Nyob zoo koj cov roob thiab sab qaum teb - nyob zoo
Nov tau muaj txiaj ntsig yug, ntawm no yog sab qaum teb.
Thiab kuv nyob qhov twg thiab nyob qhov twg kuv mus ncig, Kuv ib txwm nyiam roob siab.
(R. Burns. Kuv lub siab nyob saum roob. Txhais los ntawm tus sau)
Peb tau siv los pom Scots zoo li "txiv neej hauv daim tiab", tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua qhov zoo li tsis ntev los no. Thaum lub sijhawm Roman txoj cai, Cov Duab nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Scots niaj hnub no. Cov neeg zoo li tsov rog, nws cov tub rog tau pleev xim xiav ua ntej sib ntaus. Cov neeg Loos tsis tau nkim lawv lub zog thiab tib neeg ntawm kev kov yeej lub ntiaj teb no txias thiab tsis muaj kev xyiv fab, tab sis nyiam ua kom lawv tus kheej tawm ntawm nws nrog phab ntsa. Thaum lub sijhawm huab tais Antonin kav, nws tau txiav txim siab los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj, uas yog, nruab nrab ntawm Firth ntawm Clyde thiab Firth of Forth, 160 km sab qaum teb ntawm yav tas los tau tsim Hadrian's Wall, thiab hu ua Antonin Wall. Thaum lub sijhawm khawb av ntawm thaj av Falkirk dag ntawm no, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm tau pom ntau qhov cim tseg ntawm cov neeg Loos nyob ntawm no. Tab sis tom qab ntawd cov neeg Loos tau tawm ntawm no, thiab lub sijhawm ib puas xyoo dhau los ntawm kev kub ntxhov thiab kev sib cav tau pib.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Bannockburn.
Zoo, thaum lub sijhawm peb tab tom txiav txim siab, uas yog, los ntawm 1050 txog 1350 nyob rau yav lig Anglo-Saxon thiab Norman eras, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Scotland yog kev xav raws li lus Askiv suzerainty. Tab sis thaum kev cuam tshuam ntawm Askiv tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev sim tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ncaj ncees nyob rau xyoo lig 13th thiab thaum ntxov 14th caug xyoo, qhov no tam sim ntawd coj mus rau Kev Tsov Rog Kev Ywj Pheej, ua tiav qhov kev swb ntawm Askiv ntawm Bannockburn hauv 1314.
Lawv zoo ib yam, tab sis loj dua. Los ntawm keeb kwm kev pom, txhua yam yog qhov tseeb heev. Tshwj tsis yog lub kaus mom hlau twb ci heev, xeb tau kov lawv me ntsis. Tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd cov hlau tsis zoo …
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv tebchaws Scotland, muaj txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua, kev nom tswv thiab kev ua tub rog koom ua ke, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau ua tiav kom txog thaum xyoo pua 18th. Lub plawv ntawm lub nceeg vaj yog lub xeev Pictish-Scottish lub npe hu ua Kingdom of Alba, nyob hauv Scotland sab qaum teb ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm Firth of Forth thiab Clyde. Tom qab ntawd, Vikings tau tsaws tsaws ntawm no ntau zaus, yog li ciam teb Anglo-Scottish tau txav deb ntawm txoj kab no mus rau sab qab teb.
Pej thuam ntawm King Malcolm III ntawm Scotland los ntawm 1058 txog 1093, (Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh)
Cov vaj ntxwv Scottish tseem tau pib ua txoj cai tswjfwm kev ua phem, kos duab ntawm Anglo-Saxon thiab Anglo-Norman cov koom haum thiab tseem txhawb Normans kom nyob hauv Scotland, uas thaum kawg tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua tub rog ntawm haiv neeg Scots. Txawm li cas los xij, Scotland ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th tseem tsis yog ib lub xeev, uas tseem yog vim muaj ib thaj chaw zoo li thaj av qis ("Lowland") nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb thiab toj siab ("Highlands") nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob, uas ua rau kuj sib txawv hauv kev ua lag luam.
Cov tub rog Askiv tawm tsam Scots ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Bannockburn. Artist Graham Turner.
Nyob rau xyoo kaum ib, cov koomhaum tub rog, kev tawm tsam thiab cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov tub rog Scottish ntawm thaj chaw qis tau zoo ib yam li cov nyob rau sab qaum teb Askiv, tshwj xeeb hauv Northumbria, nrog cov tub rog ua si tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm me me ntawm no txog 1000. Cov tub rog nyiam siv riam phom yog rab ntaj, ntaj thiab hmuv, thiab cov tub rog ntawm ntau thaj tsam, xws li Galloway, muaj cov riam phom me me thoob plaws lub sijhawm no.
Viking ntaj hilt ntawm xyoo pua 10 (National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Scottish Keeb Kwm, Edinburgh)
Txawm tias muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm me me, tab sis cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv feudal hauv XII-XIV ib puas xyoo, cov tub rog Scottish tseem suav nrog cov tub rog, ua tub rog thaum xub thawj nrog ntaj thiab hmuv luv, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog hmuv ntev lossis pikes. Tsis zoo li Askiv, tam sim no kev ua tsov ua rog yog lub xeev ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Scottish txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog, thiab kev nyiag thiab nyiag khoom yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog. Nyob rau tiam 13th thiab 14th xyoo dhau los, cov neeg Scots tau kawm siv tib lub foob pob riam phom ib yam li cov neeg Askiv, thiab kev tua hneev taw kuj tau nthuav dav ntawm lawv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua tsov rog nyob saum roob thiab ntawm cov koog pov txwv tau khaws ntau yam qub qub, txawm hais tias txawm tias cov no tau hloov pauv zuj zus. Feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov cuab yeej siv tub rog feem ntau cuam tshuam txog Scandinavian lub zog, thiab txawm tias nyob rau xyoo XIV, cov riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm toj siab tseem nyob qis dua cov tub rog ntawm "lowlands", uas, nyeg,, yog qhov qub-piv rau cov nyob ze England …
Ib qho me me ntawm phau Vajluskub Holkham, 1320-1330, xav tias yog piav txog Tsov Rog ntawm Bannockburn hauv 1314. (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London)
Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm Scottish hmuv yog 12 hmuv hmuv, thiab riam phom ntxiv yog rab ntaj lossis rab ntaj. Tawv lossis tawv tsho, nrog rau cov ntawv xa xov mittens thiab corsets ntawm cov hlau hlau khi nrog cov hlua tawv ua haujlwm ua cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv xub thiab ntaj. Lub taub hau tau npog nrog lub conical lossis dav-brim bascinet. Qhov tseeb piv ntawm cov hmuv thiab cov hneev taw tsis paub, tab sis, pom tseeb, tseem muaj ntau rab hmuv. Tus neeg tua hneev tua rab hneev ntev (kwv yees li 1.80 cm) ntawm qhov thiab muaj rab phom uas muaj 24 tus xib xub, ib lub tiaj ntev, nrog cov hlau ntxig taub. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg hneev taw tuaj rau pem hauv ntej, sawv ntawm qhov deb ntawm tsib lossis rau kauj ruam los ntawm ib leeg, thiab raug rho tawm ntawm kev hais kom ua, xa cov xub ntawm lub kaum sab xis mus rau lub qab ntuj kom lawv poob rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse lossis yuav luag. Cov tub rog ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Edward I ntawm Askiv suav nrog cov hneev taw los ntawm Ireland, sab qaum teb Askiv thiab Wales. Thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd, Scottish feudal lords nrhiav cov hneev taw, ua tiav lawv cov tub rog.
Effigia Alan Swinton, tuag 1200, Swinton, Berwickshire, Scotland.
(Los ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm Brydall, Robert. 1895. Cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Scotland. Glasgow: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland)
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tub rog hauv tebchaws Scotland yog cov duab puab - cov duab puab. Muaj ntau qhov zoo li no, uas niaj hnub no yog keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tau muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm no, tab sis lawv, raws li txoj cai, tau raug puas tsuaj ntau dua li lawv cov phooj ywg hauv tebchaws Askiv. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tseem muaj peev xwm hais tias qee tus ntawm lawv tau ua rau sab qab teb ntawm Anglo-Scottish ciam teb thiab, yog li ntawd, tej zaum yuav tsis raug cai sawv cev rau cov cuab yeej siv tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Scottish. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv cov yam ntxwv ntxhib ntxhib thiab cov qauv qub tuaj yeem qhia tias txawm hais tias lawv cov neeg tsim tau tshoov siab los ntawm cov duab los ntawm Askiv, lawv yog cov khoom lag luam hauv zos. Piv txwv li, daim duab puas tsuaj loj ntawm Suav ntawm Strathharne piav qhia tus txiv neej hauv hauberg nrog saw saw kouaf ntawm nws lub taub hau thiab daim ntaub thaiv loj thiab qub, qhia meej tias nws tseem tsis tau hnav daim npog ntsej muag lossis txawm tias cov tais diav ua ntawm tawv hauv qab lub tsho tiv no, tau txaus siab nrog tsuas yog xa ntawv. Ntaj yog luv thiab ncaj.
