Vim li cas cov tub rog-nom tswv kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Yelemes tsis yuam kom siv riam phom tshuaj
Hauv kev ua yeeb ncuab thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, ntau yam tshuaj lom tau siv dav. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 20-30 ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv riam phom tshuaj thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau dhau los tsis yog cov ncauj lus ntawm ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb theoretical thiab kev tshaj tawm, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm txhua qhov cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb.
Muaj tseeb, tus tswv cuab ntawm Paris Academy of Sciences Charles Mouret tau sau tseg hauv 1920: "Tsis muaj ib tus neeg nyob hauv txhua lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej uas yuav tsis tshee hnyo nrog kev xav txog kev ua pa nkev." Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau muaj lawv tus kheej qhov kev tsis pom zoo txog qhov teeb meem no. Piv txwv li, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, General Amos A. Fries, tau hais hauv xyoo 1921: "… Kev ua tsov rog tshuaj yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog lees paub yav tom ntej los ntawm txhua lub tebchaws uas muaj kev vam meej, tab sis kuj yog tib txoj hauv kev uas txhua haiv neeg uas muaj kev vam meej yuav siv yam tsis muaj kev poob siab … Kev sib ntaus sib tua tshuaj yog tib txoj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev tawm tsam zoo li rab phom tshuab."
Nyob rau hauv lem, Soviet cov tub rog kws tshuaj J. Avinovitsky tau hais tias: "Rau peb feem, peb yuav tsum lees tias kev ua tsov rog tshuaj lom tau nthuav tawm los ntawm kev muaj peev txheej niaj hnub no yog qhov tseeb uas tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Yog li ntawd, cov lus nug ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Soviet Union yuav tsum yog kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua chav haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Txoj cai ntawm kev coj ua los ntawm Comrade Trotsky hauv kev tiv thaiv S. SS. R. "Qhov muag rau qhov muag, roj rau roj!" peb yuav tsum tau siv nws rau hauv kev coj ua."
Lub caij no, tus thawj coj ntawm Askiv lub chaw haujlwm tub rog-tshuaj lom neeg, General Gartley, tus xibfwb ntawm University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Farrow, kws tshuaj lom neeg nto moo, xibfwb ntawm University, tau sau txog "tib neeg" ntawm cov tshuaj lom nyob hauv Breslau J. Meyer.
Thiab tseem, thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, 1925, hauv Geneva, ntau lub xeev tau kos npe rau txoj cai txwv tsis pub siv asphyxiant, lom thiab lwm yam roj zoo sib xws hauv kev ua rog, nrog rau cov kab mob bacteriological. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, 1927, USSR tau koom nrog qhov kev pom zoo no.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Geneva Protocol tsis txwv kev tshawb fawb hauv kev txhim kho, tsim khoom thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj ua tsov rog thiab lawv cov tsheb thauj khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas txhua lub tebchaws ua tub rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv kev sib tw riam phom.
Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog tshuaj lom neeg (cov tshuaj tua phom tshuaj tua rog thiab cov tub rog) tau suav nrog hauv Wehrmacht formations uas tau txeeb lub tebchaws Soviet thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941. Ceeb toom rau Red Army txog qhov kev hem thawj tiag tiag ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog los ntawm pab tub rog German, peb Cov Thawj Coj Loj tau thov "kom ntseeg tau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm txhua pab tub rog thiab coj mus rau qhov xwm txheej zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv, degassing, tshuaj xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas hauv pab tub rog… "Ua.
Txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov lus qhia no, kev pabcuam tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Leningrad Front hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau dhau los ntawm txoj kev nyuaj ntawm kev sib sau, tsim thiab txhim kho. Cov teeb meem tau ntsib hauv kev qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm, daws teeb meem ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab riam phom, kev txhawb nqa logistic, thiab kev siv cov tub rog tshuaj lom neeg. Nrog qhov pib ntawm kev thaiv, lub xeev cov xwm txheej tau dhau los ua rau hnyav dua. Hauv kev sib tham ntawm qee tus neeg ua haujlwm, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyuaj hauv kev teeb tsa kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv raug hu "tsis ua tib zoo saib xyuas ntawm Leningrad Cov Tub Rog Hauv Cheeb Tsam thiab Red Banner Baltic Fleet nyob rau lub sijhawm peacetime" rau PCP cov teeb meem.
Lub caij no, kev nug cov neeg raug kaw, txhais cov ntaub ntawv raug ntes, cov ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm cov koom haum txawj ntse tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse, cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov neeg koom tes - txhua qhov ua tim khawv rau kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev qhuab qhia tshuaj los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, kev npaj rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ua tsov rog.
Yog li, hauv xov tooj xa mus rau Lub Cuaj Hli 6, 1941 los ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm lub hauv ntej rau cov tib neeg tus thawj coj ntawm kev tiv thaiv I. V. Stalin, cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog F. Schneider tau hais tseg. Tus kws ua tub rog, Tus Kws Tshuaj Tshuaj Technology, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij ntawm Berlin Polytechnic Institute thiab Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb Loj ntawm ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb koom haum ntawm Farbenindustry kev txhawj xeeb, nws tau ya thaum Lub Yim Hli 31 ntawm lub dav hlau Junkers-88, uas tau raug tua thiab poob rau hauv Gulf of Finland ntawm 7 -8 km sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm Peterhof. Cov neeg coob ntawm lub dav hlau raug tua, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nkoj tau raug puas tsuaj, Schneider tau txais qhov txhab hnyav thiab tuag 32 feeb tom qab raug ntes, tab sis lub sijhawm no lawv tseem tuaj yeem nug nws.
Cov neeg raug txim qhov ncauj hais raws li hauv qab no: Farbenindustri txhawj xeeb thiab Wehrmacht zais zais npaj rau kev siv Obermüller tus neeg sawv cev ua rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, kuj tseem muaj tshuaj lom Obermüller bis, uas tuaj yeem nkag mus los ntawm lub npog ntsej muag roj. Raws li tus neeg raug kaw, "cov tshuaj saum toj no tau txiav txim siab siv los ua qhov kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Askiv Isles."
Dr. Schneider tseem tau hais cov hauv qab no: "… cov xwm txheej tsis ntev los no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev thov sai sai ntawm OM nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob qhia ntawm sab xub ntiag … Keitel npaj siab yuav ua sai sai thiab nyob hauv huab cua zoo (cua sab hnub tuaj). " Muaj tseeb, lub siab hais kom ua hauv Tebchaws Yelemees hauv tus neeg Keitel "vam tias yuav ua tiav ib yam nkaus, thiab tawm Obermüller rau qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm Askiv." Txawm li cas los xij, "nyob rau hnub tsis ntev los no, Keitel tau xaj kom npaj rau kev siv (tawm tsam Leningraders. - EK) Obermüller's OV."
Hauv ntawv ceeb toom npaj rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov lus txib thiab tswj cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev pabcuam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Leningrad Front, qib ntawm kev nce tshuaj lom yog pom tseeb: Yog tias tam sim no tsis muaj ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv riam phom los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, tom qab ntawd kev tshawb nrhiav thiab nug cov neeg raug kaw qhia tias qhov tseeb ntawm kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog tshuaj lom neeg tau nce zuj zus txhua hnub:
1. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm peb, nws tau paub tias thaum Lub Cuaj Hli Cov Neeg German los ntawm Bucharest nyob rau sab qaum teb tau coj cov khoom siv roj.
2. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv qub, nws tau paub tias thaum Lub Cuaj Hli Cov Neeg Germans tau xa ntau pua lub tsheb laij teb nrog cov mos txwv tshuaj mus rau Sab Hnub Poob.
3. Tus neeg saib xyuas kev txawj ntse ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob tau tsim muaj 3 lub tsev khaws khoom nrog cov cuab yeej siv tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm ib sab ntawm ib pab tub rog.
Cov Nazis tshaj tawm tias lawv yuav siv tshuaj lom neeg txhua qhov chaw lawv ntsib kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, thiab ntawm 212th Rifle Division of the North-West Front, lawv tau faib cov ntawv nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: "Yog tias koj siv riam phom phem (lub ntsiab lus, pom tseeb, Katyusha foob pob." - E K.), peb yuav thov OV ".
Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm mus rau lub taub hau ntawm Cov Thawj Saib Xyuas Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab (GVHU KA) thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 10, 1941, tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv tshuaj (OHZ) ntawm lub hauv ntej, Colonel A. G Vlasov, piav qhia qhov xwm txheej raws li hauv qab no: ntu ntawm Leningrad Pem Hauv Ntej, uas muaj cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ua tsov rog.
Hauv qhov pom ntawm qhov tseeb tias kab hauv ntej los ntawm sab qab teb yuav luag ze rau Leningrad, cov yeeb ncuab muaj txoj hauv kev, ntxiv rau kev ya dav hlau riam phom ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, los cuam tshuam los ntawm thaj chaw no txhua lub nraub qaum thiab chaw tsim khoom, nrog rau cov pej xeem. ntawm lub nroog nrog rab phom loj, thiab nyob rau hauv huab cua zoo, thaj tsam ib sab ntawm lub nroog tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas nkag tau mus rau nthwv dej ntawm cov tshuaj lom-haus luam yeeb tso tawm.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Central Archives ntawm Ministry of Defense ntawm Lavxias Federation tau qhia tias kev phom sij ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ua tsov rog los ntawm cov neeg German tseem nyob thoob plaws txhua qhov kev thaiv ntawm Leningrad.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg raug kaw, kev kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv khoom plig uas raug ntes thaum Ua Haujlwm Iskra, tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm NKGB Tus Thawj Coj rau Leningrad Cheeb Tsam thiab lub nroog Leningrad los npaj thiab, thaum Lub Xya Hli 7, 1943, xa ntawv ceeb toom tshwj xeeb txog Kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg German rau Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Leningrad Pem Hauv Ntej, Lieutenant General DN Gusev thiab lawv cov qauv.
Daim ntawv muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no: cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, riam phom, khoom siv thiab cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog tshuaj lom neeg rau kis kab mob (lom). Tshooj cais nthuav qhia "pab tub rog ntawm kev muab phom", uas yog riam phom nrog 15- thiab 30-centimeter ntuav phom- 6-phom phom ntawm 1941. Cov mos txwv rau lawv - "tawg, haus luam yeeb, nrog cov roj tuaj yeem kub hnyiab tau, kuj tseem siv rau kev siv cov phom no rau tua cov foob pob nrog txhua hom riam phom."
Kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau cov neeg ua haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua tshuaj hauv kev pabcuam nrog pab tub rog German:
-cim "tus ntoo khaub lig daj"-Zh-Poob (viscous mustard gas), OMA-Poob (xav tias txiav txim siab Oxol mit Arsen Lost), Stickstoff-Poob (nitrogen mustard gas), OO-Lost (tej zaum Oxol-Oxol-Lost yog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj lom no tsis yog paub xwb tsis yog rau cov tub rog, tab sis kuj rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm tsev kawm tshuaj lom tub rog nyob hauv nroog Celle hauv tebchaws Yelemes);
- cim "hla ntoo ntsuab" - phosgene, diphosgene, pershtoff;
- cim "tus ntoo khaub lig xiav" - clark 1, clark 2, adamsite Klap;
- cim "tus ntoo khaub lig dawb" - bromo -acetic ether BN Stoff.
Cov ntawv tau qhia meej meej txog qib kev npaj ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees los ua kev ua tsov rog.
Yog li ntawd, ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov lus txib ntawm cov tub rog pem hauv ntej, cov thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thiab pab pawg ua haujlwm, Pawg Tub Rog ntawm lub hauv ntej thiab cov tub rog, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm NKVD, kev tswjfwm kev tswjfwm ntawm lub hauv ntej, thiab tub rog tus kws lij choj lub chaw haujlwm ntawm pem hauv ntej them rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tsis yog xwm txheej.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm pem hauv ntej "Ntawm kev tiv thaiv thaum tus yeeb ncuab siv tshuaj lom", "Ntawm kev muab cov tub rog ntawm Leningrad Front nrog tshuaj tiv thaiv txhais tau tias" (Lub Kaum Hli 1941), xaj rau cov tub rog ntawm Leningrad Front No. 0124 hnub tim 10/18/41 "Ntawm kev txhim kho kev saib xyuas cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tshuaj thiab kev tshem tawm ntawm lawv qhov tsis tsim nyog", xaj rau cov tub rog ntawm 54th Army No. 019 ntawm 1941-18-10 "Ntawm lub xeev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm cov koog thiab tsim ", xaj rau pab tub rog ntawm pab pawg Sinyavinsk ua haujlwm No. 013 ntawm 01/04/42" Ntawm lub xeev cov kev pabcuam tshuaj lom neeg hauv chav 286, 128 SD, 1 GSBr, 6 MBR thiab 21 TD thiab ntxiv rau tshuaj lom neeg ", kev daws teeb meem ntawm Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Tub Rog ntawm lub hauv ntej No. 00702 hnub tim 05.03.42" Txog kev ntsuas txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv tub rog ", xaj rau cov tub rog ntawm 55th Army No. 0087 hnub tim 12.04.42 xyoo "Ntawm kev npaj rau kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tub rog los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab", Daws Teeb Meem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog ntawm Leningrad Pem Hauv Ntej 00905 hnub tim 30.0 5.42 xyoo "Ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau lub zog thiab txhais tau tias degassing thiab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub nroog Leningrad", xaj rau cov tub rog ntawm Leningrad Front No. 00105 hnub tim 04/26/43 "Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kev npaj ua rog rau PHO ", xaj rau cov tub rog ntawm 2nd Ud. Thiab No. 00114 sau hnub tim 06/10/43 "Ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kev npaj ua tub rog rau PCP thiab ntsuas kom nce nws" - qhov no tsis yog daim ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Leningrad Front.
Lub hauv ntej, qib tub rog ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab xaj xaj qhia tias hauv qib qis (tsim, ib feem) tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tub rog thiab cov khoom tau nce zoo li av qeeg. Lawv txoj kev txhim kho thiab kev coj ua tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem, uas thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev qhuab qhia tshuaj lom neeg siab, kev npaj ntawm pab tub rog los ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Cov lus nug tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim: vim li cas cov tub rog-nom tswv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes tsis tau xaj kom siv riam phom tshuaj tua kab ntawm kev ua tsov rog?
Puas yog nws tsuas yog qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij German kom xaus kev ua tsov rog nrog "riam phom uas nws tau pib"?
Puas yog Hitler ntshai los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Great Britain, Asmeskas thiab USSR?
Puas yog tus neeg tawm tsam tsis kam tawm tsam tshuaj lom neeg vim qhov ntsuas tau txaus ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Red Army?
Cov no thiab ntau lwm cov lus nug tseem tseem qhib …
