nrog 522 phom. Hauv qhov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb - nrog rau Don thiab Sal - 54 txhiab tus tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau mob siab rau (Don pab tub rog - 37 txhiab, Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb - 19 txhiab thiab Caucasian pab tub rog - 7 txhiab tus neeg) thiab 289 phom.
Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb (nws cov seem tau raug txo mus rau Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm General Kutepov) thiab Don Army tau thim rov qab mus rau Rostov-Novocherkassk tus choj. Ntawm no Denikin txiav txim siab muab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov tub rog Soviet, uas, tom qab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, pom cov cim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau thiab kev ntxhov siab. Vim yog kev koom ua ke ntawm sab xub ntiag, Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Don. General Sidorin tau npog thaj tsam Rostov nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb thiab thaj tsam Novocherkassk nrog cov neeg Don, nyob hauv nruab nrab yog cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Mamontov thiab Toporkov (tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke Kuban -Tersk cov tub rog tub rog - Denikin tshwj tseg).
Nyob rau sab hnub poob, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog ntawm cheeb tsam Novorossiysk, General Schilling, tau xa Slashchev cov tub rog los npog sab qaum teb Tavria thiab Crimea. General Promtov lub cev thiab cov tub rog qub ntawm pab pawg Kiev raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Bredov tau nyob ntawm Birzula - Dolinskaya - Nikopol kab. Ntawm sab laug, Caucasian pab tub rog ntawm Pokrovsky tau rov qab hla txoj kab ntawm Sal River, npog thaj tsam Stavropol thiab Tikhoretsk.
Sib ntaus sib tua rau Rostov
Thaum pib xyoo 1920, pab pawg poob siab ntawm Budyonny tau hla tag nrho Donbass nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tau faib. Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog thib 9 txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev taug mus rau Taganrog, uas tau nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 6-7, 1920. Lub zog tseem ceeb tau tsom mus rau Rostov.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 6, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau mus txog Hiav Txwv Azov. Txawm li cas los xij, ib ntawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis zoo ntawm Sab Qab Teb Pem Hauv Ntej - kev sib koom ntawm AFSR thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb - tsis tau ua tiav. Txoj haujlwm tsuas yog ib nrab ua tiav. Sab laug ntawm Tsov Rog Pab Dawb (Schilling cov tub rog) tau sib cais los ntawm lub zog loj. Tab sis lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau dim ntawm cov cuab thiab ua lawv txoj kev mus rau Rostov. Ntawm no, cov tub rog tuaj yeem pab dawb tau sib sau ua ke hauv ib pab tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm Kutepov. Wrangel raug xa mus rau Kuban kom tsim tau pab tub rog caij nees tshiab. Denikin txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua hauv thaj tsam ntawm Rostov thiab Novocherkassk, vam tias yuav tso tseg txoj kev nkees thiab ib nrab ua rau cov tub rog Soviet poob siab. Cov lus txib dawb tau thawb cov peev txheej zaum kawg rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua - 1, 5 kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog, Plastun cov tub rog thiab 2 tus tub ceev xwm tsev kawm ntawv raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Toporkov.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 7, 1920 (Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 1919 raws li tus qauv qub), Reds rub lub zog tseem ceeb: 1st Cavalry ua ib feem ntawm 6th thiab 4th cavalry, nrog rau kev faib phom 12, 15, 16 thiab 33 Infantry Division of the 8th Army. Ntawm sab laug ntawm Reds, Dumenko's Horse-Consolidated Corps tau tawm tsam Novocherkassk nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov phom loj ntawm pab tub rog thib 9. Kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj nyob rau ntu 80-kilometer ntawm pem hauv ntej tau kav ntev li ob hnub.
Novocherkassk tau tawm tsam Dumenko pawg tub rog nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm ob rab phom sib faib. Tus thawj coj ntawm Don Army, Sidorin, tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Reds. Ua ntej, Donets thawb tus yeeb ncuab rov qab. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Soviet rab phom loj tau nres Cov Neeg Dawb tawm tsam uas tau pib, tsoo ntau lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Dawb Cossacks sib xyaw. Dumenko tau tawm tsam dua, khob qhov Don, yuam lawv kom rov mus rau Novocherkassk. Cossacks tsis tuaj yeem sawv kev ua phem thiab thim rov qab rau Don. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 7, Dumenko cov tub rog tau tuav lub peev ntawm Don Army.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog, Mamontov thiab Toporkova tau tawm tsam thiab tua yeej cov phom 15 thiab 16 ntawm pawg tub rog Soviet thib 8. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj qhov kev ua tiav tsis tau siv, cov tub rog dawb tau thim rov qab mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub, ntshai kev tawm tsam los ntawm lub ntsej muag, qhov liab muaj lub zog cavalry muaj zog. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 8, Budennovites tsoo cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb nrog kev tawm tsam hnyav nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov zos Generalsky Feem ntau, Bolshiye Saly, Sultan-Saly thiab Nesvetay. Terek Plastun pawg tub rog tau yuav luag puas tag, Toporkov lub cev thiab ib feem ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau ntxeev dua siab tshiab. Cov tub ceev xwm cov tsev kawm ntawv tau nyob ib puag ncig hauv qhov chaw qhib, ua kab ua ke thiab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog liab nrog hluav taws ntaus pob. Lawv tau swb thaum Reds nqa lawv cov phom loj.
Lub caij no, Mamontov, ua tsis tiav rau qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab, tau pib thim qhov thib 4 Don Corps los ntawm Aksai thiab ntxiv mus, dhau ntawm Don. Kev thaw pib, thiab nws ntshai tsam hla kev yuav dhau mus tsis tau, pab tub rog yuav piam sij. Nws tau cawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv qab, coj lawv tawm ntawm lub tshuab, tab sis thaum kawg tau rhuav tshem qhov ua ntej. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tsis muaj zog los kaw qhov sib txawv. Nov yog Mamontov txoj haujlwm kawg. Nws tau mus rau Yekaterinodar kom koom nrog cov rooj sib tham ntawm Supreme Circle ntawm Don, Kuban thiab Terek, qhov uas Lub Vajvoog tau npaj txhij yuav muab rau nws cov lus txib ntawm txhua tus tub rog Cossack. Txawm li cas los xij, Mamontov yuav raug mob los ntawm tus mob typhus. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1, 1920, tus dav dav tuag (raws li lwm qhov hloov pauv, nws tau raug tshuaj lom).
Lub caij no, kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem tab tom mus. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tseem tawm tsam. Kev kov yeej Budyonnovites tau nres. Ntawm sab laug, Drozdovskaya faib thiab cov tub rog ntawm General Barbovich (cov seem ntawm 5th Cavalry Corps ntawm Yuzefovich coj ua ke rau hauv pawg tub rog) txawm tias tau tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, swb yeej twb dhau tsis tau. Cov Reds tau rov qab los ntawm Novocherkassk. Thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 8, Gorodovikov's 4th Cavalry Division tau nyob hauv Nakhichevan-on-Don (lub nroog nyob sab xis ntawm ntug dej Don, txij li xyoo 1929-thaj tsam Rostov). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Timoshenko's 6th Cavalry Division, tau taug kev hla tus yeeb ncuab lub nraub qaum, tam sim ntawd tawg mus rau Rostov, ua rau lub hauv paus loj dawb thiab cov kev pabcuam tom qab los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 9, 1920, Drozdovites thiab Kornilovites, uas tseem tab tom ua phem rau pem hauv ntej, raug xaj kom thim rov qab. Lawv yuav tsum hla Rostov, ib feem nyob hauv Reds. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv txoj kev hnyav, cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tau hla mus rau sab laug ntawm Don. Txog Lub Ib Hlis 10, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev mus rau 33rd Infantry Division, lub nroog tau dhau mus rau hauv Red Army txhais tes. Reds ntes ntau tus neeg raug kaw thiab khoom plig. Lub hauv paus chaw ntawm VSYUR tau pauv mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb Tikhoretskaya.
Cov Tub Rog Liab tau sim yuam kom Don txav thiab ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas khiav tawm, tab sis thaw tau teeb tsa thiab hla hla cov dej khov los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Cov kev sim no tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg dawb. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17 - 22, 1920, 1st Cavalry Army tau sim ntes tus choj hla ntawm sab laug ntawm Don hauv cheeb tsam Bataysk thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd txhawm rau tsim kev tawm tsam ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau thiab kev tsis txaus siab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog nyob sib ze thib 8, qhov pib ua kom sov nyob rau sab qab teb, hav dej hav dej ntawm Don, qhov uas Cov Neeg Dawb tau nkag tau zoo, ua tsis tau. Pavlov's 4th Don corps (nws hloov Mamontov uas tau ncaim mus) thiab Toporkov cov neeg ua haujlwm raug swb thiab Budennovites raug pov rov qab dhau ntawm Don.
Txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam
Yog li, kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army, uas tau kav peb lub hlis, tau xaus. Cov tub rog ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Russia raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau poob kev tswj hwm cov chaw lag luam tseem ceeb thiab cov nyob deb nroog ntawm yav qab teb Russia nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 27.7 lab. VSYUR tau muab faib ua ob pawg. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg dawb - Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, Don thiab Caucasian cov tub rog (kwv yees li 55 txhiab tus tib neeg), thim rov qab rau sab qaum teb Caucasian. Novorossiysk pab pawg neeg dawb (kwv yees li 32 txhiab tus tib neeg) thim rov qab mus rau sab qaum teb Tavria, Crimea thiab Kab Tsuag Yav Qab Teb.