Ntau tus neeg Scottish tau txais kev txom nyem los ntawm lub sijhawm … Ib qho ntawm cov duab ntawm Inchmahon Priory.
Thiab ntawm no yog daim duab ntawm Walter Stewart, Earl ntawm Menteith, Perthshire, lig xyoo pua 13th los ntawm Priory ntawm Inchmahon hauv Scotland, uas nws tau piav qhia nrog nws tus poj niam. Nws hnav tib yam hauberg nrog saw xa "mittens" braided rau lub tes tsho, uas dai dawb los ntawm txhuam. Ntawd yog, lawv muaj qhov qhib ntawm lawv xib teg uas lawv txhais tes, yog tias tsim nyog, tuaj yeem tso tawm tau yooj yim. Nws kuj muaj daim npog dav-topped loj, txawm hais tias hnyav hnyav hnyav, thiab muaj ib txoj hlua ntaj tso rau ntawm nws lub duav.
Cov duab ntawm Sir James Douglas, (Lanarkshire, ncig 1335, Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Tus Nkauj Nyab Dawb Huv, Douglas, Scotland), yog ib tus kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws ntawm Scotland, tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm, tab sis nws tau piav qhia hauv nws yooj yim heev, yuav luag txhua qib cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, suav nrog los ntawm saw saw hauberk, thiab saw hnab looj tes. Nws muaj lub ntsej muag twv txiaj uas pom nyob hauv qab ntawm tus hauberk, thiab muaj rab ntaj zoo nkauj dai kom zoo nkauj. Cov ntaub thaiv npog, txawm li cas los xij, tseem yog qhov loj heev muab rau hnub tim uas tau ua tiav, thiab tej zaum yuav qhia txog nws qhov tsis muaj cov cuab yeej phaj.
Kev piav qhia tom qab los ntawm tiam 14th thiab 16th, xws li Finlaggan cov duab los ntawm Dognald McGillespie, qhia tias thaj av ntawd muaj qhov txawv ntawm riam phom thiab cuab yeej cuab tam; style uas muaj qee qhov sib piv hauv tebchaws Ireland. Tus neeg tuag tau hnav khaub ncaws quilted nrog txoj saw xa xov. Xws li kev zam tsis paub ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm paub hauv tebchaws Askiv. Thiab qhov no tuaj yeem yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ob leeg nyob ib leeg thiab tsis muaj peev txheej, nrog rau cov kev tawm tsam ib txwm muaj ntawm cov tub rog Scottish thiab cov tub rog lub teeb. Tus txiv neej tau hais meej hnav cov hnab looj tes cais. Ntawm nws lub duav yog tus neeg caij ntev rab ntaj nrog txoj kab nkhaus loj loj, tab sis tus ntxiab tau txhawb nqa hauv txoj kev qub. Tus tsim ntawm tus kov yog qhov zoo ib yam li cov lus piav qhia ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm ntaj Scottish ntaj Claymore txij thaum xyoo pua 15th.
Effigia los ntawm Donald McGillespie, c. 1540 los ntawm Finlaggan, Scotland. National Museum ntawm Scotland). Qhov qhia tau tshaj plaws ntawm nws yog ntaj!
Claymore, kwv yees li 1610-1620 Ntev 136 cm. Hniav ntev 103.5 cm. Nyhav 2068.5 g. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Yog li, yog tias Scottish tus neeg muaj peev xwm ua tub rog nyob hauv yuav luag txhua yam sib xws rau "Askiv zam", txawm hais tias muaj qee yam ntawm kev ua tsis raws cai, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb me me tau siv sijhawm ntev hauv cov kab ke yav dhau los, thiab cov tswv yim tau siv txawm tias nyob hauv daim duab lub sij hawm - uas yog, cov txheej txheem tuab nrog cov hmuv ntev, uas ua rau lawv nkag tsis tau rau cov yeeb ncuab cavalry, suav nrog txawm tias rab ntaj.
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Brydall, R. Lub Monumental Effigies ntawm Scotland, txij hnub tim 13 txog rau 15th Xyoo. Harvard University, xyoo 1895
2. Norman, AVB, Pottinger, D. Warrior rau tub rog 449 txog 1660. L.: Cox & Wyman, Ltd., 1964.
3. Armstrong, P. Bannockburn 1314: Robert Bruce's Great Victory. Osprey phiaj los nqis tes # 102, 2002.
4. Reese, P., Bannockburn. Canongate, Edinburgh, 2003.
5. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.
6. Gravett, K. Knights: A History of English Chivalry 1200-1600 / Christopher Gravett (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm A. Colin). M.: Eksmo, 2010.
