Ib ntawm thawj tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias, uas nyob rau xyoo 1708 tau thov rau Peter the Great los sim cov khoom tawg, uas yog ib lub thoob dej uas muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob hermetically tau khaws cia. Ib tug ntsaum tawm los - thaum lub sijhawm txaus ntshai lawv tso nws thiab pov cov cuab yeej no mus rau hauv qhov cub hluav taws. Hauv lwm qhov, Peter Kuv tus kheej tau thov kom teeb tsa cov thoob dej hauv cov ntawv xov xwm hmoov, uas cov hmoov dub tau muab zais. Txhua lub cellar yuav tsum tau yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog cov hlua hluav taws uas txuas nrog "them" cov thoob dej. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog li cas tus qauv ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tua hluav taws niaj hnub no nrog cov qauv siv (cov thoob dej) thiab cov cim ntsuas kom pom thiab xa lub teeb liab kom pib tshwm. Tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm Peter Kuv tau ua ntej ntawm kev nce qib uas Russia tsis txawm twv kom ua qhov ntsuas tag nrho.
Txawm nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19, hluav taws kub yog ib qho kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Great Hluav Taws ntawm Boston. Xyoo 1872, Tebchaws Asmeskas
Tab sis hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, Zachary Greil los ntawm Ausburg xyoo 1715 tau tsim "dej foob pob" zoo ib yam, uas, tawg, tua hluav taws nrog cov hmoov av thiab txau dej. Lub tswv yim ntse tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm hauv qab lub npe "Greyl lub thoob tua hluav taws". Tus Askiv Askiv Godfrey tau coj tus qauv zoo li no los ua kom tiav lub tshuab, uas nyob rau xyoo 1723 tau tso cov thoob dej, rab phom thiab fuse hauv thaj tsam ntawm qhov raug foob. Raws li tau npaj los ntawm tus kws kho tsheb, nplaim taws los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yuav tsum ua rau nws tus kheej nplaim hluav taws xob nrog txhua qhov tshwm sim tom ntej.
Tab sis cov neeg tua hluav taws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis nyob nrog dej ib leeg. Yog li, Colonel Roth los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau thov kom tua hluav taws siv cov hmoov alum (ntsev ntsev ob zaug), uas tau muab ntim rau hauv lub thoob thiab ntim nrog cov phom. Tus tub ceev xwm Artillery Roth tau sim nws qhov kev tsim xyoo 1770 hauv Essling thaum nws foob pob foob pob hauv lub khw muag hlawv. Hauv ntau qhov chaw, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim tau piav qhia hauv ntau txoj hauv kev: hauv qee qhov lawv hais txog kev tua hluav taws zoo nrog hmoov, thiab hauv qhov thib ob lawv sau tias tom qab kev tawg, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem pom qhov chaw ntawm yav tas los hlawv khw. Ua raws li nws tuaj yeem ua tau, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hmoov tua nrog ntsev tua hluav taws tau lees paub tias ua tiav thiab los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th lawv nkag mus rau hauv kev coj ua.
Sab nrauv pom thiab ntu ntawm "Pozharogas" Sheftal
Hauv tebchaws Russia, nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab 20th xyoo dhau los, tej zaum yog ib qho kev tsim qauv tshaj plaws ntawm cov hmoov tsis siv tshuaj tua hluav taws, "Pozharogas", tau tsim los. Tus sau NB Sheftal tau hais qhia kom sau lub foob pob hluav taws nrog bicarbonate ntawm dej qab zib, alum thiab ammonium sulfate. Tus qauv tsim los ntawm daim duab los qhia lub cev (1) ntim nrog cov nplaim hluav taws tua hluav taws (2). Tsis tas li ntawd sab hauv yog lub khob ntawv (3), uas yog rab phom (5) thiab cov hmoov txheej tau raug nias, lub fuse qaum (6) raug rub mus rau tus nqi hmoov, los ntawm cov hmoov xov (7) txuas ntxiv. Raws li kev ntsuas ua ntej, foob pob hluav taws tau muab tso rau ntawm lub fuse-qaum (10). Hauv lub raj thaiv (9) npog nrog rooj plaub (8), tau muab txoj hlua thiab foob pob hluav taws tso. "Pozharogasy" tsis yooj yim - kev hloov pauv rau 4, 6 thiab 8 kg mus rau hauv koob. Cov foob pob tshwj xeeb no ua haujlwm li cas? Sai li lub fuse qaum tau taws, tus neeg siv muaj 12-15 vib nas this los siv "Firegas" rau nws lub hom phiaj. Cov foob pob hluav taws ntawm qaum tau tawg txhua txhua 3-4 vib nas this, ceeb toom rau cov neeg tua hluav taws txog qhov yuav tuaj txog ntawm lub foob pob tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom.
Los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis: Theo, Ceev thiab Blitzfackel tua hluav taws
Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tua cov nplaim taws nrog hmoov nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom qub, uas tau txais lub npe dav ntawm lub teeb. Kev tshaj tawm tau qhuas qhuas lub peev xwm ntawm lub teeb tua hluav taws, tab sis lub npe ci tshwj xeeb tau nco txog: "Antipyr", "Nplaim taws", "Tuag rau Hluav Taws", "Phoenix", "Blitzfackel", "Kawg" thiab lwm yam. Ib qho kev tua hluav taws ntawm hom ntawv no yog Teo, nruab nrog bicarbonate ntawm dej qab zib sib xyaw nrog cov xim tsis haum. Qhov tseeb, cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws nrog cov tswm ciab suav nrog ua kom tsaug zog nrog cov hmoov ntawm cov nplaim taws qhib, uas thaiv qhov nkag mus ntawm cov pa thiab, hauv qee qhov qauv, tiv thaiv qhov hluav taws kub nrog cov pa tso tawm. Feem ntau cov teeb txawb tau dai ntawm cov ntsia hlau sab hauv tsev. Thaum muaj hluav taws kub, lawv raug rub tawm ntawm phab ntsa, thaum lub raj xa dej tau qhib kom tshem cov hmoov. Thiab tom qab ntawd, nrog kev txav mus los, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau nchuav cov ntsiab lus kom raug raws li qhov ua tau rau hauv qhov hluav taws. Kev sib xyaw ua ke rau teeb tsa lub teeb sib txawv hauv ntau yam txawv - txhua lub chaw tsim khoom tau sim los nrog nws tus kheej "tsw". Feem ntau cov dej qab zib tau siv los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, tab sis cov spectrum ntawm impurities tau dav - rooj ntsev, phosphates, nitrates, sulfates, mummy, ocher thiab hlau oxide. Cov tshuaj ntxiv uas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob caking yog lub ntiaj teb infuser, cov av nplaum tsis haum, gypsum, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, lossis silica. Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thaum ub yog lub peev xwm tua hluav taws txuas hluav taws xob. Qhov nce ntawm cov neeg nyiam tua hluav taws tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 19th-20th, tab sis vim tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj peev xwm them tus nqi qis, nws tau ploj mus sai. Ntau yam "Flameboy" thiab "Blitzfackel" tau hloov los ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws tua hluav taws nruab nrog kev daws cov ntsev tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau cov no yog iav thooj voos kheej kheej lossis fwj nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 0.5 txog 1.5 liv, uas cov tshuaj reagents tau khaws cia. Txog rau pawg tub rog ntawm "kev ua haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua", tus neeg siv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntim cov foob pob hluav taws nrog dej thiab teeb tsa lawv hauv qhov chaw uas pom tseeb hauv chav. Ntawm kev ua lag luam kuj tau nthuav qhia tag nrho cov qauv npaj siv, uas cov tshuaj tau nchuav ua ntej muag.