Cov tub rog Soviet zaum thib 13 thiab 14th tau mus txog Hiav Txwv Azov, pab tub rog thib 12 tau tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Me Me Russia. Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, nrog cov tub rog ntawm 1st Cavalry Army thiab 8th Army, koom tes nrog 9th Army ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj, tau ua haujlwm Rostov-Novocherkassk. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don Army tau swb, Novocherkassk thiab Rostov tau raug tso dim. 10th Army ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj tau mus txog r. Sal, thiab 11th Army tau nce qib hauv Stavropol thiab Kizlyar cov lus qhia, tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev tso tawm ntawm North Caucasus. Ntawd yog, cov xwm txheej tau tsim rau kev ua tiav ntawm pab tub rog dawb nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia thiab kev dim ntawm Novorossia thiab North Caucasus.
Tom qab ntawd, pem hauv ntej ruaj khov ib pliag. Cov lus txib dawb tau sim tuav hauv thaj chaw tseem nyob, rov sau dua thiab rov ua tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej nyuaj heev. Cov tub rog tau thim rov qab rau peb lub hlis, nkees heev, tso ntshav tawm, lub nraub qaum tau tawg tag. Hauv qab, cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab cov tub sab tau npau taws. Cov pej xeem, ntxhov siab los ntawm kev swb hnyav thiab kev hem thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj tag nrho, tau yug los rau ib txoj haujlwm nom tswv tom qab lwm qhov. Tshwj xeeb, kev ywj pheej ntawm Koom pheej Kuban tau rov qab los.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Denikin cov tub rog tsis meej pem. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb feem ntau khaws lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev qhuab qhia. Cov tub rog Don, thim rov qab los ntawm nws thaj av, tau poob ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Don tau npaj siab yuav tso kom tsis txhob tawm hauv Don. Tsuas yog ncua hauv kev ua siab phem, thaum cov neeg dawb tau rov qab dhau ntawm Don, qee qhov rov qab los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm ntawm Don pab tub rog. Cov Donets tseem cia siab tias yuav rov qab tau lawv thaj chaw. Cov lus txib Don tau npaj los txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus. Qhov xwm txheej nrog Kuban Cossacks tau phem dua. Tus kheej-styledists rov qab los rau lub zog, tsim lawv tus kheej chav nyob. Yuav luag tsis muaj Kuban chav nyob sab xub ntiag, thiab cov tub rog Kuban uas seem tau tawg lawm.
Tom qab yeej qhov yeej, Red Army tau qaug zog vim yog kev sib ntaus tsis tu ncua, kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav thiab ntshav los ntawm Orel thiab Voronezh mus rau Rostov. Cov tub rog tau qaug zog, tso ntshav tawm los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab muaj tus kabmob typhus txaus ntshai. Qhov teeb meem loj yog nrog kev muab cov tub rog. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev ua tsov rog thiab nres. Nws nyuaj rau ntxiv thiab muab chav nyob, tshem tawm cov neeg raug mob thiab mob. Feem ntau lawv yuav tsum koom nrog "kev muab tus kheej", uas yog, kev thov thiab nyiag khoom. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov kev yeej loj tau ua rau cov tub rog liab tawg, lawv taug kev, suav nrog cov thawj coj. Nws zoo li Dawb twb tau swb lawm thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem so thiab so.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 10, 1920, Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau hloov pauv mus rau Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob. Nws suav nrog pab tub rog 12, 13 thiab 14. Sab Qab Teb-Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov lus txib ntawm A. Yegorov tau xav kom tso Novorossiya, Crimea. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 16, 1920, Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau hloov pauv mus rau Caucasian Pem Hauv Ntej. Lub hauv ntej tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tiav kev tshem tawm ntawm North Caucasian pawg Denikin pab tub rog thiab tso Caucasus. V. Shorin tau los ua thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Caucasian Front. Pem hauv ntej suav nrog pab tub rog ntawm 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th thiab 1st Cavalry Army, nyob ntawm Astrakhan mus rau Rostov.
Kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm cov neeg pluag tom qab kab tom ntej tau yoog mus rau thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Russia thiab hauv Little Russia tsis tau tso tseg. Tam sim no cov neeg ntxeev siab tau ua rog nrog Reds. Tib Makhno, uas, nrog nws kev ua tsov rog, ua rau nws tus kheej nyob rau lub sijhawm txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb thiab Liab 1, 5 tus neeg dawb ntawm Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb, thaum pib xyoo 1920 tau rov ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej ywj pheej ywj pheej hauv Gulyai -Polye. Makhnovists tau sib koom ua ke nyob nruab nrab ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm 14th Soviet, uas tau nce qib ntawm Crimea. Cov lus txib hauv Soviet tau xaj Makhno cov tub rog mus rau Sab Hnub Poob los tawm tsam Cov Tub Rog. Tus txiv neej laus tsis quav ntsej cov lus qhia no. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 9, 1920, All-Ukrainian Revolution Committee tau tshaj tawm tias Makhno thiab nws pab pawg raug cai ua "cov neeg khiav tawm thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab." Kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj ntawm Makhnovists thiab Bolsheviks tau pib; nws txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1920, thaum cov neeg ntxeev siab rov tawm tsam cov Dawb (Wrangel cov tub rog). Qhov no tau pab Slashchev cov tub ceev xwm khaws Crimea tom qab Cov Neeg Dawb.
