Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer

Cov txheej txheem:

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer
Video: BABY XAV NTSIB KOJ (BABY I WANNA MEET YOU) - NT ONE [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO] | HMONG NEW SONG 2023 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Leej twg xav cawm nws txoj sia, Tsis coj tus neeg dawb huv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig.

Kuv npaj txhij tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua

Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau tus Tswv Khetos.

Rau txhua tus uas nws lub siab tsis huv, Leej twg nkaum hauv lawv thaj av

Lub qhov rooj ntawm ntuj raug kaw

Thiab Vajtswv ntsib peb hauv lub vaj kaj siab.

Friedrich von Hausen. Kev txhais lus los ntawm V. Mikushevich)

Nws tsis muaj teeb meem li cas thiab vim li cas, tab sis nws tshwm sim tias hauv 1099 Western European cov tub rog pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj (Qaum Teb Qaum Teb, Tshaj Tawm, raws li lawv tau hais tom qab), qhov uas lawv tsim lawv lub xeev. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv thiab lawv tau nyob hauv thaj tsam uas dav heev hauv Syria thiab Palestine, hauv Cyprus (tom qab nws kov yeej los ntawm Askiv Richard I) thiab hauv Latin Empire nrog nws cov peev hauv Constantinople tom qab 1204, ntxiv rau los ntawm nws cov neeg ua tiav hauv tebchaws Greece. Yog lawm, keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg tawg rog hauv tebchaws Syria, Palestine thiab Lebanon tau pib nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg koom nrog thawj kev sib tua rau Middle East hauv 1098. Nws kuj muaj qhov kawg, uas tau cim los ntawm kev poob ntawm Acre thiab cov nroog ntug dej hiav txwv. tuav los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau xyoo 1291, txawm hais tias Templars muaj tus ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Arwad txawm tias ua ntej 1303. Lub tebchaws Latin tau nyob ntev los ntawm 1204 txog 1261, tab sis Crusader cov thawj coj nyob rau sab qab teb Tim Nkij teb chaws tau ua mus txog rau xyoo pua 15th. Thiab lub nceeg vaj ntawm Cyprus tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Venice tsuas yog xyoo 1489.

Duab
Duab

Crusaders ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Antioch. Keeb Kwm ntawm Guelmo de Tyre (William of Tyre), Acre, 1275-1300. (National Library ntawm Fabkis, Paris)

Sands, tshav kub thiab Muslim …

Qhov me me, kev ua phem rau ib puag ncig ntawm cov tsis yog ntseeg, kev nyab xeeb txawv txav - txhua qhov no ua rau Crusader xeev txaus txaus txaus, tshwj tsis yog cov kob ntawm Cyprus. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov tsis yooj yim no tsis tuaj yeem tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv cov tub rog kev ua haujlwm. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias muaj, piv txwv li, teeb meem tsis txaus ntawm nees. Nws tau pom tseeb nyob rau xyoo ntxov, thiab tseem yog qhov ua rau Weakness mus rau lub Knighthood ntawm Cov Av Qaum dhau. Nws yuav zoo li tias Arabia tau nyob ze, txhua tus Mamluks tau caij nees zoo nkauj, uas tsis yooj yim kom tau txais, tab sis … cov nees no tsis haum rau cov tub rog hnyav ua tub rog, thiab hnyav nees loj los ntawm Tebchaws Europe tsis yog kim heev vim tias ntawm lawv lub tsheb thauj mus los ntawm hiav txwv, tseem tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus huab cua hauv zos. Kuj tseem muaj cov tub rog tsis txaus, txawm hais tias cov neeg tawg rog, muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev, suav nrog ntau tus neeg ntawm lawv cov neeg Islamic kev tawm tsam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov teeb meem ntawm "cadres" tau dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb tom qab kev tsim lub xeev cov neeg tawg rog hauv tebchaws Greece xyoo 1204, thaum muaj ntau tus tub rog los ntawm Syria thiab Palestine mus rau ntawd.

