"Thiab Elisha hais rau nws, Nqes hneev thiab xub. Thiab nws tau hneev thiab xub …"
(Plaub Vaj 13:15)
Kuv ib txwm ntseeg tias nws tsis zoo thaum kev tshawb fawb raug cais los ntawm tib neeg. Nws yog qhov tsis zoo thaum ib tus neeg sau zoo li ntawd txawm tias tus kws tshaj lij thiab nws tsis nkag siab nws cov npoj yaig. Nws yog qhov phem thaum muaj kev tshawb fawb rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab tsis yog kws tshaj lij. Thiab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws yog qhov zoo thaum qhov kev ua tiav zaum kawg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tau muaj rau txhua tus. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog li cas tsab xov xwm no tau tshwm sim. Thaum pib, nws yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv ib qho nqaim heev thoob ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb, uas, tshwj tsis yog tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua, tsis muaj leej twg nyeem. Tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus zoo li nthuav heev uas tsab xov xwm tau hloov pauv me ntsis rau cov tub rog, yog li cov neeg uas xav tau yooj yim hauv keeb kwm kev ua tub rog niaj hnub tuaj yeem paub nws. Yog li … cia pib nrog qhov tseeb uas peb nco txog ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev coj ua kab lis kev cai uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no: tiag tiag, muaj pes tsawg tus neeg, muaj ntau txoj kev xav, thiab yog vim li cas, nws thiaj nkag siab. Qhov tshwm sim no muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab yog li ntawd, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txawv ntawm ntau hom kev coj noj coj ua tuaj yeem sib txawv. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm haiv neeg, uas tuaj yeem yog kev ua neej nyob niaj hnub, kev tsim nyiaj txiag, lus thiab kev lis kev cai. Spatial thiab thaj chaw, raws qhov sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam ntau hom kev coj noj coj ua: Western European, African, Siberian, thiab lwm yam. Lub sijhawm ntev-sijhawm, vim yog lub sijhawm muaj nyob ntawm ib qho kev coj noj coj ua ("Hnub Nyoog Kev coj noj coj ua", "Hnub Nyoog Hnub Nyoog Kab lis kev cai", Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Renaissance, tom qab niaj hnub no). Zoo, ib tus neeg tab tom sim nthuav dav cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kab lis kev cai raws kab "East - West", "North - South".
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib yam li hauv "Pareto txoj cai", tib kab lis kev cai, nyob ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv ib hom kab lis kev cai, tom qab ntawd hauv lwm qhov. Raws li koj paub, V. I. Lenin tau xaiv tawm hom bourgeois thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm haiv neeg, raws li cov yam ntxwv hauv chav kawm raws li lub hauv paus ntawm hom ntawv no. Tab sis tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv bourgeois hauv kev coj noj coj ua, thiab tsis yog txhua tus neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm lub sijhawm Orthodox (tsis suav cov neeg txawv tebchaws, tau kawg), uas yog, koom nrog tib haiv neeg Orthodox?
Frescoes thaum ub ntawm Tassilin-Ajer, piav qhia cov neeg hneev taw.
Ntawd yog, nws tau pom meej tias muaj ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua ntawm haiv neeg, thiab ntawm lawv yam twg thiab hom twg ntawm lawv tsis tau tsim los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam. Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm keeb kwm thiab haiv neeg typology, cov no yog anthropological, tsev neeg thiab haiv neeg. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, tau muab faib ua ntau subspecies. Kuj tseem muaj cov qauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo, hais txog leej twg ntau dhau lawm twb tau hais tias yuav rov ua dua. Nov yog cov qauv ntawm N. Y. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, F. Nietzsche, P. Sorokin thiab K. Jaspers. Ntawd yog, cov tub ntxhais kawm niaj hnub no, ob qho tib si "thev naus laus zis" thiab "tib neeg", tab tom sim kawm nrog qhov nyuaj, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kom nkag siab thiab nco qab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tsev kawm qib siab "Culturology". Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis txaus ntseeg uas tsis yog F. Nietzsche, nrog nws Dionysian-Apollonian dichotomy, lossis K. Jaspers nrog plaub lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm [1] ua tsis tau pom lwm qhov tseem ceeb heev typological yam hauv kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg lub zej zog, uas yog: nws kev faib ua ntej hauv lub sijhawm qub rau cov neeg ntawm lukophiles thiab cov neeg ntawm lukophobes. Ntxiv mus, lawv ob leeg tau yug los rau lawv tus kheej kev vam meej, txhim kho nyob rau hauv qhov dav ntawm ob sab av loj ib zaug - Eurasia thiab Africa.
Ntoo hneev thiab xib xub ntawm Ainu nyob ntawm cov kob Hokkaido.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov ntawm no qhov kev nyiam uas qhov kev faib ntawm kab lis kev cai no muaj dua lwm tus, txij li qee cov cim, ib txwm muaj, muaj qhov tseem ceeb dua li lwm tus. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb uas peb nco tseg: raws li qhov kev tshawb pom zaum kawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, hauv Spain hneev taw thiab cov xub tau siv twb nyob hauv Paleolithic era. Hauv Sahara, cov duab ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov nrog hneev thiab xib xub yog nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum Sahara "tawg paj", thiab cov duab zoo li no tau pom ntawm cov pob zeb ze ntawm Lake Onega thiab hauv Altai, thiab hauv Alps, nto moo Otzi, tus tub rog thiab tus kws ntaus hlau ntawm xyoo pua tooj tooj liab [2]. Ntawd yog, hneev tau nthuav dav ib zaug, tau siv dav heev, thiab tus cwj pwm rau nws, raws li riam phom rau kev yos hav zoov thiab ua tsov rog, zoo ib yam nyob txhua qhov chaw.
Kev pab los ntawm lub tuam tsev faus neeg ntawm Ramses III ntawm Medinet Abu hauv Upper Egypt, piav qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv nrog "cov neeg ntawm hiav txwv." Niaj hnub ua hauv xim. Thov nco ntsoov tias qhov no yog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj, tab sis cov tub rog tsuas yog siv hneev xwb!
Tab sis tom qab ntawd, qee qhov hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Central Asia, muaj qee yam tshwm sim uas tshwm sim, cia peb hais, qhov tsis meej pem txog cov dos ntawm qee tus neeg! Tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv T. Newark, ua raws li lwm tus, ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb no hauv nws tsab ntawv "Vim Li Cas Knights Never Siv Bows", luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm "Military Illustrated" xyoo 1995. Niaj hnub no, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab ua phem riam phom ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus, ib yam li nyob sab Europe ntawm Eurasia, thiab, yog li ntawd, nws tag nrho cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua thiab - qhov no tsis zoo li yog qhov hais lus phem - kab lis kev cai feem ntau!
Nws sau tseg tias nyob rau Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, rab phom zoo tshaj plaws yog rab hneev thiab xub xub, tshwj xeeb yog rab hneev sib xyaw ua ke, uas raug rho tawm ntawm nraub qaum nees. Cov tub hneev loj tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog, ntawm chav kawm, Huns, Mongols thiab Turks. Lawv cov npe ua rau xav txog cov duab txaus ntshai ntawm kev sib tw sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog, hla kev tawm tsam, ua raws li rov qab los tsuas yog tig rov los hauv lawv lub nraub qaum thiab tso tus da dej tuag ntawm xub xub los ntawm lawv txoj hlua. Tab sis txawm hais tias muaj kev swb ntau ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov hordes sab hnub tuaj, kev ua tub rog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov hneev nees yeej tsis tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Western Europe sab hnub poob. Knights yeej tsis siv hneev thiab xub. Vim li cas?
Thoob plaws Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, cov tub rog ntseeg tias tua tus yeeb ncuab nrog tus xub los ntawm hneev yog kev ntxub thiab tsis hwm tus tub rog zoo. Cov neeg muaj tswv yim zoo tiag tiag mus rau tus yeej hauv kev sib ntaus ib leeg nrog rab hmuv, ntaj lossis mace. Kev siv hneev thiab xub xub tau tso rau cov tib neeg hauv zej zog qis dua, uas tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam ua siab loj lossis ua siab loj zoo li lawv tus tswv. Tias yog vim li cas cov neeg ua haujlwm tau raug xaiv los ua cov neeg hneev taw uas tsis tuaj yeem yuav tus nees rau lawv tus kheej, txawm tias lawv cov khoom noj qab nyob zoo tso cai rau lawv ua li ntawd; yog li ntawd, rau feem ntau, European cov kws tua hneev taw tau taug kev, thiab tsuas yog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua tsis tau tso cai rau cov hneev taw nees los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv Europe.
Thaum Sab Hnub Poob ntsib Sab Hnub Tuaj, hauv thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob lossis raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv, cov neeg sab hnub poob tseem pom lawv tus kheej ntawm kev sib luag nrog cov tub rog nees sab hnub tuaj, tab sis tsuas yog txog thaum lawv siv hneev. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ncaj ncees - sib ntaus ib leeg, riam phom sib npaug - tsis tau hais txog tus tub rog hneev. Nws yog cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees uas tau hloov pauv txoj cai ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, yog li vim li cas cov tub rog tseem nyob zoo li qub? Pom tau tias, kev ua ncaj ncees yeej zoo dua li kev kov yeej tsis ncaj ncees. Tab sis cov hauv paus ntawm qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb no tsis dag nyob rau hauv txoj cai knightly ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, qhov zoo ib yam tau pom nyob rau hauv ancient Germanic tub rog kev lis kev cai.
"Immortals" yog tus tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm Tsar Darius. Frieze los ntawm lub tsev ntawm Darius hauv Susa. Khaws hauv Louvre.
Thaum lub nroog Loos raug kaw los ntawm Ostrogoths xyoo 537, cov kws sau keeb kwm Greek Greek Procopius tau sau tseg tias cov neeg Germanic barbarians muaj kev phom sij npaum li cas rau cov hneev nees. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem kev tiv thaiv, Bellisarius, tus Byzantine-Roman dav dav, tau xa ntau pua tus neeg caij nees los hnav lub Goths. Lawv tau muab cov lus qhia meej - tsis txhob koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg German, siv lawv cov hneev xwb. Raws li kev txiav txim, Byzantines zam kev tawm tsam hnyav ntawm Goths, nce toj thiab qhia cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog nrog lub lawg ntawm xub. Sai li qhov cov khoom xub khiav tawm, lawv tau nrawm nrawm tom qab cov phab ntsa hauv nroog, nrhiav los ntawm cov neeg chim chim. Cov kev tawm tsam no tau ua pov thawj kom muaj kev vam meej tias Bellisarius ua haujlwm zoo li ob peb zaug, nrog rau qhov poob rau Goths. Yog tias koj ntseeg cov lus ntawm Procopius, thiab nws yog qhov pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev raug kaw ntawm Rome, kev poob ntawm Goths tau loj heev, thiab qhia tias Goths tsis muaj tus hneev nees, tab sis Byzantines muaj lawv. Thiab qhov no nyob deb ntawm qhov xwm txheej nkaus xwb.
Thaum Goths tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm Byzantine general Narses hauv 552 hauv Apennine lub zos ntawm Taginai, Procopius tau xav tsis thoob ntxiv tias tsis muaj ib tus neeg barbarians muaj hneev. Nws piav qhia qhov no los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tus thawj coj hais kom nws cov tub rog tsis txhob siv riam phom lwm yam tshaj li lawv cov ntawv luam rau qee qhov laj thawj.
Sab Hnub Tuaj Roman mosaic piav qhia txog cov tub rog los ntawm lub sijhawm poob ntawm lub tebchaws. Ua tib zoo saib cov ntaub thaiv npog loj heev uas nws tsim nyog los tiv thaiv cov xub ntawm Avars, Slavs thiab Arabs.
Txawm yog vim li cas los xij, cov tub rog Germanic raug tua los ntawm cov xib hwb ntawm Byzantine, ob qho tib si ntsia thiab taug ko taw. Tab sis puas yog txoj cai kev ua tub rog tsis zoo thoob plaws?
Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm hais tias cov kws tua hneev nees tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv Germanic barbarian pab tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Nruab Nrab Europe. Tus neeg caij nees caij nees ntawm German "tus tswv tsov rog" tsuas yog siv rab ntaj thiab hmuv, thiab lub hauv paus tseem tau tawm tsam nrog hmuv. Qee tus tub rog tub rog, tshwj xeeb, Goths, tau nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob tau ntau pua xyoo, tab sis, txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg tua hneev nees ntawm tib neeg xws li Huns thiab Sarmatians, lawv tsis pom qhov xav tau siv hneev ntawm lawv tus kheej.. Yog vim li cas cov neeg German thaum ub tsis nyiam hneev yog tib yam li cov tub rog. Kev hneev taw raug suav hais tias tsis ncaj ncees!
Kev npau taws heev uas hneev tau raug tsis lees paub yog qhov muaj nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws Europe German. Cov neeg Loos thiab Byzantines tsis muaj teeb meem ua rau cov neeg tua hneev loj hauv lawv cov tub rog, txawm tias lawv yog cov tub rog txawv tebchaws lossis cov tub rog tub rog - lawv txhua tus muaj rab hneev sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, cov tub rog tshaj lij xav tias nws tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog los ua tus tswv hneev taw hneev taw zoo. Cov hneev dai kom zoo nkauj tau nthuav tawm rau cov tub rog uas muaj npe zoo. Cov thawj coj sab hnub tuaj tau hle hneev nti raws li lub cim ntawm lub zog. Tsis muaj cov kho kom zoo nkauj hneev nyob rau sab hnub poob. Tus kws tshaj lij-tub rog caij nees lossis tus tub rog tau kov hneev tsuas yog thaum nws siv nws los tua tsiaj lossis ua kis las.
Arrowheads los ntawm Metropolitan Museum of Art hauv New York.
Nrog txoj kev ploj ntawm Mediterranean Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab kev nom kev tswv nce ntawm German kev coj noj coj ua, qhov kev zam no tau nthuav dav, txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev kawm sab hnub tuaj kawm los ntawm Loos thiab Byzantines. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm no, ib yam ua rau xav tsis thoob: ua li cas cov neeg Germans txawm tias yeej lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv qab lub hnub? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog tias kev sib ntaus sib tua nrawm nrawm tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kws ntaus hneev taw hla cov neeg horsemen German. Ntxiv rau cov tswv yim no, kev lag luam thiab kev ua nom ua tswv, kev kov yeej cov neeg tawv ncauj tsis nyuaj rau nkag siab. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau txhiab xyoo tom ntej no, cov neeg caij nees sab hnub poob tsis paub piav qhia txog txoj hlua hneev raug nqi ntau heev hauv Spain thiab thaj av Dawb Huv, qhov uas cov neeg tawg rog raug kev txom nyem ntau los ntawm kev tawm tsam sai sai ntawm Saracen nees hneev taw. Thaum Mongols kov yeej Europe, Western chivalry ua pov thawj tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tom qab ntawd tsuas yog kev tuag ntawm tus poj huab tais tau cawm Europe los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws.
Lub qhov ntxa uas ntxim nyiam heev, uas nyob hauv tebchaws Russia hauv lub tshav puam ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom qub qub hauv nroog Temryuk. Cov ntawv sau hauv qab no nyeem: "Poj huab tais Dynamia (muab daim duab) Matian, (tus tub) ntawm Zaidar, rau qhov kev nco." Tej zaum, nws tus kheej tau sau cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv no, thiab nws nws tus kheej tau xaj kom ua lub qhov ntxa rau lub taub hau ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm nws tus neeg tiv thaiv. Txij li Dynamia (60 BC - 12 BC) yog poj huab tais ntawm Bosporus lub nceeg vaj, nws pom tseeb tias lub sijhawm ntawd muaj cov tub rog caij nees nyob hauv nws pab tub rog uas caij nees yam tsis muaj kev sib tsoo, tabsis siv hmuv ntev thiab, ntxiv rau, thaum tsis koom nrog hneev, uas lawv khaws cia hauv hnab tawv tawv nrog txoj hlua qis. (Duab los ntawm tus sau)
(Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv)
