Qhuas tus txiv thiab tus poj niam, Thaum lawv nyob hauv kev hlub.
Lawv tus ntsuj plig thiab lub cev nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug
Rau txhua teev, Tswv, foom koob hmoov rau!
Thiab ua tiav kev zoo siab, cia lawv lub neej dhau mus.
Tsis muaj kev poob siab, tau txais koob hmoov yog tus
Leej twg hwm kev tsim txiaj hauv nws tus kheej, Raws li nyob hauv tus uas tau xaiv ib tus, Thiab leej twg coj tus poj niam rau kev xyiv fab, Ib tug phooj ywg hauv lub neej thiab txoj hmoo.
(Walter von der Vogelweide, txhais los ntawm Wilhelm Lewick.)
Hauv Soviet keeb kwm zaj duab xis Black Arrow (1985) raws li qhov tshiab los ntawm R. Stevenson, muaj qhov tshwm sim kov, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis nyob hauv phau ntawv tshiab nws tus kheej: tus minstrel hu nkauj rau nkauj nyab thiab nraug vauv, Tswv Grey thiab Joanna Sedley: tus poj niam … "Txawm hais tias, sib nrug los ntawm nkauj thiab paj huam, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv tus ncej, qhov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev xav zoo heev. Nws tau sau rau ntawm nqe lus ntawm xyoo pua 13th German minnesinger Walter von der Vogelweide "Xav tau thiab xav tau hnub …" thiab yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov paj huam knightly ntawm cov xyoo ntawd. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas ntau tus neeg zoo nkauj tau ua khub. Ob tus txij nkawm tau piav txog lawv. Ntawd yog, cov lus "kom nyob ua ke hauv lub neej thiab kev tuag, muaj mob thiab noj qab haus huv …", uas tus pov thawj Catholic tau hais thaum lub cim nco txog ntawm kev sib yuav, rau ntau tus tsis tau khoob thiab nyob hauv lawv lub siab lawv tau qhia los tsim kev cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog rau lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj rau lawv tus kheej tus txij nkawm. Los yog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus poj niam, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus txiv neej-tus txiv, xav kom tsis txawj tuag hauv cov duab puab dag nyob ib sab ntawm nws.
Ua tsaug rau qhov no, peb paub ntau yam tsis yog hais txog txiv neej, tab sis kuj yog poj niam cov khaub ncaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm hais tias qhov xwm txheej no peb nyiam thawj tus. Thiab tsis yog lus Askiv, tsis yog lus Fab Kis lossis lus Spanish, uas peb tau paub ntau zaus, tab sis nrog Germanic cov duab. Thiab tsis yog Germanic (hauv ib feem, peb kuj tau txiav txim siab lawv hauv qee "cov ntawv zoo" ntawm "VO"), tab sis cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm 1050-1350.
Hauv cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej, qee qhov "rov qab" ntawm German kev sib tw los ntawm lus Askiv thiab Fab Kis twb tau sau tseg lawm. Tab sis cov duab, thiab ib leeg ua ke, tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Yelemees txawm tias ntxov dua li Askiv thiab Fabkis. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau nthuav dav dav thiab dhau los ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev faus ntawm ib tus tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm. Yog li ntawd, coob leej ntawm lawv tau muaj txoj sia nyob. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb uas, tsis zoo li Fab Kis, tsis muaj ib tus neeg hauv tebchaws Yelemes tshwj xeeb tau ua rau lawv puas tsuaj, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam duab tsis zoo raug puas tsuaj thiab raug puas tsuaj thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Ntau tus duab hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau dai kom zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb yog cov duab Eckehard (Eckhard) II - Margrave ntawm Meissen thiab suav Hutitsi los ntawm 1032, thiab Margrave ntawm Eastern Mark ntawm Saxony los ntawm 1034, uas dhau los ua tus kav ib leeg ntawm Meissen hauv 1038, thiab nws tus poj niam Uta Ballenstedt … Lawv cov pej thuam nyob hauv Naumburg Cathedral nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm German lub nroog Naumburg (Saxony-Anhalt) thiab, raws li kev thuam cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, tej zaum yog qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab thaum ub thaum ub.
Uta thiab Eckerhardt (loj).
Uta thiab Eckerhard. Duab puab hauv Naumburg Cathedral. Ua tib zoo saib rau ntaj heev uas Eckerhard tau khoov, thiab daim duab peb sab me me heev, uas tsis yog txhua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm no. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws tuag thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14, 1046, thiab nws tus poj niam tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 23 … ntawm tib lub xyoo!
Ntawm cov duab thaum ntxov yog cov duab puab nto moo ntawm St. Maurice hauv Cathedral ntawm St. Catherine thiab St. Maurice hauv Magdeburg. Thiab qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog tus neeg dawb huv no tau piav ua xim dub thiab nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo … tsuas yog hauv Tebchaws Yelemees! Nws keeb kwm yog raws li hauv qab no: hauv 287 AD Emperor Maximian (c. 250-c. 310 CE) tau hais kom Theban legion ntawm Roman Christian cov tub rog nyob hauv Egypt, coj los ntawm Maurice, taug kev mus rau Agaunum, tam sim no Saint-Maurice-en-Valais niaj hnub no hauv Switzerland. Dab tsi uas tus huab tais tau hais kom Maurice cov tub rog ua nyob ntawd muaj kev sib cav: lawv yuav tsum koom nrog kev ua yeeb yam tsis ntseeg lossis tsim txom thiab tua cov ntseeg hauv nroog.
Ib tug ntseeg Christian, Maurice tsis kam ua raws li tus huab tais cov lus txib. Hauv kev teb, cov tub rog tau raug txim nrog kev txiav txim siab, nrog qee tus legionnaires yuav tsum tua lwm tus. Txhua tus tsis kam ua qhov no, thiab tom qab ntawd, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm huab tais, tag nrho cov tub rog tau ua tiav. Cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm qhov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim ze li 150 xyoos tom qab, thaum Lub Koom Txoos tshaj tawm Maurice ua neeg dawb huv rau kev tsis mloog lus ntawm kev ua huab tais. Tom qab ntawd, Maurice dhau los ua tus neeg saib xyuas dawb huv ntawm Roman Empire, thiab lub thaj tau tsa hauv Vatican mob siab rau nws lub cim xeeb.
Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, St. Maurice tau piav qhia tias yog ib tus tub rog tawv tawv, hnav khaub ncaws hnav ua rog ntawm lub sijhawm sib xws. Tab sis tom qab rov tsim kho lub Tsev teev Ntuj Magdeburg xyoo 1240-1250, thaum nws raug hluav taws puas tsuaj, nws mam li hloov mus ua neeg African. Vim li cas tus kws kos duab tsis paub txhob txwm hloov kev sib tw ntawm Maurice tsis paub. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias txij li nws thiab nws cov neeg tau los ntawm Thebes hauv Upper Egypt ze Nubia, lawv tau txiav txim siab "Ethiopians" leej twg, nyob hauv nruab nrab Europe nruab nrab ntiaj teb, tau ntseeg tias tau nyob hauv tebchaws Africa, thiab txhua tus "Ethiopians" yog… Negroes! Txawm yog vim li cas los xij, qhov kev hloov pauv no yog thawj qhov kev kos duab ntawm ib tus neeg African dub nyob hauv Europe nruab nrab. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nws yog "negro" tsuas yog hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Hauv cov tsev teev ntuj hauv Switzerland, Fabkis thiab Ltalis, nws tau piav qhia tias yog neeg dawb.
Qhov txaus siab, St. Maurice tau pom tias hnav khaub ncaws ntau txheej txheej xa ntawv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, thiab cov saw xa ntawv lub taub hau tau hnav sib cais los ntawm hauberg thiab nws tau nruab nrog paj ntaub. Dhau ntawm cov saw xa ntawv, nws tsis hnav lub tsho tshaj sab, tab sis ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub duav uas muaj txheej hauv qab ntawm daim hlau, qhov muaj uas tau qhia los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm rivets. Chain-mail mittens yog braided rau lub tes tsho.
Effigia Heinrich Tus Hluas, d. 1298 Cathedral ntawm Magdeburg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Thov nco ntsoov tias nws muaj lub tsho tiv thaiv zoo ib yam, tab sis tsis muaj caj npab ntawm nws daim duab plaub fab, uas tsis sib haum rau lawv lub hom phiaj kiag li!
Dav hlau tombstone ntawm ib phaj. Ua ntej peb yog Graphene von Leuchtenberg, d. 1300 Baden Cathedral, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tus tub rog no tau txaus siab heev nrog cov saw hlau uas muaj sia dawb huv, uas nws hnav lub tsho tshaj sab nrog ntau tus xaws xaws ua ke ntawm lub xub pwg.
Berthold V von Saringen, d. 1218 Effigia tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1354 (Lub Nroog Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Freiburg im Breisgau, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo heev rau cov tub rog German nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd: lub qhov ncauj tawm ntawm Bretach, tshem tawm cov saw mus rau ntaj, rab riam thiab kaus mom hlau, pleated "tiab" thiab thawb lub hauv caug los ntawm cov saw hlau shosses.
Heinrich Bayer von Boppard, d. 1355 (Bode Tsev khaws puav pheej kos duab kos duab ua ib feem ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Island ua ke hauv Berlin). Tus neeg tuag tau hnav khaub ncaws ua tub rog tag nrho, nrog lub tsho dav thiab tsho tshaj sab, nrog rau lub tsho dav. Ntaj sling thiab rab phom basilard pom tau meej heev.
Johann II von Kazenelnboden, d. 1357 Abbey ntawm Ebermach, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Pom tseeb tias nplua nuj yog tus tub rog thiab ua raws li kev zam. Nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau hauv qab nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub voj voos (qhov hloov pauv thaum ntxov tau raug coj los ntawm tus tub rog lub kaus mom hlau), thiab nyob rau hnub uas hmuv ntaus, kaw tag nrho "lub kaus mom hlau loj" nrog lub tis loj - "crest", uas tseem pom nws lub tsho tiv no. Lub cev nqaij daim tawv tau qhwv zoo nyob rau hauv cov saw xa ntawv thiab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws yog luv luv jupon, uas muaj tsuas yog ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm - ib qho rau rab riam tuav thiab ib qho nrog "khawm" ua kom khawm "lub kaus mom loj" tom qab nws nraub qaum. Lub hauv caug thiab greaves twb yog tag nrho cov hlau, tab sis sabatons tseem saw saw. Cov nplua nuj txoj siv sia thiab cov hlua khi ntawm jupon thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog qhia tias nws tsis txaj muag ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws.
Thiab thaum kawg, ib qho ntawm cov duab ua ke: Gudard d'Estable nrog nws tus poj niam, 1340 Abbey de Marsili, Yonne, Burgundy, Fabkis. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo ib yam li cov qauv German, lossis theej, cov qauv German zoo ib yam li nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv. Cov tawv-forged greaves twb tau tshwm sim, tab sis sabatons tseem yog cov saw xa ntawv.
Duab puab "Tsaug zog Warrior" kwv yees li. 1340-1345 "Warriors ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv", Notre Dame Tsev khaws puav pheej, Strasbourg, Fabkis. Nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau hauv qab nrog lub aventail tshem tawm tau, "lub kaus mom loj" pov ib ntus tom qab nws nraub qaum. Lub cev tseem tab tom tiv thaiv los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv, tab sis cov hlau thawb lub xub pwg thiab lub hauv caug los twb tau tshwm sim lawm. Hnab looj tes - phaj, nrog daim hlau riveted ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Daim ntaub thaiv yog puag ncig. Thaj rau ua yeeb yam raws li tus tub rog.
Lwm qhov "pw tsaug zog" thiab, pom tseeb, qib qis dua thawj zaug, lossis tsis zoo. Saum lub hauv caug tsuas muaj cov ris tsho hauv caug, lub kaus mom hlau-"lub kaus mom hlau" ("chapel-de-fer") nrog rau khaub lig khaub lig cua ntawm lub dome, saw xa nrog lub tes tsho luv thiab dav. Raws li riam phom, felchen loj heev (falchion). Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias ntawm nws sab tes laug, hauv qab daim ntaub thaiv, nws muaj tubular bracer, tab sis ntawm nws sab xis, nws tau ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov tawv nqaij tawv tawv. Vim li cas, nws tsis muaj nyiaj txaus rau ob qhov nyiaj sib xws …
Nov yog lawv li cas, cov duab ntawm Lub Tebchaws Roman Dawb Huv, thiab koj pom ntau npaum li cas lawv tau hais rau peb hnub no …
PS Tab sis daim duab no tsis tshwm ntawm no los ntawm kev sib tsoo. Nws tsuas yog tus naj npawb ntawm VO li niaj zaus hauv lawv cov lus pom tias tso nrog cov kab lus cov duab ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm qee yam khoom siv … "ntawm haujlwm". Zoo - ntawm no yog thawj daim duab zoo li no. Koj yuav pom tus neeg zoo li no nyob hauv ib qho ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Europe nyob rau xyoo no, tsis txhob tos - qhov no yog tus sau "cov ntawv zoo" tsis khoom mus nrhiav duab!