Duab
Duab

Knights ntawm Outremer. Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm, Yeluxalees, 1287 (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Nroog ntawm Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fabkis)

Thaum Qiv Tau Zoo Heev

Cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thiab lawv cov koom haum tub rog tau kawm zoo, txawm hais tias ib txwm muaj kev saib xyuas ntau dua tau them rau thawj theem ntawm kev kov yeej dua li qhov thib ob, tiv thaiv. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaj tub rog xws li Knights Templar thiab Hospitaller thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov zej zog tub rog hauv nroog yuav tsum tau hais txog ntawm no. Feem ntau hais lus, cov neeg tawg rog tau qhia me ntsis txog cov tub rog ntawm sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean, tab sis lawv tus kheej tau saws ntau yam uas lawv pom hauv Byzantium thiab lawv cov neeg Muslim. Cov neeg tawg rog nquag siv cov khoom siv los ntawm lawv, txawm hais tias qhov no, feem ntau yuav, tsuas yog kev coj ua ntawm kev siv cov khoom plig uas tau txais, thiab tsis txhais tau tias yog txhob txwm txhob txwm luam cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog ua tiav. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwm sim no yog lub cav cav tub rog, siv hmuv nrog rab xyoob los yog rab riam xyoob ntoo, ntsia cov tub rog (siv rau kev nrawm nrawm), thiab cov hneev taw. Qhov kawg tau tsim nyog los tua cov yeeb ncuab cavalry, vim nws yog nws uas yog tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm pawg tub rog nyob sab hnub tuaj. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov tub rog thaum kawg pom tau tias kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsuas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lawv cov rog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev qhia. Thiab yog tias lawv tsis muaj qee tus tub rog, tom qab ntawd … qhov kawg tuaj yeem raug ntiav los ntawm cov ntseeg hauv nroog thiab txawm yog cov neeg Muslim ntawm kev yaum lwm tus ntau dua li tus yeeb ncuab muab!

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Knights ntawm Outremer

Knights Outremer sib ntaus nrog cov Muslim thiab … ua si chess nrog lawv. Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm, Yeluxalees, 1287 (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Nroog ntawm Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fabkis)

Qhov tseem ceeb yog txheej

Nov yog lub sijhawm los txiav txim siab li cas cov tub rog feem ntau hnav rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas tawm tsam hauv Syria thiab Palestine. Zoo, ua ntej tshaj plaws, zoo li nws yuav tsum tau ua, thiab zoo li tau ua txhua qhov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub rog hnav cov ris tsho hauv qab - dav, zoo ib yam li cov ris tsho niaj hnub, ris hauv qab, ncav lub hauv caug thiab khi nrog cov hlua ntawm ob txhais ceg thiab ntawm lub duav Thaum tau hnav khaub ncaws, tus tub rog tau muab nws txhais ceg tso rau hauv chasses - yam xav paub ntau yam ntawm cov khaub ncaws hauv nruab nrab, uas yog cov ris sib cais, txiav thiab xaws rau hauv txoj kev uas lawv, zoo li cov thom khwm, qhwv nruj txhua ceg. Lawv kuj raug khi rau tus menyuam txoj siv. Chain mail chausses hlua nrog tawv tawv tau hnav dua cov ntaub chaos thiab rov khi rau txoj siv tawv. Cov saw xa ko taw hloov khau, txawm hais tias nws kuj tshwm sim tias cov saw xa khau ib leeg yog tawv. Qee zaum, dhau ntawm cov saw xa ntawv pov tseg, qee tus fashionistas tseem rub cov ntaub xim. Cov saw xa ntawv tsis pom nyob hauv lawv, tab sis txawm li cas los xij nws nyob ntawd. Nws tau dhau los ua kev cai los tiv thaiv lub hauv caug nrog forged khob-puab lub hauv caug ntaub qhwv nrog rau quilted "kav dej" ua los ntawm ntaub linen. Qee zaum lawv luv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tiv thaiv tag nrho lub duav mus rau sab saum toj, zoo ib yam li cov cuab yeej ntawm Italian tus tub rog Colaccio Beccadelli.

