"Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser." Yuav ua li cas Hitler tau tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway

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"Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser." Yuav ua li cas Hitler tau tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway
"Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser." Yuav ua li cas Hitler tau tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway

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"Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser." Yuav ua li cas Hitler tau tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway
"Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser." Yuav ua li cas Hitler tau tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway

80 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 9, 1940, Kev tawm tsam German ntawm Denmark thiab Norway tau pib (Kev ua haujlwm Danish-Norwegian, lossis Kev Ua Haujlwm Weserubung; Kev tawm dag zog ntawm Weser, lossis Weser maneuvers). Wehrmacht nyob hauv tebchaws Denmark thiab Norway, ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Peb Reich nyob sab Europe Europe.

Qhov xwm txheej dav dav

Tom qab swb thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Poland, Peb Reich pib npaj rau kev ntxeem tau ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Hitler tsis tau hais txog kom Kaiser yuam kev. Ua ntej tsov rog nrog Russia, nws yuav swb Fab Kis thiab Askiv, los ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab rau Fabkis. Askiv thiab Fabkis nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau ua raws li "kev ua tsov rog txawv" txoj cai, tsis kam ua haujlwm tiv thaiv lub tebchaws Yelemes, txawm hais tias nws kev tawm tsam thiab kev lag luam muaj peev xwm tsis muaj zog thiab cov phoojywg muaj lub sijhawm zoo ntawm kev kov yeej cov neeg German. London thiab Paris tseem vam tias Hitler yuav mus ua rog nrog cov neeg Lavxias ua ntej.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov xwm txheej tau zoo rau lub tebchaws Yelemes. Reich kev coj noj coj ua tau muab sijhawm los npaj kev tawm tsam tshiab thiab xaiv qhov pib ntawm kev tawm tsam tshiab. Cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm los ntawm Anglo-French kev coj noj coj ua tau hloov pauv mus rau Hitler. Twb tau lig lub Cuaj Hli - thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1939, Hitler tau xaj kom pib npaj rau kev tawm tsam Fab Kis nrog rau suav nrog Holland thiab Belgium hauv thaj chaw sib ntaus. Fuhrer tau tsim lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog: "Kom coj tebchaws Askiv los rau nws lub hauv caug, txhawm rau tsoo Fabkis."

Kev koom tes hauv kev ua tsov rog tau ua rau siv cov tsheb loj thiab dav hlau ntau heev. Rau kev ua tsov rog xob laim. Reich tsis tuaj yeem them nyiaj ua tsov rog ntev, vim nws muaj cov khoom siv raw thiab cov zaub mov hauv paus. Ntxiv mus, kev ua tsov rog nyob rau sab hnub poob tsuas yog ib theem hauv kev txhim kho kev ua phem hauv ntiaj teb. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 23, 1939, hais lus ntawm kev sib tham nrog cov thawj coj tub rog, Hitler tau sau tseg: "Peb yuav tuaj yeem tawm tsam Russia tsuas yog tom qab peb tso peb tus kheej sab hnub poob." Kev tsom xam thiab xa tawm cov tub rog nyob rau sab hnub poob txoj kev coj ua pib.

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Lub Hom Phiaj - Sab Qaum Teb Europe

Hauv kev npaj rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Fab Kis sab pem hauv ntej, Reich cov tub rog tau tawm tsam thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Denmark thiab Norway. Pib ua tsov rog tawm tsam cov tub rog uas tsis muaj zog, cov tub rog-kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Reich nrhiav kev daws teeb meem ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb. Scandinavia yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tub rog. Berlin yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, uas tau npaj yuav tsaws pab tub rog hauv Scandinavia thaum tsov rog Soviet-Finnish. Tom qab Finland swb, Anglo-French cov tub rog-kev coj noj coj ua tsis tau tso tseg txoj kev npaj siv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Scandinavia. Ntawd yog, Hitler xav ua ntej ntawm Anglo-French rog.

Kev ntes Denmark thiab Norway kaw lub hiav txwv hla mus rau Baltic rau Askiv. Kev ntes ntawm ob lub tebchaws no tau coj cov tub rog German, feem ntau yog tub rog thiab tub rog, mus rau txoj haujlwm uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog Isles Askiv. Tam sim no German cov nkoj thiab dav hlau tau txais cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev tawm tsam cov kab tseem ceeb hauv North Atlantic. Lub Reich tau txais cov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb thiab tshav dav hlau, lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau siab rau Askiv thiab kev ua tsov rog yav tom ntej nrog Russia. Tus choj Norwegian tuaj yeem siv los tua Soviet Arctic thiab thaiv txoj kev hla hiav txwv mus rau Hiav Txwv Barents. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tseem muab nws tus kheej nrog hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom, ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov peev txheej tub rog.

Ib qho ntxiv, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau Berlin txhawm rau hloov Anglo-French cov lus txib los ntawm kev tawm tsam tam sim no hauv Fab Kis, Belgium thiab Holland los ntawm kev sib ntaus hauv sab qaum teb Europe.

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Cov lus qhia ntawm Weser

Kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tau pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1940. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis, 21st Corps lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst tau pib kawm ntxaws txog kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog Falkenhorst uas tau ua haujlwm Danish-Norwegian. Cov lus qhia rau kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam Denmark thiab Norway tau kos npe rau lub Peb Hlis 1, 1940. Nws tau txais lub npe lub npe "Weserubung" (German Fall Weserübung), "Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Weser" (Weser yog tus dej nyob hauv tebchaws Yelemes, ntws mus rau sab qaum teb thiab ntws mus rau Hiav Txwv Qaum Teb). Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov xav tsis thoob, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Denmark thiab Norway tau ua tiav ib txhij nrog kev siv dav dav ntawm kev tua phom loj thiab huab cua. Ntawm kev sib tham tub rog thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 2, Hitler tau teem hnub rau kev tawm tsam kom pib - Plaub Hlis 9.

Txog rau kev ua haujlwm, txwv lub zog tau faib - 9 pawg thiab ib pab tub rog. Lawv koom ua ke hauv 21 pab tub rog. Falkenhorst's 21st corps ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, General Kaupisch's 31st corps hauv tebchaws Denmark. Cov lus hais hauv German siab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov tub rog tsis muaj zog nyob rau sab hnub poob. Yuav luag txhua lub zog ntawm cov tub rog German thiab cov tub lag luam tub rog yuav tsum koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm: txog 100 sib ntaus thiab thauj cov nkoj, 35 lub nkoj loj. Qhov thib 10 Aviation Corps kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm: 500 kev sib ntaus thiab 300 lub dav hlau thauj. Kev ya dav hlau thauj cov paratroopers thiab tub rog, txhawb nqa lub nkoj thiab hauv av hauv tebchaws Denmark thiab Norway.

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Cov ceg txheem ntseeg tau muab tso rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev tawm tsam, qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm Danish thiab Norwegian cov tub rog thiab siv thoob plaws ntawm "kab thib tsib", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv Norway, qhov twg Nazis, coj los ntawm Quisling, muaj zog. Lub tebchaws Denmark tsuas muaj 2 qhov kev sib cais tsis tiav, kwv yees li 90 lub dav hlau thiab lub nkoj me me: 2 lub nkoj tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv, 9 tus neeg tiv thaiv lub nkoj, 3 lub nkoj me me, 6 lub nkoj tawg, 7 lub nkoj. Norway muaj 6 qhov kev sib cais me me, tom qab kev sib sau ua ke ib nrab lawv tau coj tuaj rau 55 txhiab tus neeg, Air Force - 190 lub dav hlau, cov tub rog tsis muaj zog - 2 lub nkoj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, txog 30 tus neeg tua hluav taws, 8 tus neeg tua hluav taws, 10 lub nkoj me me, 9 lub nkoj.

Hauv kev npaj rau kev ua haujlwm, German cov lus txib txuas nrog txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov xav tsis thoob. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias kev ntes hluav taws xob nrawm ntawm Denmark thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsaws thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov av nyob deb ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Norway hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tau zoo tshaj ntawm British cov nkoj hauv hiav txwv tuaj yeem ua tiav tsuas yog hauv cas ntawm surprise. Yog tias cov nkoj German thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm txoj kev mus rau Norway tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm Askiv, uas muaj qhov zoo tshaj nyob ntawm hiav txwv, ces txoj hmoo ntawm German Navy thiab tag nrho cov haujlwm yuav tsis tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Reich. Txoj kev pheej hmoo loj heev.

Kev npaj rau kev ua haujlwm tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug. Hitler tus thawj coj E. Manstein tau sau tseg: "Tsis muaj ib tus neeg sab nrauv paub dab tsi txog txoj phiaj xwm rau kev ua haujlwm hauv Norway." Txhua qhov xwm txheej tau xav tias yuav tsis tau npaj tseg rau cov xeev sab qaum teb thiab cov neeg tawm tsam sab hnub poob. Kev npaj rau kev thauj mus rau kev thauj mus los tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw zais cia, cov thawj coj thiab pab tub rog tau muab cov chaw tsis raug. Cov tub rog tau kawm paub txog lub hom phiaj tseeb tsuas yog tom qab mus rau hiav txwv. Lub nkoj tawm ntawm qhov chaw thauj khoom hauv pab pawg me thiab nrog rau lub sijhawm sib txawv uas tsaws ntawm pab tub rog, txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv deb mus rau lawv lub hom phiaj hauv Norway, tau tshwm sim txhua qhov chaw tib lub sijhawm. Ntawd yog, txhua qhov chaw uas cov neeg German tau tawm tsam tam sim ntawd. Txhua qhov kev thauj mus los ntawm tub rog tau muab zais raws li cov tub lag luam.

Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Copenhagen thiab Oslo, Reich thawj coj tau muab txoj haujlwm zoo li "kev cuam tshuam kev thaj yeeb". Kev lees paub tsis raug tau xa mus rau Tsoomfwv ntawm Denmark thiab Norway tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees xav muab Scandinavian lub tebchaws nrog kev tiv thaiv kev ua tub rog tiv thaiv lawv nruab nrab. Tsoomfwv Danish thiab Norwegian muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam German, tab sis tsis tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas lawv. Lub tebchaws tsis tau npaj txhij rau kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab. Ob peb hnub ua ntej pib ua tsov rog, Danish tus sawv cev hauv Berlin qhia rau Danish Txawv Teb Chaws Minister Munch txog qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv Danish ntseeg tias nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Tebchaws Yelemees kom pib ua tsov rog hauv Scandinavia thaum muaj kev tsov rog nrog Askiv thiab Fabkis. Nws yog tib yam hauv Norway. Vim li ntawd, tsis muaj kev ntsuas ua ntej los tiv thaiv qhov kev tawm tsam. Denmark thiab Norway tseem tsis tau npaj tawm tsam kev ua phem phem ntawm pawg neeg tsawg ntawm Wehrmacht. Cov Askiv thiab Fab Kis kuj plam qhov pib ua haujlwm. Cov nkoj German thiab thauj mus los ntsiag to mus txog qhov chaw tsaws.

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Kev ntes ntawm Denmark thiab Norway

Cov neeg German tau siv ntau yam ntawm kev ntxeev siab thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj. Yog li, thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam Denmark, Abwehr (tub rog txawj ntse thiab kev tawm tsam kev txawj ntse) thaum lub Plaub Hlis 9, 1940 tau ua haujlwm Sanssouci. German saboteurs nkag mus rau Danish ciam teb thiab txeeb chaw muaj tswv yim - tus choj hla txoj siv me. Nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm Norway, ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav German thiab kev puas tsuaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab yog li ua kom muaj kev tsaws ntawm lub zog tsaws tseem ceeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "kem thib tsib" tau ua kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo hauv lub tebchaws.

Thaum kaj ntug thaum lub Plaub Hlis 9, 1940, Wehrmacht tau txeeb tebchaws Denmark yam tsis tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua tsov ua rog. Tsuas yog ob pawg thiab ib pab tub rog tau koom nrog qhov kev tawm tsam. Me me amphibious ntaus rog tau tsaws. Nazis tsis tau ntsib nrog kev tawm tsam. Denmark poob hauv qab Hitler. Cov tub ceev xwm lawv tus kheej tau thov cov pej xeem kom tsis txhob muaj kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg German. Qhov ntsuas ntawm "kev ua siab phem" yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm ntes Denmark, cov tub rog German poob 2 tus neeg tuag thiab 10 tus neeg raug mob. Kev poob ntawm Danes - 13 tus neeg. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim taug kev rau Wehrmacht. Cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Danish tau lees paub lub tebchaws rau Nazis. Twb tau nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 9, Nazis tuaj yeem siv kev sib txuas lus, tshav dav hlau thiab chaw nres nkoj ntawm Denmark los ua haujlwm hauv Norway.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 9, txoj haujlwm tau pib hauv Norway. Nkoj thiab thauj nrog cov tsaws tsaws sab laug thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 3. Kev tsaws sai sai ntawm hiav txwv thiab huab cua ua phem quab yuam, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Quislings tsoo kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Norwegian. Cov neeg German yooj yim nyob hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb ntawm Narvik. Thaum sawv ntxov, pawg neeg German tsaws coj los ntawm tus neeg rhuav tshem Wilhelm Heidkamp tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj thiab ua rau Norwegian ntug dej hiav txwv tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua Eidswold thiab Norge. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg tua phom German roob tau yuam Norwegian cov tub rog tso lawv caj npab. Qhov kev tawm tsam German thib ob, coj los ntawm lub nkoj hnyav Admiral Hipper, ua tiav ntes Trondheim. Qhov kev tshem tawm thib peb tau ntes Bergen. Stavanger raug ntes los ntawm paratroopers, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab tiv thaiv cov dav hlau tua phom. Tsis ntev cov tub rog tuaj txog ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj. Ib yam nkaus, German lub zog tub rog, tub rog thiab tub rog tau ntes lwm lub nroog thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nyob rau thawj hnub ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tub rog German tau ntes ntau lub chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb thiab cov nroog, suav nrog Norwegian peev, Oslo. Hnub no, lub dav hlau German tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws - thaum sim hla mus rau Norwegian peev dhau Oslofjord, lub nkoj hnyav hnyav Blucher tau poob los ntawm cov phom loj thiab cov torpedoes (125 tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab 122 tus neeg koom nrog tsaws raug tua). Nyob rau tib qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, German hnyav cruiser "Luttsov" tau puas lawm. Tsoomfwv Norwegian tsis tau tso tseg. Sib cais cov chav ntawm cov tub rog Norwegian, siv thaj av uas khov kho, tso kev tawv ncauj tsis kam. Muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev rub tawm kev ua phem thiab tuaj txog ntawm cov phoojywg los pab cov neeg Norwegians. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam ntawm Norwegians tau pab txhawm rau txhawm rau "kem thib tsib" hauv cheeb tsam thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm qeeb thiab tsis paub tseeb ntawm Anglo-French cov lus txib, uas tau qeeb los muab kev pab tiag rau Norway.

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Qhov tseeb, London thiab Paris tsuas yog ua raws li Norway txoj kev pab. Nws tau raug xa mus, zoo li ua ntej Poland. Tsis ntev tom ntej no, Fab Kis yuav raug swb ib yam nkaus. Kev txiav txim plaub ntug ntawm "Western kev ywj pheej" txhob txwm muab Hitler rau feem coob ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Lawv qhia nws tias yuav tsis muaj "thib ob pem hauv ntej". Tias cov neeg German tuaj yeem nyab xeeb xaus rau cov neeg Lavxias. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog Askiv "tsaug zog dhau" kev txav chaw ntawm cov tub rog German amphibious ua phem. Thiab tom qab ntawd Cov Phooj Ywg tau ua txhua yam los muab "kev pab tau zoo" rau Norway.

Qhov tseeb, cov neeg Askiv tau pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hiav txwv - thaum lub Plaub Hlis 10 thiab 13, lawv yeej German Navy hauv thaj tsam Narvik. Yog li, Askiv tau txiav tawm ntawm ob pawg tub rog German sib cais nyob hauv Narvik, yog li cov neeg German tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws thaum pib ua haujlwm. Txog lub Plaub Hlis 20, 1940, Nazis tau nyob rau feem ntau ntawm yav qab teb Norway. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee lub nroog uas cov neeg nyob hauv Norwegian tau tawm tsam tau raug tawm tsam huab cua.

Nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Plaub Hlis, Anglo-French cov lus txib tau xa mus txog plaub qhov kev sib cais (Askiv, Fab Kis thiab Polish chav nyob) rau Norway. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txoj kev npaj tsim kho, ua ke nrog cov tub rog Norwegian uas tseem tshuav, kev tawm tsam hauv nruab nrab Norway tau ua tsis tiav. Cov phoojywg tseem ua tsis tiav nyob rau sab qaum teb Norway. Yog li, cov phooj ywg tau pib ua phem rau Narvik thaum ib nrab lub Plaub Hlis, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm coj nws tsuas yog lub Tsib Hlis 28, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej dav dav ntxiv lawm. Cov phoojywg tau ua tsis sib xws, ua tsis tau zoo, maj nrawm thiab maj mam. Kev txawj ntse Askiv tau ua ib qho yuam kev tom qab lwm qhov.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Norway tau kav ntev txog ob lub hlis. Qhov kawg ntawm kev sib tw Norwegian tau txiav txim siab ua ntej los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm Wehrmacht hauv Fab Kis ua yeeb yam. Cov tub rog Anglo-Fab Kis pib txom nyem hauv Holland, Belgium thiab Fabkis. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6-10, 1940, Cov Phoojywg tau khiav tawm ntawm tebchaws Norway hauv thaj tsam Narvik. Tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, King Haakon VII thiab tsoomfwv Norwegian tau khiav tawm ntawm Tromsø thaum 7 Lub Rau Hli. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1940, hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Norwegian, German kev sib ntaus sib tua Scharnhorst thiab Gneisenau tau ua rau lub nkoj British thauj cov nkoj Glories thiab nws tus pab (cov neeg rhuav tshem Akasta thiab Ardent). Ntau tshaj 1,500 tus neeg tsav nkoj Askiv raug tua. Cov seem ntawm cov tub rog Norwegian, sab laug yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov phoojywg, tau swb rau lub Rau Hli 10. Cov Nazis nyob tag nrho ntawm Norway.

Cov neeg German tau tuav lub tswv yim foothold nyob rau sab Europe Europe, nyab xeeb lawv tus kheej los ntawm sab qaum teb. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov tub rog thiab peev nyiaj txiag. Kev yeej hauv Norway tau mus rau Wehrmacht ntawm tus nqi qis: 1317 tus neeg raug tua, 1604 tus raug mob, 2375 ploj lawm. 127 lub dav hlau, kwv yees li 30 lub nkoj thiab cov nkoj tau ploj lawm. Cov tub rog Norwegian poob 1,335 tus neeg tuag thiab ploj lawm, txog 60 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw; cov neeg Askiv - 4,400 tus neeg, Fab Kis thiab Tus Kheej - 530 tus neeg raug tua.

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