Kev tua hluav taws tua hluav taws "Tuag rau Hluav Taws" thiab "Grenade"
Cov phom tua hluav taws "Pikhard" thiab "Imperial"
Cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov foob pob kuj tseem tsis tau muaj cov txheej txheem piav qhia meej rau kev siv lub tshuab tua hluav taws - alum, borax, Glauber's ntsev, potash, ammonia, calcium chloride, sodium thiab magnesium, dej qab zib thiab txawm tias iav iav tau siv. Yog li, Venus lub tog raj kheej tua hluav taws tau ua los ntawm cov iav nyias nyias, thiab nws tau ntim nrog 600 grams ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ferrous sulfate thiab ammonium sulfate. Ib yam zoo li pomegranate "Gardena" nrog qhov hnyav tag nrho txog 900 grams, muaj cov tshuaj sodium chloride thiab ammonia daws.
Raug tshem tawm Venus cov thooj voos kheej kheej tua hluav taws thiab Gardena grenades
Txoj hauv kev siv cov phom tua hluav taws tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb - tus neeg siv tau nchuav cov ntsiab lus mus rau qhov hluav taws kub, lossis cuam nws nrog kev rau siab mus rau qhov hluav taws kub. Cov nplaim hluav taws tua tau zoo raws li lub peev xwm txias ntawm kev daws teeb meem, nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias ntawm cov ntsev, uas thaiv qhov nkag mus ntawm cov pa mus rau qhov chaw hlawv. Ib qho ntxiv, ntau cov ntsev los ntawm cov cua sov ua kom tawg mus ua cov pa roj av uas tsis txhawb nqa kev sib txuas. Sijhawm dhau los, cov neeg siv khoom tau paub txog qhov xwm txheej zoo ntawm lub tshuab tua hluav taws: lub peev xwm me me tsis tso cai rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tsawg kawg qee qhov hluav taws kub hnyav, thiab cov iav tawg tawg thaum siv rau txhua sab feem ntau raug mob rau cov neeg siv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov txheej txheem no tsis tsuas yog poob ntawm kev ncig thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tab sis tseem raug txwv nyob hauv qee lub tebchaws.
Tsis siv neeg nyob ruaj ruaj alkaline-acid tua hluav taws "Tus kws ua zaub mov" los ntawm tus kws ua haujlwm Falkovsky tau dhau los ua daim ntawv thov hnyav dua rau kev tua hluav taws. Nws tau nthuav tawm nws thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los thiab nws suav nrog ob ntu: lub tshuab tua hluav taws nws tus kheej thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog, nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv los tua lub tshuab tua hluav taws. Falkovsky tau hais kom tua nrog 66-kilogram aqueous tov ntawm bicarbonate ntawm dej qab zib nrog 850 grams ntawm sulfuric acid. Lawm, cov kua qaub thiab dej qab zib tau koom ua ke tsuas yog ua ntej tua. Rau qhov no, lub raj mis nrog kua qaub tau muab tso rau hauv lub taub dej nrog dej thiab dej qab zib, uas txuas tus pas nrig cuam tshuam. Qhov kawg tau siv los ntawm qhov hnyav hnyav tuav los ntawm fusible Wood's alloy thermostat plug. Cov hlau no muaj cov hlau lead, cadmium, tin thiab bismuth, thiab tau yaj lawm ntawm 68.5 degrees. Lub ntsuas cua sov tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub thav duab nrog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav hu rau hlau, sib cais los ntawm rab riam ebonite-phaj, ntawm cov hlau tuav uas lub fusible ntsaws tau siv. Los ntawm cov ntsuas cua sov tiv tauj, lub teeb liab raug xa mus rau cov tswj vaj huam sib luag, uas tawm suab thiab teeb pom kev zoo (nrog lub tswb hluav taws xob thiab lub teeb). Sai li Wood's alloy "xau" los ntawm qhov kub siab, lub tswb tau tshwm sim, thiab tus pas nrig cuam tshuam rau ntawm lub hwj nrog kua qaub. Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau pib, nrog kev tso tawm ntau pua litres cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab ntim dej ntau ua npuas, uas tiv thaiv yuav luag txhua nplaim taws hauv thaj chaw.
Sijhawm dhau los, kev ua npuas dej tua hluav taws thiab cov kais dej nto npe tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tua hluav taws.