Duab
Duab

Cov tub rog hauv cov cuab yeej ua rog. "Psalter ntawm Millisenda" (npog, pob txha carving), Yeluxalees, 1131-1143 (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Askiv, London)

Lub tsho, cov ntaub linen lossis txawm tias txhob lo lo ntxhuav, nrog kev sib txuas ntawm lub tes tsho thiab lub caj dab tau xoob haum. Ib daim pam pam pam pam caftan tau hnav dua lub tsho hauv qab cov ntawv xa ntawv. Cov plaub hau ntawm lub taub hau raug tshem tawm hauv qab tib lub hau npog, uas tiv thaiv lub taub hau los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov hlua ntawm lub saw xa ntawv hood. Cov saw xa ntawv tau hnav rau ntawm kev twv txiaj, cov saw xa ntawv lub kaus mom yog cov khoom lag luam hla cov saw xa ntawv. Qee lub sij hawm nws muaj lub pluaj pem hauv ntej uas tau npog qis dua ntawm nws lub ntsej muag, nrog cov tawv tawv thiab cov hlua sib txuas, lossis nuv nrog uas nws kaw rau ntawm aventail. Ua tsaug rau txhua qhov no, lub valve tuaj yeem thim rov qab thiab tham dawb. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub kaus mom hlau cylindrical topfhelm, ib lub hnab tawv menyuam uas muaj ntaub plaub tau muab tso rau ntawm lub taub hau. Lub kaus mom hlau muaj cov tawv tawv sab hauv thiab "lub hauv paus nres" sab hauv rau cov yas. Txhua yam no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lub taub hau, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws txoj kab nqaim pom. Cov kaus mom hlau feem ntau tau pleev xim los tiv thaiv xeb.

Duab
Duab

Knight's outfit 1285 Daim duab. Christa Nqe.

Txij li nws tau kub heev hauv Syria thiab Palestine, lub kaus mom hlau "chapel-de-fer", uas yog, "lub kaus mom hlau", tau los ua zam ntawm no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau hnav tsis yog los ntawm cov tub rog zoo tib yam nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog cov tub rog siab tawv. Heraldic surcoat lossis ntaub linen dawb, ntxiv rau lub kaus mom hlau kaus mom (ib hom "npog" rau lub kaus mom hlau ua los ntawm daim ntaub), kuj tau nthuav tawm ntawm no kom tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv tshav kub hauv lub hnub. Brynandine - cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau hlau, uas tau hnav hla cov ntawv xa xov, kuj tau txiav los ntawm sab nrauv nrog ntaub, thiab feem ntau kim heev, piv txwv li, velvet, txij li qhov no nws hloov pauv lub tsho. Nws tau paub tias cov cuab yeej zoo li joserant lossis cov saw xa los ntawm ob txheej ntawm cov saw xa ntaub ntawm sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov ntaub kuj tseem nthuav dav. Cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob kuj tau pib siv qhov kev txhim kho sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub sijhawm no - lamellar, lamellar, plhaub, uas tau qiv los ntawm Byzantines thiab cov neeg Muslim, nrog rau lub plhaub ua los ntawm cov nplai hlau.

Duab
Duab

Knight's outfit 1340 Daim duab. Christa Nqe.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov cuab yeej tau dhau los ua ntau yam sib txawv thiab nplua nuj. Lub tsho tshaj sab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj ntaub, saw hlau chausses tau npog nrog daim hlau ntawm cov tawv tawv, cov xub pwg tawv thiab cov hnab looj tes phaj tshwm. Rab ntaj kuj dhau los ua riam phom uas yuav tsum tau ua, thiab qhov taw qhia ntawm kev muaj nyiaj yog kub (lossis tsawg kawg yog gilded) cov saw uas mus rau qhov hle ntawm rab riam, ntaj thiab kaus mom hlau. Lub kaus mom hlau -nplij siab - kev pabcuam tuaj rau hauv kev zam, thiab "lub kaus mom hlau loj" nws tus kheej tau txais lub visor uas nce siab dua. Hniav ntawm ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog los ua qhov sib txawv, uas tam sim no feem ntau ua rau nkhaus thiab muab nrog rau qhov chaw tso rau tus hmuv.

Riam phom kho kom zoo nkauj - zam ntawm sab hnub tuaj

Cov riam phom ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Outremer tau sib txawv thiab, ntxiv rau tus tub rog rab hmuv, suav nrog ntaj, rab taus, thiab mace lossis phom tua phom. Cov tuav ntawm ntaj, zoo li rab hmuv, pib kho kom zoo nkauj nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Cov tub rog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tau hais meej theej cov zam ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, qhov twg kev cai ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj riam phom tau ntev txij li dhau los ua kev coj ua. Tus coj ntawm txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab no, raws li D. Nicolas, yog Armenians. Lawv lub luag haujlwm raws li cov phooj ywg ib txwm muaj thiab yog qhov chaw ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm rau cov neeg tawg rog hauv tebchaws Syria yog qhov pom tseeb thiab tseem ceeb dua li ntawm lwm pawg neeg ntseeg sab hnub tuaj.

Duab
Duab

Lub taub hau ntawm ntaj (ob sab) ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Crusades, pom hauv Middle East. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tsis qhia npe nyob tom qab ntawm daim disk tej zaum yog lub cim ntawm nws tus tswv qub lossis tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe uas nws koom nrog. Tsov ntxhuav ntawm obverse tau pom tseeb tom qab. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Duab
Duab

Ntaj taub hau (thim rov qab)

Duab
Duab

Lub taub hau ntawm ntaj ntawm Pierre Moclerc de Dreux (1190-1250), Duke of Breton thiab Earl of Richmond. OK. 1240-1250 Khoom siv: tooj liab, kub, txha hniav laus, hlau. Txoj kab uas hla 6, 1 cm, tuab 1, 2 cm), hnyav 226.8 g. Obverse. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Hauv Nroog, New York) Qhov txaus siab, hauv nws lub tsho npab ntawm lub kaum sab laug sab saud, cov plaub hau liab tau xub xub piav qhia thiab tib cov plaub tau pom ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm nws daim duab. Tab sis tau mus ntsib kev ua rog thiab, pom tseeb, tau raug kev txom nyem nyob rau ntawd los ntawm kev nqhis dej, nws xaj kom muab tso rau hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab saum cov ntaj daim duab ntawm cov tawv nqaij dej, ua piv txwv txog kev koom nrog kev ua rog.

Turkopouls - Muslim mercenaries nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm knights ntawm Tswv Yexus

Tab sis, tej zaum, cov neeg txaus siab tshaj hauv Outremer, uas ua rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab tuaj txog los ntawm Tebchaws Europe hauv Crusader hais tias feem ntau, yog Turcopouls - cov tub rog Muslim nrog lawv lub tebchaws riam phom ua haujlwm rau cov ntseeg. Lawv tsis yog homogeneous hauv lawv haiv neeg thiab kev cai dab qhuas, thiab ntxiv rau suav nrog cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog, cov hneev taw thiab hmuv, txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm lawv, pom tseeb, yog cov neeg caij nees uas siv hneev hauv Byzantine style lossis Mamluk style ntawm Egypt. Ntawd yog, hauv thawj kis, lawv tau tua lub taub hau ntawm lawv cov tub rog, nyob hauv kab thib ob ntawm cov tub rog caij nees, thiab hauv qhov thib ob, lawv tau tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab raws li tus neeg sib ntaus sib tua, sim dag dag kom thim rov qab los coj nws mus rau hauv lub tshuab ntawm lawv hnyav cavalry. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Turcopols tau tshwm sim hauv Crusaders hauv Cyprus, Balkans lossis Greece thiab, tej zaum, txawm tias nyob hauv Normandy tom qab rov qab los ntawm Crusader King Richard I los ntawm Palestine.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Nicolle, D. Knight ntawm Outremer AD 1187-1344. L.: Osprey (Warrior series # 18), 1996.

2. Nicolle, D. Saracen Faris 1050-1250 AD. L.: Osprey (Warrior series No. 10), 1994.

3. Nicolle D. Knight Hospitaller (1) 1100-1306. Oxford: Osprey (Warrior series # 33), 2001.

4. Nicolle D. Caj Npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Vol. 1

Pom zoo: