Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350
Video: Tsis Muaj Peev Xwm Yuav Ua Li Cas 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Nov yog tus tub rog txoj cai:

Mloog cov lus, nws muaj nws tus kheej, Tab sis, zoo li nws tuaj yeem ua tau, Sift lawv, tsim nws cov lus, Zoo siab, rau qhov laj thawj zoo;

Nws muaj kev hwm siab los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, Tau txais txiaj ntsig rau kev ua kom qab zib, Thiab nws yog indifferent

Rau cov neeg tsis paub thiab tsis paub thiab txaus siab

Vim tsis muaj laj thawj

Tsis txhob muab rau, tab sis tshwm sim rau nws

Kev txiav txim siab los qhia - nws yuav qhia, Thiab txhua leej txhua tus yuav qhuas nws.

(Canzones. Dante Alighieri)

Tej yam tsis txaus ntseeg tshwm sim, tib neeg sau rau ntawm "VO", tsis muaj "Comedy Club" sib piv tau. Zoo, piv txwv li, tsis ntev los no muaj pseudo-keeb kwm tsab xov xwm sau ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "Kuv hnov lub suab nrov, thiab qhov ntawd txaus." Thiab tom qab ntawd "teeb meem ncha" tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv ntxiv rau nws hauv daim ntawv ntawm tib cov lus. Qee qhov "siv (tsuas yog siv)", piv txwv li, sau qhov no: "Cov tub rog tau muaj kab lus ua tiav feem ntau. Cov no yog peb cov poj niam ruam uas npau suav ntawm prynets ntawm tus nees dawb, tab sis qhov tseeb cov prynts mus rau hauv cov cuab yeej thiab tso lawv rau hauv kev xav tau, yog li lawv muaj lub qhov nyob hauv lawv cov ris tsho tiv thaiv kom cov zis yuav ntws, thiab los ntawm … thiab lawv yog txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj, tej zaum, lawv ua li cas ntxuav lawv tus kheej, txawm hais tias lawv twv yuav raug hu tsis tau ntxuav, tej zaum lawv tau so lawv tus kheej li cas. Tab sis lawv yeej tsis ntxuav. Thiab xav txog tus nees prynza, …, …, thiab cov nees ntxuav lawv tus kheej tsuas yog thaum lawv hla tus dej."

Duab
Duab

Knight sib ntaus sib tua. Xws li yog nws hauv lub sijhawm … Julius Caesar tau sawv cev los ntawm tus kws kos duab Italis los ntawm Naples. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntawd cov ntawv sau "Lub Keeb Kwm Ancient ntawm Julius Caesar", hnub tim 1325-1350, los ntawm. Thiab phau ntawv no, muaj ntau yam me me zoo sib xws, nyob hauv British Library hauv London. Cov qhov me me tau ua nrog kev paub txog qhov teeb meem, uas yog vim li cas qhov peev xwm no tuaj yeem suav tias tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv qhov tseem ceeb "Phau Ntawv ntawm Matsievsky".

Thiab kuv tau raug tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kov los ntawm "lub qhov hauv ob txhais ceg hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv" (nws puas tsim nyog, yam kev xav ntawm tus neeg muaj?!) Yog li ntawd cov zis yuav ntws? Txhawm rau nrhiav tsawg kawg ib qho cuab yeej ua rog nrog "qhov", los ntawm Vajtswv, tus txiv neej no yuav ploj mus hauv keeb kwm.

Tab sis tsis muaj ib qho cuab yeej ua rog "nrog lub qhov ntawm txhais ceg" tau pom ntawm cov qauv uas tau nqis los rau peb. Cov neeg paub zoo no sawv cev rau qee tus neeg ruam ntawm cov neeg yav dhau los, los ntawm Vajtswv. Nws yuav tau zaum ntawm tus nees nws tus kheej, yuav yooj yim rau nws tus kheej hauv nws lub ris thiab … yuav tau caij rau nws … Tsuas yog galloped! Thiab kuv yuav tau saib nws, yuav ua li cas zoo nws yuav tau muab tawm. Thiab ntau dua li hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv … Puas yog qhov hais? "Yog tias koj tsis paub tseeb - kaw!" Tab sis tsis yog, rau qee qhov laj thawj kuv xav nthuav tawm kuv tus kheej kom luag thuam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Nws tsuas yog tsis meej vim li cas …

Duab
Duab

Tau kawg, qhov me me mus dhau qhov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tab sis nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev nkag siab tias nws piav txog cov tub rog Italian hauv 985-987. thiab raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, lawv xyaum tsis txawv ntawm Franks, lossis los ntawm Saxons, lossis los ntawm tib Vikings. Pom nyob hauv Vatican Apostolic Library phau ntawv sau.

Lub caij no, raws li tib neeg txhua lub sijhawm, thiab txawm tias paub thiab ntau dua li ntawd, tau mob siab ua neej nyob nrog kev yooj yim thiab kev nplij siab. Cov neeg European tau saws ntau nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov, yog li rau txhua tus, cia peb hais, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub, los sawv cev rau nws yog txheej thaum ub txhais tau tias tsuas yog qhia lawv qhov kev tsis paub meej. Los yog kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog: "Lawv txhua tus tsis zoo tam sim no thiab zoo ib yam yav dhau los."

Tab sis lub ncauj lus no yog rau kab lus cais thiab tsis yog ib qho, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov hauv paus ruaj khov. Ntawm no, nws yuav tsum tsuas yog hais txog kev coj noj coj ua hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog tau tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov uas nws cov chaw tseem nyob los ntawm lub sijhawm Roman txoj cai, uas yog, hauv Byzantium, uas tseem nyob tom qab 457 zoo li cov kob ntawm kev vam meej nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev npau taws hiav txwv ntawm Pab pawg neeg barbarian, thiab … hauv Rome nws tus kheej. Yog lawm, nws tau poob, tab sis … nws dhau mus rau nws cov neeg rhuav tshem ob qho tib si kev ntseeg Christian thiab Latin, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj kev ntseeg Roman txoj cai, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm txoj cai ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws barbarian ntawm Europe.

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Duab

"Phau Ntawv Sicilian Ua Kev Zoo Siab rau Augustus", 1194-1196 (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Nroog ntawm Lub Nroog Bern). Cov tsoos zoo heev, txawm hais tias tsis zoo heev cov duab ntawm cov tub rog hauv hauberkas thiab cov kaus mom hlau.

Nws tsuas yog tshwm sim uas nws yog Ltalis uas tau xaus rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kev lag luam uas tau mus hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog los ntawm Asia mus rau Tebchaws Europe raws Mediterranean Hiav Txwv, thiab nws cov xwm txheej ntuj tau pab txhawb kev tsim cov cawv thiab butter ua, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog.

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Duab

Kuj ceeb tias, ntau qhov me me ntawm Italis cov ntawv sau tau piav qhia nrog cov ntawv me ntawm qhov tsis zoo heev. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias hauv qee txoj kev txawm tias nco txog cov menyuam niaj hnub kos duab. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog ob qho piv txwv los ntawm Rusticus ntawm Pisa phau ntawv sau, uas piav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog. Nws tau sau hauv Genoa ncig 1225-1275, thiab nyob hauv Fab Kis, hauv National Library hauv Paris. Cov duab kos zoo nkauj heev, puas yog? Thawj yog dab tsi, qhov thib ob yog dab tsi …

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 11. Knights ntawm Ltalis 1050-1350

Tej zaum koj yuav xav (yog tias koj saib tag nrho phau ntawv no nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho) tias tus kws kos duab tsis muaj lwm yam xim tshwj tsis yog liab thiab ntsuab! Tab sis cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ris tsho tiv thaiv tau kos meej heev!

Hauv cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los ntawm peb "knightly series" nws yog hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev sib tw ntawm Holy Roman Empire. Thiab Ltalis tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm hais tias nws ib txwm khaws nws tus kheej sib nrug. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Ltalis suav nrog tag nrho lub xeev Italian sab qaum teb ntawm Abruzzi, ntxiv rau ib feem ntawm Campagna sab qab teb ntawm Rome. Nws cov ciam teb sab qaum teb tau zoo ib yam ib yam li Ltalis niaj hnub no, tshwj tsis yog sab qaum teb ntawm Trentino thiab Trieste. Venice tseem pw sab nraum lub tebchaws thiab tsis yog "Ltalis". Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, lub papal xeev, suav nrog Rome, Lazio, Umbria, Spoleto, Marshes thiab feem ntau ntawm Emilia-Romagna, kuj tau tawm ntawm lub tebchaws Roman Dawb Huv.

Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm Ltalis txij thaum xyoo 11th txog rau tiam 14th. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog kev poob qis ntawm kev tswj hwm lub hwj chim feudal, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub nroog mus rau hauv chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev nom tswv lub zog, cov chaw ntawm "lub zog thiab kev ua tsov rog" (piv txwv li, kev tsov kev rog ntawm Lombard League thiab Pab Koomtes ntawm Verona), thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm papacy, uas thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv ntawm txiv plig thiab tus huab tais. Nws tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem, xws li los ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev nqis peev (1075-1220) thiab kev tawm tsam German nyob rau xyoo pua 12th thiab 13th, rau kev sib tw ntawm Guelphs thiab Ghibellines-cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov pab pawg tsis muaj zog hauv tebchaws Ltalis nws tus kheej. Thiab thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua, papacy tau mus rau "Babylonian exile" hauv lub nroog Avignon ntawm ciam teb nruab nrab ntawm Fabkis thiab Imperial Kingdom of Arles, qhov chaw nws nyob txog 1377.

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Duab

Lwm qhov piv txwv zoo ib yam los ntawm cov ntawv tshiab hauv kab lus "Tus Tshiab ntawm Tristan", 1275-1325. Genoa, Ltalis (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Askiv, London) Nco tseg cov tis taub hau. Ntawd yog, txhua lub sijhawm no lawv tseem siv!

Txawm hais tias Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Ltalis nyob rau xyoo pua 11th yog kev xav ntawm cov neeg duchies, kev tawm tsam thiab cov chav zoo sib xws, qhov tseeb lub tebchaws tau tawg ua ntau thiab muaj cov tsev fuabtais tsim nyob rau yuav luag txhua qib ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nroog. Kev cog lus ua tub rog Feudal rau tus huab tais German nyob deb tau ua haujlwm zoo, thaum feem ntau ntawm Ltalis lub nroog tau dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm, thiab tau lees paub ncaj qha rau tus huab tais nws tus kheej lossis rau pawg ntseeg hauv pawg ntseeg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, leej twg nyuam qhuav tsis tuaj tawm tsam hauv Italic txwv, pib nrog Byzantines thiab Arabs, thiab xaus nrog Vikings thiab Hungarians. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev ua tub rog nyob hauv thaj av Italic tau hloov pauv sai, thiab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws cov neeg caij tsheb, rab hmuv twb pom los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th lawm.

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Duab

Tam sim no cia peb tig mus rau cov duab puab. Ntawm no, piv txwv, yog cov duab ntawm Mastino II della Scala - lub podesty ntawm Verona, ntawm nws sarcophagus, 1351. Nws tau faus rau hauv Gothic lub tsev faus neeg nyob ib sab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Santa Maria Antica, hauv ib qho ntawm lub qhov ntxa nto moo ntawm Scaligerians - Arch of Mastino II.

Qhov kev poob qis ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv lub tebchaws tau txuas ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 12th thiab 13th, nrog cov nroog txhua lub sijhawm no nthuav lawv lub zog mus rau thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm lawv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib qho kev sib sau ua ke tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Ltalis, hauv lub nroog twg yog cov peev txheej ntawm cov nyiaj tau los, thiab lub tebchaws yog cov zaub mov, thiab ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm. Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam-nyiaj, cov tub rog ua haujlwm tau nthuav dav. Horsemen thiab infantrymen tau raug xaiv los ua tub rog ob leeg hauv nroog thiab los ntawm cov teb chaws, txawm hais tias cov tub rog uas muaj tub rog zoo tshaj plaws, pom tau, txawm li cas los xij. Qhov no tau tshwm sim ntau dua hauv Lombardy thiab Tuscany ntau dua li nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Ltalis, qhov kev sib raug zoo qub qub qub tau siv sijhawm me ntsis ntxiv. Cov tub rog tseem tau tshwm sim hauv lub xeev papal thaum ntxov.

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Duab

Bas-nyem piav txog Gillelmo Berardi da Narbona, 1289 Basilica ntawm St. Annusiata, Florence, Tuscany, Ltalis. Nws zoo rau dab tsi? Yog lawm, vim hais tias hauv cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws nws nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej sib ntaus sib tua, uas tau nthuav dav hauv Ltalis thaum kawg ntawm XIII xyoo pua. Nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau uas yooj yim (tus neeg ua haujlwm lossis lub hauv paus ntawm daim ntawv thaum ntxov), hauv nws sab laug tes muaj "hlau thaiv" nrog lub tsho npab. Lub tsho tshaj sab yog paj ntaub nrog cov duab ntawm lilies, tab sis tsuas yog ntawm lub hauv siab. Thaj, nws zoo li kim heev rau embroider nws tag nrho. Cov ceg tau npog nrog thaj ua los ntawm "tawv tawv" nrog cov duab embossed. Qhov ntxim siab, nws muaj rab riam nyob ntawm nws ib sab. Qhov tsis tshua muaj ntxiv rau ntaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no, uas dhau los ua ib txwm nyob rau xyoo tom ntej.

Kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm sab qaum teb Ltalis lub nroog tau siab heev uas nws tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim tshiab hauv kev ua tsov rog European sab hnub poob nruab nrab, nrog rau qib kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog. Tsuas yog hauv cov xeev ntawm cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj koj tuaj yeem pom qee yam sib piv, thiab, tau kawg, ntau qhov piv txwv tuaj yeem pom hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm Byzantium lossis cov xeev Islamic.

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Duab

Tombstone ntawm Gerarduchio Gerardini, 1331). Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Pieve di Sant'Appiano, Barberino Val d'Elsa, Tuscany, Ltalis. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, daim duab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm tau khaws tseg zoo kawg nkaus. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tau pom, pib los ntawm lub qhov ntswg - qhov sib tsoo, cov saw hlau mus rau cov leeg ntawm rab ntaj thiab rab riam phom basilard, uas tsis zoo dua li lwm rab ntaj!

Txawm li cas los xij, thoob plaws xyoo pua 13th, nws yog cov tub rog uas tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum cov tub rog, txawm tias qhib kev sib ntaus, tseem ua lub luag haujlwm txhawb nqa thiab ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov kev txhawb zog. Tshiab yog qhov kev faib dav heev ntawm tus hneev taw thiab nce tus hneev hla tus hneev taw, uas caij saum nees nrog cov tub rog caij nees, tab sis nqis los rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Kev sib kis ntawm tus hneev taw nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ua rau cov tub rog zoo li no sab nrauv thiab sab nrauv Ltalis. Thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua, ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog ib tus neeg ua tub rog xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ntiav "laib" lossis "tuam txhab". Cov no tsuas yog lub npe nrov condottieri uas tawm tsam ob leeg hauv Ltalis thiab txawv teb chaws. Ntxiv mus, xws li "tuam txhab" suav nrog cov tub rog thiab tub rog.

Kev tsim lag luam zoo ntawm cov nroog Italian nrog rau sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean kuj tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho sai dua thiab kev siv cov txheej txheem "niaj hnub" xws li ntau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus uas tau siv tshuab pov tseg (frondibola), thiab, tau kawg, thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm rab phom.

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Duab

Thiab ntawm no yog daim duab ntawm tus tub rog tsis paub, uas yog tsev neeg German Anhald, thiab hnub tim li ntawm 1350 (Detroit Institute of the Arts, Michigan, USA). Vim li cas nws thiaj nthuav? Thiab qhov ntawd yog dab tsi - kev ua tiav zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov tawv tawv daim hlau tau muab tso rau ntawm nws cov saw xa ntawv thiab hauberk.

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Duab

Greaves.

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Duab

Tus tuav rab ntaj nrog tus yam ntxwv hla daim thaiv uas tiv thaiv lub scabbard los ntawm dej nkag mus rau hauv lawv, thiab tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm daim duab zoo li pommel.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab 14th, kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog tau coj, ntawm qhov ib sab, mus rau kev ua kom muaj zog ntxiv, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, kom hloov pauv hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tub rog. Tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau dhau los ua lub nroog raug kaw thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ib puag ncig, nrog rau qee qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tag nrho. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev tshaj lij ntawm tus tub rog thib tsib (thiab "tub sab", cov tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg ntiav neeg ua haujlwm ntiav) tau nce zuj zus, uas txhais tau tias tus nqi ntawm txhua tus tub rog tau nce, thiab lawv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kuj tau zoo dua. Thiab tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob, lawv tau dhau los ua ntau yam ntxiv, ergonomic, thiab muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj thaum tswj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav chaw.

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Duab

Ntawm lub luj tshib thiab lub xub pwg muaj cov discs nrog kev sib txuas, tab sis lub xub pwg tau npog nrog "tawv tawv" nrog cov qauv tsim hauv cov nplooj thiab paj.

Duab
Duab

Qhov txaus siab, tus qauv zoo ib yam yog rov tsim dua ntawm lub hauv ncoo …

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau txhawm rau hais txog lawv cov nyiaj txiag thiab tsis ua rau lawv tus kheej nrog "hlau", cov tub rog Italis tau qhia txog kev hnav khaub ncaws kom ntxaws cov ntsiab lus ua los ntawm "tawv tawv" nrog cov qauv embossed, thiab tseem gilded, hla lawv cov saw xa ntawv armor! Cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv tau taw qhia tias "cov tawv tawv tawv" cov ris tsho hnav tuaj yeem qhia tias muaj Byzantine lossis cov tub rog Islamic muaj kev cuam tshuam, ua rau feem ntau hla mus rau sab qab teb Ltalis.

Cov tub rog nyob hauv tebchaws Ltalis tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws lub luag haujlwm tau poob qis dua, txij li tam sim no nws lub yeeb koob tau dhau mus rau Swiss.

Duab
Duab

Effigia Thomas Buldanus (1335) los ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm San Dominico Maggiore hauv Naples. Ntawd yog, cov cuab yeej siv hauv tebchaws Ltalis lub sijhawm ntawd tau nthuav dav heev. Nov yog nws cov duab kos duab, uas tso cai rau koj pom txhua yam nws cov ntsiab lus zoo.

Zoo, kev siv phom thaum ntxov yog qhov taw qhia ntawm kev txhim kho txuj ci nrawm, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm Ltalis. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, tab sis nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, hais txog nws tuaj ntawm Florence xyoo 1326, tom qab ntawd los ntawm Friuli xyoo 1331 thiab, thaum kawg, muaj tseeb dua, los ntawm Lucca hauv 1341. Txawm hais tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws siv hauv Forli xyoo 1284, tsuas yog qhov nws tsis tau meej meej los ntawm nws. Cov foob pob thiab cov phom hauv lub tebchaws tau tshwm sim txawm tias nyob hauv thaj tsam roob sib cais xws li Savoy, thiab hauv ntau lwm thaj tsam rov qab ntawm lub tebchaws, xws li, piv txwv li, lub xeev papal.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Nicolle, D. Italian Medieval Armies 1000-1300. Oxford: Osprey (Txiv neej-ntawm-caj npab # 376), 2002.

2. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Vol. 1

3. Oakeshott, E. Lub Archaeology ntawm Riam phom. Caj npab thiab Armor los ntawm Prehistory rau Hnub Nyoog ntawm Chivalry. L.: Xovxwm Boydell, 1999.

4. Edge, D., Paddock, JM caj npab thiab cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov tub rog nruab nrab. Ib qho piv txwv keeb kwm ntawm Riam phom hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Avenel, New Jersey, 1996.

5. Nyob, Robert. Caj npab thiab Armor Txhua Xyoo. Ntim 1. Northfield, Asmeskas. Illinois, xyoo 1973.

Pom zoo: