Kuv tsaug zog thaum nruab hnub, thiab kuv pw hauv lub eeb thaum hmo ntuj, Sib cais los ntawm lub tsho hlau, Kev sim thiab sim cov ntawv xa xov, Nrog tes daud woven.
Arab kws sau paj huam Abu-t-Tayyib ibn al-Hussein al-Jufi (915-965)
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Lub sijhawm kawg cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no tau luam tawm ntawm "VO" thaum Lub Yim Hli 22, 2019. Txij thaum ntawd los, peb tsis tau hais txog lub ncauj lus no. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau mob siab rau cov tub rog ntawm Russia, tab sis tam sim no, tom qab peb lub hauv paus tseem ceeb, cov duab los ntawm David Nicolas, peb yuav mus rau Africa kub thiab paub txog kev ua tub rog ntawm thaj chaw loj, uas nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog tau suav hais tias yog neeg ntseeg () txawm hais tias qee zaum tsuas yog nom tswv!), Thiab tseem thiab qee thaj chaw tsis ntseeg uas tom qab dhau los ua neeg Muslim. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau thaj chaw ntseeg, uas yuav tham txog ntawm no, tom qab kuj tseem poob qis hauv kev ntseeg ntawm Islam.
Cov tub rog ntawm North Africa thiab Sudan yog cov ntseeg …
Cov ntseeg Iyiv lossis Copts tej zaum ua rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub tebchaws no rau feem ntau ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab nws muaj peev xwm tias lawv tau raug xaiv los ua neeg tsav nkoj mus ua haujlwm hauv Iyiv lub nkoj. Ancient Roman thiab xeev Byzantine ntawm Africa, uas feem ntau suav nrog Tunisia niaj hnub ntxiv rau feem ntau ntawm sab qaum teb Libya thiab Algeria, poob rau hauv txoj cai Muslim Muslim nyob rau xyoo pua 7 thiab dhau los ua lawv lub xeev Ifrikia. Cov neeg nyob deb nroog Christian tseem nyob ntawm no, tab sis tsis kam mus txog rau xyoo pua 11th, thiab hauv cov nroog cov neeg ntseeg ntseeg txuas ntxiv mus tom qab. Cov ntseeg hloov pauv tau sau npe hauv pab tub rog Tunisian thaum ntxov li ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 12th. Yog li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov ib txoj kev ntseeg nrog lwm tus tau siv ntau pua xyoo ntawm no.
Sab qab teb ntawm Egypt, hauv Nubia thiab sab qaum teb Sudan, cov ntseeg hauv lub tebchaws tau tswj hwm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej rau ntau pua xyoo, feem ntau vim tias lawv cov zej zog Islamic muaj zog dua tsis tau txiav txim siab ua phem rau lawv. Cov ntseeg loj tshaj plaws nyob ntawm no yog Nobatia, nyob rau niaj hnub no Sudanese Nubia; Mukurria hauv cheeb tsam Dongola - lub nceeg vaj ntawm "neeg siab dub" (nuba); thiab Meroe, thiab cov peev txheej nruab nrab hu ua Meroe - Alva lossis Aloa hauv thaj chaw niaj hnub Khartoum. Ntxiv rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj tso cov ntseeg lub nceeg vaj ntawm Aksum, uas tom qab los ua lub npe hu ua Ethiopia, thiab tseem yog cov ntseeg niaj hnub no. Hauv lub xyoo pua 9th, Nubia thiab Aloa tau koom ua ke, tab sis nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, vim yog Nubia poob qis, nws tau rov muaj kev ywj pheej. Tab sis Mukurria tau kov yeej los ntawm Mamluks ntawm Egypt thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua.
"Cov dos loj" hauv African
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias thoob plaws lub sijhawm Ntiaj Teb Qub thiab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, "Nubians", uas tom qab ntawd suav nrog yuav luag txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Christian Sudan, tau paub tias yog neeg tua hneev, thaum yav qab teb lub nceeg vaj ntawm Quince tau nto moo rau nws cov nees. Xws li yog pab tub rog, suav nrog Nubians lossis Sudanese hauv kev pabcuam Salah ad-Din (Saladin) thiab raug xa mus rau cov kws tua hneev nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Cov ntawv sau feem ntau qhia tias Nubian hneev tsis sib xyaw, tab sis yooj yim, ua los ntawm ntoo acacia thiab zoo ib yam rau cov uas siv hauv Ancient Egypt. Ntxiv mus, lawv cov hneev tau loj thiab txoj hlua khi los ntawm nyom. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias cov neeg nyob hauv South Sudan tseem hnav lub nplhaib ntawm lawv tus ntiv tes xoo thiab nws yuav zoo heev tias qhov no yog hom kev nco txog kev ploj ntawm Sudanese kev coj ua ntawm kev tua hneev taw.
Cov ntseeg Nubian cov tebchaws tau tswj hwm feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw los ntawm Nile mus rau Hiav Txwv Liab, qhov twg muaj ntau pab pawg neeg tsis ntseeg thiab Muslim nyob ua ke. Ntawm qhov kawg yog bija-beges, uas tawm tsam ntxhuav, ua tub rog tiv thaiv tawv thiab hmuv. Hauv thaj tsam ib nrab suab puam thiab hav zoov nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov neeg ntseeg ntseeg nyob, suav nrog pawg Ahadi, uas nyob hauv qab lub tebchaws Alva. Ib yam li cov pab pawg neeg tsis ntseeg sab qab teb ntawm Sahara thiab sab hnub poob ntxiv, ahadi siv cov tawv tawv loj, hauv zos ua hmuv thiab ntaj, thiab hnav ntaub qhwv, ntaub thaiv npog.
Raws li rau Ethiopia, dhau sijhawm nws dhau los ua "African" meej dua, tab sis txawm nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, cov ntseeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm Ethiopia tseem tau piav txog kev sib ntaus nrog hneev loj, ntaj thiab hmuv, thaum cov Muslim Ethiopians nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws tau piav qhia. yooj yim cavalry, dispensing nrog stirrups. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, lwm cov Muslim Ethiopians tau piav los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig ua cov hneev taw.
Ua qauv tom qab cov tub rog Islamic …
Kev nkag mus ntawm Islam mus rau Africa tau hloov pauv kev ua tub rog ntawm ntau ntawm nws cov neeg. Piv txwv li, hauv lub xeev Kanem-Bornu, dag ntawm ntug dej ntawm Chad Lake, nws tus kav Hum (1085-1097) hloov pauv mus rau Islam nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, hu ntau Muslim kws tshawb fawb mus rau nws lub tsev hais plaub, thiab nws tus tub tsis tsuas yog ua kev mus rau Mecca ob zaug, tab sis thiab tsim cov tub rog caij nees, suav nrog thawj ntawm cov tub rog Arab, thiab tom qab ntawd qhev, ua qauv ntawm gulams. Nws ntseeg tias nws suav txog 30 txhiab tus neeg (feem ntau yuav yog daim duab no tau hais ntau dhau los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nruab nrab - V. Sh.) Cov no yog cov neeg caij nees, hnav khaub ncaws hnav nrog cov hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog, uas yog, qhov tseeb, yog cov tub rog tiag tiag.
Ib qib sib piv ntawm kev ua tub rog Islamic, txawm hais tias lub sijhawm no los ntawm North Africa, tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ib feem ntawm West Africa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau xyoo pua 14th Islamic Sultanate ntawm Mali. Nov yog cov hneev taw thiab rab hmuv, ob txhais taw thiab nees, tsim lub caj qaum ntawm pab tub rog. Txhua yam yog raws nraim tib yam li nrog cov Arabs lawv tus kheej.
Egypt txog Fatimids thiab Ayyubids
Raws li tim lyiv teb chaws thiab nws thaj tsam ciam teb thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Crusades, nws yooj yim dua los teeb tsa qhov tshwm sim ntawm no nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntau dua li lwm thaj chaw uas cov neeg Muslim kov yeej. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10 txog rau 1171, lub tebchaws tau txiav txim los ntawm Fatimid caliphs. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 11th, Fatimids tau tswj Egypt, Syria thiab feem ntau ntawm Libya thiab thov suzerainty hla Tunisia, Sicily thiab Malta. Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua, txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov neeg Asmeskas sab qaum teb tsis zoo li yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj Libya, thaum Syria txo qis rau ob peb lub nroog ntug dej hiav txwv, uas tau rov qab los ntawm Crusaders tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev nyuaj siab.
Xyoo 1171, Fatimids tau hloov los ntawm Sunni Ayyubid dynasty, thawj qhov yog Salah ad-Din (Saladin). Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias lawv lub zog txuas ntxiv hauv Africa mus rau feem ntau ntawm Libya thiab sab qab teb mus rau Yemen, lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb nyob rau sab qaum teb. Ntawm no lawv tau sib cav nrog lub xeev cov neeg tawg rog hauv Palestine thiab Syria, txawm hais tias lawv tau tswj hwm txuas ntxiv lawv txoj cai mus rau ciam teb tam sim no ntawm Iran, suav nrog ntau yam uas tam sim no yog sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Qaib Cov Txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1250, lawv tau hloov los ntawm Mamluks hauv Egypt thiab ib feem ntawm Syria vim yog kev ua tub rog, txawm hais tias cov thawj coj Ayyubid txuas ntxiv kav qee lub xeev Asian tom qab qhov xwm txheej no tau ntau xyoo lawm.
Thiab tom qab ntawd Mamluks ntsib kev Mongol ntxeem tau ntawm Syria. Cov neeg Mongols tau rov qab los tsuas yog tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ain Jalut, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 3, 1260, lawv pab tub rog raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm Sultan Kutuz thiab Emir Beibars tau ntsib nrog Mongol cov tub rog los ntawm Hulagu pab tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm Kitbuk Noyon. Cov Mongols tau swb lawm, thiab Kitbuk raug tua. Ib ciam teb tshiab tau tsim los ntawm Euphrates. Qhov no tawm ntawm thaj av ntawm niaj hnub Iraq nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Great Khan, thiab Mamluks tau txais Hejaz nrog lub nroog dawb huv ntawm txhua tus neeg Muslim, nrog rau tsis ntev los no tau kov yeej Christian Nubia thiab sab qaum teb Sudan.
Pab tub rog Fatimid
Cov tub rog Fatimid txij li 10 txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog, txhawb nqa los ntawm tus lej me me ntawm kev siv phom me me. Kev hneev taw nyob hauv txhais tes ntawm cov tub rog, thiab rab hmuv tau siv los ntawm ob leeg tub rog thiab tub rog. Coob leej ntawm cov tub rog ko taw tau txav mus rau ntxhuav, uas ua rau Fatimid pab tub rog zoo heev. Tab sis kom deb li deb txog riam phom hnyav, lawv muaj teeb meem nrog qhov ntawd. Txawm hais tias nws tau paub tias lawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, tshwj xeeb yog cov tub rog Turkish ntawm cov gulams, nees hneev thiab cov neeg African qhev dub. Cov tub rog hauv nroog hauv Fatimid Syria zoo li muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog hauv nroog uas tau ua haujlwm Bedouin them nyiaj thiab ib pab tub rog sab hnub tuaj muaj rau kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm.
Qhov kawg ntawm 11th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, lub zog poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Fatimid vizier Badr al-Jamalt thiab nws tus tub al-Afdal, nyob rau hauv uas nws cov thawj coj tau ua tiav ntawm kev hloov kho tub rog. Kev faib ua feem ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog thiab cov tub rog qhev tau nce. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias lawv kuj nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg caij nees thiab hnav cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv cov cuab yeej ua rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Jamalid Fatimids txuas ntxiv tso siab rau cov tub rog niaj hnub siv hneev nti thiab rab ntaj thiab hmuv riam phom tub rog, siv kev txawj ntse tab sis lub sijhawm qub uas muaj nyob hauv cov neeg Muslim thaum ntxov caliphs.
Cov tub rog Fatimid tseem yog neeg txawv tebchaws, thiab muaj kev sib tawm tsam ntawm pab pawg neeg sib txawv.
Ayyubid pab tub rog
Kev hloov pauv tub rog uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm Ayyubids 'nce mus rau lub hwj chim tej zaum yuav tau hais ntau dhau. Salah ad-Din vam khom rau cov neeg tseem ceeb cavalry units tsim thaum lub sij hawm tom qab Fatimid pab tub rog. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm Ayyubid lub sijhawm uas tau siv zog los tsim pab tub rog sib koom nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb Mamluk nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Sultan.
Kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm rau hauv pab tub rog nyob hauv Ayyubids tau txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum pib lawv tso siab rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Kurds lossis Turkmens, thiab tom qab ntawd ntau thiab ntau ntxiv ntawm Mamluks ntawm Turkish keeb kwm. Cov Arabs tau ua lub luag haujlwm thib ob, thiab Iranians txawm tias tsawg dua, thaum cov neeg Armenians, Berbers thiab cov neeg tawv dub tsis ntev tom qab kev txeeb lub zog los ntawm Saladin tau ploj mus ntawm nws pab tub rog sai heev.
Mamluk Sultanate ntawm Egypt thiab Syria yog tub rog lub xeev tsim los kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm pab tub rog. Thiab pab tub rog no yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov uas tau tsim nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv North Africa thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Asia, thiab dhau los ua tus qauv raws li qhov ua tau zoo dua li pab tub rog Ottoman tau tsim tom qab. Nws lub koom haum tau nyuaj thiab txawm tias "niaj hnub" hauv qee qhov kev hwm, nrog kev qhuab qhia siab. Feem ntau ntawm Mamluks hauv pab tub rog Ayyubid tau los ntawm qhev … los ntawm sab qab teb Russia lossis sab hnub poob. Lawv tau yuav, tom qab ntawd npaj thiab kawm tiav raws li. Ib tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tawg rog Mongol kuj tau nkag mus rau qhov kev pab cuam ntawm Ayyubids, uas tso cai rau lawv kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua rog tawm tsam Mongols thiab lawv cov tub rog. Kuj tseem muaj ntau tus neeg Kurds hauv pab tub rog Ayyubid, tab sis lawv feem ntau nyob hauv Syria thiab tsis yog li ntawd … nrov hauv kev sib piv nrog Mamluk qhev.
Nws nyuaj kawm, yooj yim rau taug kev
Ib qho ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm Mamluk pab tub rog yog kev qhia ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, raws li kev paub dhau los ntawm Byzantium. Cov Mamluks tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hneev tua hneev nti, rab ntaj thiab rab hmuv, nrog rau ua kom tiav cov txuj ci horsemanship hu ua furusiyya. Cov nees sib tw ua si nrog hmuv thiab lub nplhaib, sib tw polo, sib tw nees tau ua tas li, thiab cov neeg caij tsheb tau kawm tua hneev taw los ntawm nees.
Tsis zoo li cov neeg Ottomans, Mamluks tseem paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov phom me tau nrawm dua thiab pib siv lawv thaum ntxov. Ntau hom cannon tau hais nyob rau hauv 1342 thiab 1352, txawm hais tias thawj qhov kev tsis txaus siab hais txog hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab -1360s. Feem ntau nws yuav yog rab phom loj thiab, tejzaum nws yog hom phom uas tuav thaum xub thawj.
P. S. Tom qab ntawm Kanem-Bornu (thiab lub xeev no muaj npe vim yog thawj zaug muaj Kanem, thiab tom qab ntawd Bornu) Bagirmi sultanate (Begharmi) sawv thiab tseem muaj cov tub rog nyob hauv cov pam thiab nrog hmuv coj txawv txawv. Txawm hais tias tsis nyob hauv txhua daim duab lawv zoo li ntawd. Txog cov duab tib yam no, nws tau tshaj tawm tias nws tau ua raws li kev piav qhia ntawm Dixon Denem, uas tau mus ntsib Bagirmi xyoo 1823.
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
1. Nicolle, D. Cov Tub Rog Technology ntawm Classical Islam (Ph. D.thesis, Edinburgh University, 1982).
2. Nicolle, D. Yarmyk 630 AD. Muslim Muslim conguest ntawm Syria. L.: Osprey (phiaj xwm phiaj xwm # 31), 1994.
3. Nicolle, D. Cov tub rog ntawm Islam 7th - 11th centuries. L.: Osprey (Men-at-arms series No. 125). Xyoo 1982.
4. Nicolle, D. Cov Tub Rog ntawm Caliphates 862-1098. L.: Osprey (Men-at-arms series No. 320), 1998.
5. Nicolle D. Saracen Faris 1050-1250 AD. L.: Osprey (Warrior series No. 10), 1994.
6. Heath, I. Cov tub rog ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Ntu 1, 2 Worthing, Sussex. Flexiprint Ltd liab. Xyoo 1984.
7. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Vol. 2
8. Shpakovsky, V. O. Knights ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj. M.: Pomatur, 2002.
