Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws

Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws
Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws
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Qhov tseeb, lub luag haujlwm kom tsa lub tswb thaum pom hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau yog thawj zaug rau cov neeg tiv thaiv nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Thaum qhov xwm txheej no tshwm sim tiag tiag, tsis muaj leej twg yuav hais meej. Tab sis nyob rau tim Nkij teb chaws puag thaum ub thiab Roman faj tim teb chaws, cov tiv thaiv uas hloov pauv txhua peb teev tau raug cob qhia kom ceeb toom hluav taws. Ntau tom qab hauv Dresden, cov neeg tiv thaiv tau ncig thaj tsam ntawm lub luag haujlwm hauv nroog yim zaug hauv ib teev, uas yog ib txoj hauv kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev saib xyuas hluav taws. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ceeb toom txog hluav taws hauv nroog yog lub tswb, uas tsis yog tsuas yog tsa lub tswb, tab sis kuj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xa xov xwm txog qhov chaw tua hluav taws. Nrog tus lej cim tshwj xeeb, nws muaj peev xwm xa mus rau lub chaw tua hluav taws qhov chaw ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, nrog rau nws qhov kev siv.

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Hluav taws kub ntawm Vienna Tsev khaws puav pheej

Tsis tas li, dhau sijhawm, tus neeg tua tsiaj tau tshwm sim hauv pab pawg tiv thaiv, tshaj tawm qhov phom sij nrog lub suab nrov. Raws li ntau pua xyoo dhau los, cov nroog tau nce siab dua thiab siab dua, thiab txawm tias kev soj ntsuam los ntawm qhov siab yooj yim dhau los tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov theem tom ntej hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem ceeb toom hluav taws yog tus saib xyuas, txij thaum nruab hnub qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws tau qhia los ntawm tus chij, thiab thaum tsaus ntuj - los ntawm lub teeb. Rau cov nroog uas ua los ntawm ntoo, cov kev tiv thaiv no tshwj xeeb. Nov yog qhov Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau hais tawm hauv 1668 hauv nws daim ntawv cog lus hais txog txheej txheem muab lub teeb hluav taws hauv Moscow: "Yog tias lub nroog yuav ci hauv Kremlin, nyob rau qee qhov chaw, thiab lub sijhawm ntawd nws yog lub sijhawm los tawm tsam peb lub tswb. tswb hauv ob sab ntawm qhov nrawm. Thiab yog tias nws yuav pom nyob hauv Suav teb, nyob rau qee qhov chaw, thiab thaum lub sijhawm ntawd ob lub ntsej muag tau hais lus zoo dua …"

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev taw qhia cov tub rog tua hluav taws kom hlawv tsev hauv nroog tau ntsib thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe - thaj chaw loj ntawm cov peev tau cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li, hauv Riga, hluav taws tau tshaj tawm los ntawm lub tswb nrov nrov los ntawm plaub lub tsev teev ntuj ib zaug, thiab cov lus qhia mus rau qhov hluav taws kub tau qhia los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuab. Thiab cov neeg soj ntsuam Viennese siv tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm tus yees kom raug raws li cov ntsiab lus siv. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv European lub nroog, lawv tau pib siv qhov muag rau kev saib xyuas thaj tsam hauv nroog. Thaum xub thawj, cov no yog tsom iav tsom iav qub, tom qab ntawd lawv tau hloov pauv nrog lub tsom iav tsom iav, uas ua rau nws pom tau tias muaj hluav taws txawm tias nyob sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog.

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Cov neeg tua hluav taws lub koob yees duab sab saum toj los ntawm Vienna Firefighting Museum

Tab sis los ntawm tus pej thuam siab nws tseem yuav tsum tau xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub chaw tua hluav taws sai sai txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov hluav taws thiab qhov chaw ntawm nws qhov tsos. Rau lub hom phiaj no, xa cov ntawv pneumatic, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov uas tuaj yeem pom hauv lub network ntawm cov khw muag khoom niaj hnub no - cov neeg them nyiaj tau txais nyiaj los ntawm lawv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev sib txuas lus no tau rov qab mus rau 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab txij li ntawd los nws tau ntev dhau los ua cov cuab yeej txheem ntawm cov chaw tua hluav taws thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv cov nroog me, cov tswb ceeb toom hluav taws tshwj xeeb tau nthuav dav, uas tau tsim los ntawm amalgam (cov hlau uas muaj mercury nrog ntau yam hlau).

Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws
Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Tswb hluav taws
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Tswb tswb Lavxias siv, ntawm lwm yam, txhawm rau tsa lub tswb hluav taws

Lub zog ntawm lub suab ntawm lub tswb tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub tswb tau ntau dua qhov siab. Tab sis tus kws tshwj xeeb, uas yog lub tog raj kheej hlau nrog lub piston, txhaj cua los ntawm qhov uas, nyob rau hauv siab, poob rau hauv lub suab nrov nrog lub suab nrov, tau nrov dua kom ceeb toom rau txhua lub zej zog txog qhov hluav taws kub. Cov neeg tim khawv pom hais tias lub suab nrov nrov tau hnov ntawm qhov deb ntawm 7-8 km. Yog tias hluav taws hauv nroog loj heev thiab yuav tsum tau siv ntau lub chaw tua hluav taws los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv nroog, yuav tsum tau siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov paib pom zoo. Piv txwv li, tus chij liab thaum nruab hnub lossis lub teeb liab thaum tsaus ntuj txhais tau tias sib sau ua ke ntawm txhua chav nyob hauv qhov chaw uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej, thiab tus chij dawb lossis lub teeb ntsuab yuav tsum tau txhawb ntxiv.

Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob pib tshwm sim hauv qhov ceeb toom hluav taws - hauv qab Peter I, cov nkoj tau pib siv txoj hlua hluav taws nrog rab phom. Cov txheej txheem no tau zoo npaum li cas thiab seb nws puas ua rau lub txim raug mob hnyav ntxiv, keeb kwm tsis nyob twj ywm. Hauv tebchaws Askiv nyob rau ib nrab xyoo 19th, raws li Lavxias tsab ntawv ntawm Otechestvennye Zapiski, cov hlau hnyav tau dai rau ntawm txoj hlua ntev hauv cov tsev nyob. Cov hlua tau rub los ntawm cov chav thiab yog tias nws tau hlawv tawm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, tom qab ntawd qhov hnyav poob rau ntawm cov khoom tawg me me. Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau siv hauv kev lag luam, tsuas yog hauv qhov no qhov hnyav tau poob ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm lub tswb tswb lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Hauv Lavxias tus qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem no, tus tsim khoom Carl Dion muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev nkag siab zoo uas lub tshuab tau ua rau txawm tias huab cua kub. Xws li "cov khoom ua si" tau pib maj mam hloov los ntawm hluav taws xob sirens, uas txij li xyoo 1840 los rau hauv Asmeskas thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws hu xov tooj hluav taws xob, tom qab hloov los ntawm xov tooj cua. Hauv qhov chaw muaj neeg coob nyob hauv European lub nroog nruab nrab xyoo pua puv 19, Morse cov cuab yeej tuaj yeem pom tam sim no, los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb tau qhia rau lub chaw tua hluav taws txog qhov hluav taws kub. Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob Berlin, uas nyob ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub peev txhua 100-160 metres, ua kom yooj yim rau kev hu xov tooj ntau dua. Txhua tus neeg hla dhau tuaj yeem, yog tias muaj kev phom sij, ntswj tus kov ob peb zaug kom tso lub tswb nrov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau txo lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm cov chaw tua hluav taws zoo tshaj plaws rau 10 feeb. Qhov ua tiav tiag tiag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog lub tshuab xov tooj cua "Gamavell & Co", uas qhia qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws thaum lub tswb ceeb toom ntawm qhov ntsuas, thiab tseem kaw lub sijhawm thiab hnub tim ntawm kev hu xov tooj. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas lub zog sawv tsis yog tsuas yog cov neeg tua hluav taws thaum ua haujlwm, tab sis tseem xa xov tooj ceeb toom rau tus kws tua hluav taws chav tsev. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsuas yog tshwm sim xyoo 1905 hauv tebchaws Lithuanian ib feem ntawm St. Tab sis txawm hais tias tag nrho cov kev siv zog, ntau qhov hluav taws kub tau kis thoob plaws thaj chaw loj thaum lub sijhawm teb ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum cov neeg soj ntsuam los ntawm sab nraud kaw qhov hluav taws kub, nws twb tau npog feem ntau ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub tsev. Yog li ntawd, nws tau tsim nyog los qhia tam sim rau cov neeg tua hluav taws txawm hais txog qhov yooj yim ntawm qhov kub hauv qhov chaw. Rau lub hom phiaj no, kaw (qhib) ntawm Circuit Court ntawm ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm kev hloov qhov ntim ntawm cov kua, cov duab ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, thiab zoo li zoo heev.

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Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ceeb toom los ntawm Askiv, ib nrab xyoo 19th

Ib qho ntawm thawj yog Gelbort, uas nyob rau xyoo 1884 tau thov hom dej ua kua ntawm 40 degrees rau qhov no. Nws tau nchuav mus rau hauv lub khob hlau nrog lub kaw lus tiv tauj nyob hauv lub hau. Sai li cov kua los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tau rhaub, cov pa nqus tau nias ntawm lub hau thiab cov hluav taws xob tau kaw. Thiab tom qab ntawd - tsuas yog lub tswb nrov, lossis tam sim ntawd lub tswb nrov rau qhov chaw tua hluav taws. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog uas tus neeg tsim khoom nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv St. Petersburg. Ib txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws tau qiv los ntawm lub tuam txhab German Siemens-Halske rau nws qhov ntsuas hluav taws ntau.

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Ib daim ntawv patent rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob ceeb toom rau ntau "loops". Tebchaws Asmeskas, 1886

Raws li nws hloov zuj zus, lub tswb ceeb toom hluav taws tau dhau los ua ntau yam ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm tau zoo. Cov kab ke sib txawv tau tshwm sim uas teb rau qhov nce hauv chav sov. Txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov cai tau muab rau cov qauv hauv tebchaws Russia - xyoo 1886 M. Schwambaum thiab G. Stykopulkovskiy yog li tsim lawv "Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob tsis siv neeg rau teeb liab hluav taws." Hauv ntau qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntawv fusible tau pib siv dav, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib txuas hluav taws xob, nrog rau cov hlau hlau uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm cua sov.

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Siemens differential detector: a - kev pom dav; b - daim duab txuas

Yog li, xyoo 1899, tus neeg nyob hauv Moscow Yakov Kazakov tau tsim hluav taws tiv tauj tsis siv neeg, uas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv uas nthuav tawm thaum ua kom sov. Tab sis nrog txhua qhov no, hauv St. Petersburg los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, feem coob ntawm txhua qhov ceeb toom hluav taws tau los ntawm cov neeg tuaj txawv tebchaws. Xyoo 1858, lub tswb tuav tes los ntawm German Siemens tau teeb tsa ntawm cov quav nyab ntawm Kalashnikovskaya cov av. Thiab xyoo 1905, Gamewell tau los ua tus yeej ntawm kev sib tw rau kev teeb tsa lub ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv St. Petersburg. Thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1907 lub tswb hluav taws tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow thiab Tsarskoe Selo. Thawj tus menyuam ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev yog lub tshuab nqaj hlau teeb pom kev zoo, uas tau pib tsim tawm ntawm Kozitsky cog xyoo 1924. Thiab xyoo 1926 JSC "Sprinkler" (los ntawm lus Askiv sprinkler - sprinkler lossis lub taub hau dej) tau tshwm sim - tus tsim ntawm Soviet engineering tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob automation. Thiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb nplai, qhov tseem ceeb tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua hluav taws yog siv lub tshuab tua hluav taws.

Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv….

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