Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus

Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus
Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus
Video: Hnov koj lub moo l J Vang Ft. Actor Mang Vang l Official MV 2021 l Nkauj Tawm Tshiab 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Cov qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws tsis siv neeg tau tsim los ntawm peb cov phooj ywg Kozma Dmitrievich Frolov rov qab rau xyoo 1770. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm Zmeinogorsk cov mines ntawm Altai Cheeb Tsam thiab tau mob siab rau koom nrog cov tshuab fais fab hydraulic. Ib qho ntawm nws cov phiaj xwm tsuas yog lub zog tua hluav taws uas muaj zog, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis pom kev nkag siab ntawm tsarist cov thawj coj. Cov duab ntxaws ntxaws ntawm chav tsev tau pom tsuas yog hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem los ntawm cov kws khaws ntaub ntawv ntawm Altai Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Hauv Zos Lore. Thaum muaj hluav taws hauv chav, nws tsuas yog tsim nyog qhib lub kais dej, thiab cov dej pib ntws los ntawm cov kav dej ntawm cov dej hauv qhov dej siab hauv qhov dej. Lub tshuab nqus dej tau tsav los ntawm lub log dej loj.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus
Keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws. Chemistry thiab hluav taws kub automatics. Qhov xaus

Kozma Dmitrievich Frolov

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Kev teeb tsa hluav taws nyob ruaj ruaj tsim los ntawm Frolov, 1770

Thiab tsuas yog 36 xyoo tom qab hauv tebchaws Askiv tej yam zoo sib xws tau raug patented los ntawm tus tsim John Carrie. Xyoo 1806, tau teeb tsa txoj kev tua hluav taws thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb no hauv London's Royal Theatre Drury Lane, suav nrog lub tank dej uas muaj peev xwm txog li 95 cubic meters, los ntawm cov kav xa dej sib faib thoob plaws lub tsev. Los ntawm qhov kawg, cov kav dej me dua, nruab nrog qhov rau dej, tawm mus. Hauv "rooj plaub tua hluav taws", tus kav dej London tus kav dej muaj zog yuav tsum tau ntim dej kom sai sai, los ntawm cov kua uas tau xa los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus los tua hluav taws. Muaj txawm tias ib daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov kav dej "kom nqa lub twj tso kua mis kom puv lub thoob hauv 20 feeb ntawm lub tswb ceeb toom tshwm sim." Tus tsim qauv William Congreve, raws li Carrie daim ntawv patent, muab cov kais dej uas tsuas tuaj yeem muab cov dej mus hlawv ib feem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Pom tseeb, qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab no ua haujlwm tau zoo heev - Drury Lane tseem sawv.

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London Theatre Drury Lane

Sij hawm dhau los, cov pas dej loj loj nrog cov dej thiab tsim kho cov kav dej sib txuas uas nyob rau sab saud ntawm cov tsev tau dhau los ua qhov chaw pej xeem nyob hauv Europe, Russia thiab Asmeskas. Coob leej ntawm lawv tau tsiv mus rau cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws ntawm cov nkoj. Cov kev txhim kho no tau coj mus rau kev siv lub tshuab automatism los ntawm Henry Parmeli thiab Frederic Grinel, uas nyob rau xyoo 1882 tau npaj cov tshuab siv dej.

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Sab laug - Grinel hinged dej valve, sab xis - Grinel cov tshuaj tsuag hauv qhov qhib thiab kaw txoj haujlwm

Lub qhov dej hauv lub tshuab txau dej tau qhib los ntawm kev ua kom lub plua plav gutta-percha lossis cov hlau yaj qis. Kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv uas sib xyaw ntawm ciab, roj hmab thiab stearin ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshav kub. Tsis tas li, cov kws tshaj lij kev nyab xeeb hluav taws tau hais kom rub cov hlua mus rau qhov qub, uas, thaum hlawv tawm thaum hluav taws, qhib qhov dej rau dej siab.

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Txoj hlua hluav taws qhov hluav taws xob tswj lub kaw lus, 1882

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tua hluav taws tua hluav taws yog lub teeb kev lag luam, qhov hluav taws kub tau tshwm sim ntau zaus. Ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv lub tshuab tua hluav taws tsis siv neeg yog cov raj hlau, perforated nrog qhov tsuas yog 0.25 hli tuab. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau xa mus rau lub qab nthab, uas thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev tau tsim cov dej ntws ntau hauv chav. Barnabas Ntoo tseem ceeb ntxiv rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem no nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm nws tus kheej tsim, suav nrog tin (12.5%), txhuas (25%), bismuth (50%) thiab cadmium (12.5%). Ib qho ntxig ua los ntawm Ntoo cov hlau tau dhau los ua kua ntawm 68.5 ° C, uas dhau los ua "tus qauv kub" ntawm cov kais dej feem ntau ntawm cov tiam tom ntej.

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Sprinkler system Grinel. Hauv daim duab: a - cov yeeb nkab luv luv nrog txoj kab uas hla ½ nti, ntsia mus rau hauv cov kav dej thiab kaw los ntawm hauv qab nrog lub tiaj tiaj b; lub valve tau tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm qib c thiab txhawb nqa d. Kev txhawb nqa d txuas nrog tooj liab arc e ntawm cov cuab yeej siv cov laug tsis muaj zog uas yaj ntawm 73 ° C.

Xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tua hluav taws ua npuas ncauj, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias hauv cheeb tsam no. Xyoo 1902, kws tshuaj chemical Alexander Georgievich Laurent tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv ua npuas ncauj los tua hluav taws. Cov lus dab neeg muaj nws tias qhov kev xav tau los rau nws hauv lub pub, thaum tom qab lwm lub khob haus cawv qaug cawv me ntsis ua npuas dej sau rau hauv qab. Chav "Lorantina" tau tsim, uas tsim ua npuas dej los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub nrog alkali hauv xab npum tov. Laurent pom lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws kev tsim hluav taws tua hluav taws hauv thaj chaw roj ze ntawm Baku. Thaum lub sijhawm ua qauv qhia tawm, Lorantina ua tiav kev tua hluav taws ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov av nkos ntawm cov roj.

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Laurent qhov kev sim ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws ua npuas ncauj

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Alexander Georgievich Laurent thiab nws cov tshuaj tua hluav taws ua npuas ncauj

Cov neeg tsim khoom Lavxias tseem muaj cov txheej txheem kho tshiab ntawm lub tshuab tua hluav taws, uas ua npuas dej tau tsim los ntawm kev daws cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab cov tshuaj ntsuab raws li tus neeg ua npuas ncauj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm "Lorantin" tswj kom tau txais txoj cai nyob rau xyoo 1904, thiab peb xyoos tom qab, Laurent tau tshaj tawm Asmeskas daim ntawv pov thawj Asmeskas 858188. Raws li feem ntau tshwm sim, Lavxias lub tshuab ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv lub tebchaws tau ua rau nws tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim cov khoom lag luam ua npuas ncauj tua hluav taws ntawm pej xeem cov nuj nqis. Laurent tau ua tiav thiab tau teeb tsa hauv St. Petersburg lub chaw haujlwm me me rau kev tsim khoom ntawm nws "Laurens", uas nws tau muab lub npe "Eureka". Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tus kws tshaj lij hauv "Eureka" yog tus kws tshaj lij duab thaij duab, uas ua rau muaj nyiaj ntau. Txog xyoo 1908, kev lag luam tua hluav taws tau puv ntoob, thiab Laurent tus kheej lub zog rau kev tsim khoom tsis txaus lawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws muag nws cov lag luam rau Gustav Ivanovich List, tus tswv tsev cog khoom hauv Moscow, qhov uas lawv tau pib ua cov tshuaj tua hluav taws ua npuas dej raws li Eureka-Bogatyr hom.

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Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm lub tshuab tua hluav taws "Eureka-Bogatyr"

Tab sis Cov npe tau dhau los ua tsis yog cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam ncaj ncees tshaj plaws - tom qab ob peb xyoos, nws cov kws tsim khoom tau hloov pauv me me rau kev tsim Eureka, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hla dhau Laurent cov ntawv pov thawj thiab muag khoom yam tsis tau faib cov nyiaj tau los nrog nws. Cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm Eureka ua npuas dej yog Minimax acid tua hluav taws, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau ua tsis tau zoo rau Lavxias tsim raws li kev ua tau zoo. Ntxiv mus, peb cov cuab yeej nias German "Minimax" hauv ntau lub khw, uas ua rau cov neeg German chim siab - lawv txawm sau tsab ntawv thov kom txwv "txaus ntshai" ua npuas ncauj tua hluav taws. Qhov tseeb, Laurent cov qauv tsim tau qis dua li cov neeg txawv teb chaws hais txog kev ntseeg tau thiab yooj yim siv, tab sis kev ua haujlwm tau yooj yim heev. Hmoov tsis zoo, txhua cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus neeg tsim khoom Laurent raug txiav tawm xyoo 1911. Dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws tseem tsis tau paub.

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Acidic "Minimax" - cov sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm "Lorantin"

Ntau xyoo tom qab, Concordia Hluav Taws Xob AG, xyoo 1934, tau hloov kho lub tshuab ua npuas dej ua ntej, ua raws li cov txheej txheem ua npuas dej, uas ya mus rau qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm lub taub hau nyob hauv siab ntawm 150 atmospheres. Ntxiv mus, ua npuas dej tau pib mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb: qhov hais "Minimax" tau tsim ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws ua npuas ncauj, ntau yam uas tsis siv neeg thiab teeb tsa hauv lub cav cav thiab cov qauv nrog cov tshuaj tua hluav taws.

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Lub tshuab tua hluav taws nyob ruaj ruaj "Minimax" ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX

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Lub tshuab tua hluav taws ntab "Perkeo"

Perkeo feem ntau tsim cov tshuaj tua hluav taws ua npuas dej txhawm rau txhawm rau tua hluav taws hauv cov ntim roj loj. Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, kev tua hluav taws ua npuas dej tau ntev nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tua hluav taws, dhau los ua qhov yooj yim thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tua hluav taws.

Pom zoo: