"Nws yog yeej ntawm tus ntsuj plig."
Tom qab nkag mus rau kev pabcuam tom ntej, xyoo 1898, kev tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv "Admiral Ushakov" tau suav nrog txhua xyoo rau peb lub lis piam hauv Kev Qhia thiab Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Baltic Fleet txhawm rau txhim kho kev kawm ntawm cov tub rog. Kev xyaum ua haujlwm hnyav ua rau qhov tseeb tias thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1904 kev sib tw, thaum lub sijhawm 140 lub foob pob raug tua los ntawm tsuas yog 10 `` phom ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tag nrho cov xov tooj tau raug tua los ntawm lub nkoj los ntawm cov phom roj teeb loj mus txog 472 (), uas cuam tshuam loj rau kev hnav phom. Cov phom loj 120 mm tau nrawm heev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw phem dua, txhua qhov uas twb tau tua txog 400 tawm teev.
Ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb tau tuav ob peb hnub ua ntej kev swb ntawm Port Arthur, tau txiav txim siab, thiab peb hnub tom qab, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1904, qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws tau ua raws li xa thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm 3rd Pacific Squadron ua ib feem ntawm 1st Sib cais Squadron ntawm cov nkoj mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv qab tus chij ntawm Rear Admiral NI Nebogatov, uas nws tawm ntawm Libava tau teem sijhawm rau Lub Ib Hlis 15, 1905. Kev npaj cov nkoj rau kev caij nkoj tau nqa tawm hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Emperor Alexander III, qhov twg, kom nrawm dua txoj haujlwm, uas, ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Admiral FK Avelan, Emperor Nicholas II tau tso cai faib 2,000,000, 00 rubles, ntau dua 1,500 tus neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm lub xeev thiab cov chaw tsim khoom ntiag tug tau sau.
"Ushakov" tau raug coj mus rau hauv chaw thau khoom, qhov chaw hauv qab tau raug ntxuav thiab pleev xim liab, thaum ob sab, cov kav dej thiab cov txheej txheem loj tau npog nrog cov xim dub. Hauv qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ib nrab los ntawm Mars, uas tau ploj ib feem ntawm cov qauv, kaum 37-hli ib leeg-Barreled Hotchkiss rab phom tau raug muab tshem tawm, hloov lawv nrog ob lub tshuab Maxim nrog rab phom; hloov ntawm rau 37-mm tsib-barreled Hotchkiss cannons, plaub 47-mm Hotchkiss rab phom tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog tau teeb tsa rau ntawm spardeck. Kho kom zoo nkauj tau raug tshem tawm ntawm hneev thiab lub hauv siab, hneev nti thiab lub hauv siab torpedo leeg tau raug muab tshem tawm, thiab cov raj torpedo uas tau tsav tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub nkoj loj. Ua tsaug rau cov no thiab lwm cov kev ntsuas, kev tsim kho ntau dhau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 468 tons tau raug txo los ntawm ib puas tons.
Ua ke nrog GUKiS, Obukhov cog tau tsim rau rau rab phom 120-mm tshiab, ob qho uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm qhov hnav tshaj plaws ntawm Admiral Ushakov.
Plaub qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau xa mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua: ob, txeeb tau los ntawm chav kawm phom loj ntawm Baltic Fleet Kev Kawm thiab Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob () thiab ob ntawm Barr thiab Stroud tuam txhab ntawm kev hloov kho zaum kawg FA 3 (), nrog rau Belgian tes tuav kho qhov muag. rangefinders tsim los ntawm Fabrique Nationale Herstal Liège lub Hoobkas (). Phom ntawm calibers 120 mm thiab 10 "tau txais kev pom kev zoo hauv tsev ntawm Perepyolkin system (). Tsis tas li ntawm" Admiral Ushakov "tau teeb tsa xov tooj cua xov tooj cua ntawm" Slaby-Arco "system ntawm" Telefunken "zej zog, tsim los ntawm Dr. A. Slaby () thiab nws tus koom tes suav Gon Arko (). Tus nqi ntawm 80 lub foob pob rau ib lub thoob, 320 10 "lub foob pob () tau raug rho tawm haujlwm rau" Admiral Ushakov ", uas tsuas yog 300 tus tuaj yeem haum rau ntawm lub nkoj nrog. riam phom-tho lub plhaub, 480 nrog lub siab tawg thiab 160 nrog ntu.
Vim qeeb los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm tsam, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov los ntawm txawv teb chaws, nrog rau cov huab cua nyuaj, Kev cais cais tsuas yog nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 3, 1905.
Thaum lub sijhawm kev qhia phom loj uas txuas ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm sib tw, ob lub foob pob thiab rab phom loj tau ua tiav. Peb Hlis 28, 1905nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Aden, thawj qhov kev qhia tawm raug tshem tawm, plaub lub foob pob tawg loj tau raug tua los ntawm txhua rab phom loj loj ib zaug. Ob lub lis piam tom qab, txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txuas ntxiv mus, thiab 10 '' rab phom ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tua plaub lub foob pob ntxiv, thiab peb hnub tom qab, thaum thauj cov thee, cov mos txwv siv rau hauv kev kawm tua hluav taws tau rov ua dua los ntawm cov nkoj thauj mus los. Yog li, thaum pib ntawm Tsushima sib ntaus, cov phom loj ntawm "Admiral Ushakov" tau tua txog 504 puag ncig. Saib ua ntej, peb nco tias, raws li hauv qab no los ntawm cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus thawj coj loj, Lieutenant E. A. Maximov nyob rau hnub tim 4, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1905, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tua txog 200 ntau tshaj 10 `` plhaub, yog li coj lawv cov lej tag nrho raug rho tawm haujlwm. lub sij hawm, mus txog 704. Los ntawm 120-mm phom, raws li cov ntaub ntawv qub, txog 400 lub foob pob tau raug tua thaum sib ntaus. Thiaj li, "Admiral Ushakov" nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus nrog ob lub nkoj ua rog, muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 176 puag ncig ib lub phom roj teeb tseem ceeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li MTK cov cai, kev muaj sia nyob ntawm 10 `` rab phom phom yog 200 qhov kev txhaj tshuaj ib lub thoob (), thiab 120 mm - 1,000.
Kev ua haujlwm hnav tau zoo tshaj qhov tsim thiab tsim khoom tsis xws luag ntawm cov khoom siv. Rov qab rau xyoo 1900, Admiral Ushakov tau ntsib kev ua tsis tiav hauv kev tsav hydraulic ntawm kev txhim kho ntauwd. Hauv kev tshaj tawm xyoo 1901, kev hnav lub tshuab tsav hydraulic ntawm 10 "units ntawm" Admiral Ushakov "tau pom tseeb, thaum tsis muaj servomotors ntawm lub tshuab nqa nqa, qhov no ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua kom phom sij. Hmoov tsis zoo, rab phom "hnyav" hnyav heev thiab lawv lub tshuab muaj lub zog tsis txaus, uas yuam kom cov hmoov hmoov kom txo los ntawm 65.5 kg mus rau 56 kg ntawm cov hmoov tsis haus luam yeeb, vim yog qhov uas qhov muzzle tshaj tawm ntawm 225 kg projectile txo los ntawm 778- 792 rau 695 m / s. Ib qho ntxiv, lub kaum sab xis uas tau tso cai tau txwv, uas, ua ke nrog txo tus nqi hmoov, coj mus rau qhov txo qis hauv qhov tua hluav taws ntau.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1905, Nebogatov cov nkoj tau koom nrog Rozhdestvensky pawg tub rog, tau npog txog 12,000 mais hauv 83 hnub. Hauv kev sib ntaus nruab hnub thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1905, "Admiral Ushakov" yog qhov kawg ntawm kev sawv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, kaw qhov thib 3 armored detachment ().
Thaum Tsushima kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib ntaus sib tua, hla dhau qhov kev puas tsuaj huab tais Alexander III, raug tsoo ntawm sab hnub poob los ntawm 8 '' lub plhaub nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm tus ncej 15 nyob ze ntawm kab dej, vim qhov uas tag nrho cov hneev taw ntawm lub lawj nyob tau ntim nrog dej. Qhov hloov pauv tom ntej, 6 '' caliber, tsoo sab ntawm tus dej, sab nraud ntawm tus pej thuam hneev taw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb tus neeg raug tua, ib tus raug mob tuag, thiab plaub tus raug mob hnyav. Yog tias thawj lub qhov raug kho nrog cov ntoo thiab cov neeg caij nkoj, tom qab ntawd qhov thib ob, nrog txoj kab uas hla txog 90 cm, ua rau muaj dej nyab ntawm lub hneev taw tag nrho mus txog 10 thav duab. Nws tsis tuaj yeem kaw nws yam tsis tau nres tsheb thiab tsis nres hluav taws los ntawm tus pej thuam. Qhov projectile thib peb (ntawm qhov tsis paub tab), tsoo lub turret tom qab, ua rau nws nyuaj heev, tawm hauv qhov tob tob hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntsug thiab txau cov ntoo ntawm lub lawj thiab phab ntsa ntawm spardeck. Shrapnel los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov mos txwv uas tau tawg ze ntawm lub nkoj tau xiam lub xov tooj tsis siv xov tooj thiab tua lub gaff; poob ntawm cov neeg coob thaum nruab hnub muaj txog plaub tus neeg tuag thiab tib tus neeg raug mob.
Nrog rau tag nrho cov hneev taw nyob rau hauv dej nyab, lub nkoj sib ntaus tau hnyav hnyav los ntawm nws lub qhov ntswg, yog li ntawd, ntawm lub hiav txwv swell ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws, Ushakov tuaj yeem muab tsis pub ntau tshaj 10 pob ntawm qhov nrawm, vim qhov uas nws poob qis dua lwm lub nkoj, coj los ntawm "Emperor Nicholas I", thiab tsim kev nrawm ntawm 12-12, 5 pob. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv chav pw, nws tau txiav txim siab tias yuav txuas ntxiv kev mus rau Vladivostok, sim ua kom tau raws li cov chaw uas tau mus tom ntej.
Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Tsib Hlis 15, 1905Kev tshem tawm ntawm United Fleet, thaum ya mus 26 mais sab qab teb ntawm Takeshima Island, ua cov haujlwm tshaj lij thiab saib xyuas cov nkoj uas tau tso tseg ntawm Nebogatov tshem tawm. Thaum 14:00, tau pom kev haus luam yeeb los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm Iwate mast nyob rau sab qab teb. Ib teev tom qab, los ntawm cov kav dej sib txawv kom pom tseeb, lub nkoj tau pom tias yog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm "Admiral Senyavin" chav kawm. Thaum 15:24 qhov kev txiav txim tau txais los ntawm tus chij ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua zaum thib ob ntawm tus neeg caij nkoj Idzumo mus rau lub nkoj Iwate () thiab Yakumo kom ua raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias. Txawm tias ua ntej lawv maj nrawm nws, "Admiral Ushakov" tau tig mus rau lwm qhov thiab pib mus rau sab qab teb.
Cov neeg caij nkoj Nyij Pooj tau tsim txoj kev kawm kaum yim pob thiab tom qab ib pliag, 60 mais sab hnub poob ntawm Oki Island, lawv rov pom cov nkoj sib ntaus. Thaum qhov kev ncua deb tau txo mus rau yim mais, cov neeg Nyij Pooj, ua raws daim ntawv xaj xov tooj los ntawm "Mikasa", tau sim yaum cov yeeb ncuab nkoj kom swb los ntawm kev tsa ntawm 17:10 () lub teeb liab ua lus Askiv "Koj tus thawj tub rog tau tso tseg, Kuv yuav qhia koj kom swb ", uas tuaj yeem txhais qee yam xws li" Koj tus thawj tub rog tau swb, kuv qhia koj kom zwm rau ib yam. " Thaum 17:30, thaum qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov neeg sib tw yog kwv yees li tsib mais, cov neeg Nyij Pooj, ntseeg tias Lavxias cov tub rog sib tua yuav tsis swb, qhib hluav taws rau nws. Admiral Ushakov kuj tau thim rov qab.
Tom qab thawj plaub qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, kev qhia txog kab rov tav hydraulic ntawm hneev turret ua tsis tiav, lawv tau sim tig nws los ntawm tus kheej, tab sis txij li lub turret tig 180 ° hauv 20 feeb, tua los ntawm nws tau dhau los tsawg heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub tsev pej thuam tom qab txuas ntxiv hluav taws. Lub roj teeb hluav taws yuav tsum tau nres, txij li kev sib ntaus sib tua deb tshaj qhov tua ntawm 120-mm phom. Kaum feeb tom qab pib kev sib ntaus sib tua, 8 '' projectile tsoo rau sab tiv thaiv hneev turret thiab ua lub qhov loj ntawm tus dej, vim yog qhov uas cov khoom ruaj khov uas twb muaj lawm rau sab hnub qub pib nce, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo lub kaum sab xis siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov phom loj loj. Lub luag haujlwm tuag ntawm no tau ua los ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev sib ntaus sib tua "Ushakov" yuav tsum tau tawm tsam ntawm sab xis, puas tsuaj hauv Tsushima.
Thaum 17:45, Cov neeg caij nkoj Nyij Pooj, uas ua rau lawv nrawm dua, tau ua tiav "tag nrho tam sim" tig los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus mus rau sab laug, txo qhov nrug mus rau "Ushakov" hauv kab kab. Kev tsoo ntawm 6 `` projectile hauv lub roj teeb ua rau lub nkoj txoj cai hneev 120-mm phom loj. Thaum 17:59, lub yees raug kaw vim tsis muaj pob taws tsis sib xws, cov phom sib ntaus sib tua phom ntsiag to, thiab ib pliag tom qab cov neeg Nyij Pooj, uas yog lub sijhawm ntawd nyob deb li ntawm plaub mais los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tau rov tig dua "txhua ntawm qhov tshwm sim sai sai "ob lub ntsiab lus rau sab xis, kab hauv kab sawv thiab, Thaum tau txav mus rau hauv ib puag ncig, ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 14-15 pob, peb tau mus rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, txuas ntxiv tua nws. Ib lossis ob 6 '' lub plhaub uas tsoo lub nkoj sib ntaus ua rau muaj hluav taws thiab tawg ntawm peb lub arbors nrog 120-mm cartridges. Hluav taws pib ntawm lub roj teeb, lub vaj huam sib luag sab thiab cov tub rau khoom nyob hauv lub lawj nyob muaj hluav taws. Qhov kawg tsoo lub nkoj los ntawm 8 '' lub plhaub, uas tig mus rau chav nyob. Thaum siv tag nrho cov peev xwm rau kev tawm tsam, thaum pib ntawm xya lub pob zeb tau qhib rau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, pab pawg tau txais qhov kev txiav txim kom "khiav tawm". Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj, thaum 18:07 lub nkoj tawm ntawm lub hnub poob hauv qab dej tau npog cov pa luam yeeb los ntawm kev tawg, thiab thaum 18:10 nws tau tig mus rau sab hnub poob thiab ploj hauv qab dej.
Cov neeg Nyij Pooj uas tau mus txog qhov chaw tuag nyob rau ib nrab teev pib pab cawm. Rau ob hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus, qhov tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj rau rau tus tub ceev xwm, peb tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab 74 qib qis dua.
Raws li cov lus pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1905, ob lub 8 "foob pob thiab ob lossis peb 6" lub foob pob tsoo "Admiral Ushakov". Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam Nyij Pooj, cuam tshuam rau hauv daim duab los ntawm "Sab Qaum Kawg Keeb Kwm ntawm Tsov Rog-Nyij Pooj Tsov Rog ntawm Hiav Txwv hauv 37-38. Meiji ", lub cev ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua raug tsoo los ntawm peb 8" thiab peb 6 "lub plhaub, ntxiv rau, ob lub kav dej tau txais tsib lossis rau qhov ntaus los ntawm lub plhaub uas tsis paub meej.
Kev faib tawm ntawm qhov tau txais thaum lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1905 ()
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj, muaj laj thawj ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho, hauv ob hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus, 3-4 8 ", 4 6" thiab rau rau rau xya lub plhaub ntawm 6 "- 8" () raug ntaus los ntawm "Admiral Ushakov".
Kev sib ntaus sib tua, raws li hauv qab no los ntawm cov lus pov thawj ntawm Lieutenant EA Maximov thib 4, tau tua hluav taws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab txog 30 10 "thiab 60 120-mm lub foob pob tawm tsam tag nrho 89 8" thiab 278 6 "lub foob pob los ntawm Nyij Pooj ().
Nws tsis zoo li cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws siab dua, ua los ntawm cov tswv yim ua ntej ua tsov rog txog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum tau tawm tsam thiab tsav mus rau ib ces kaum los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv lub tebchaws thiab ntawm kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj, paub. hais tias 10 '' phom, uas tau ze rau ntawm kev hnav, yuav coj cov txiaj ntsig me me hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Nyij Pooj.
Pom tseeb, kev xa peb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "Admiral Senyavin" chav kawm mus rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev ntsuas tsim los ua kom cov pej xeem muaj kev xav zoo siab, zoo siab los ntawm cov xov xwm nthuav dav ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Rog Qib 2nd N. 2nd Pacific Squadron, uas tau poob txoj hauv kev kom tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev them nqi ntawm Port Arthur cov nkoj.
Txawm hais tias muaj nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus ntawm kev txhim kho qhov muag pom thiab qhov tseem ceeb, txawm tias los ntawm Askiv cov qauv, tus naj npawb ntawm niaj hnub txhais tau tias txiav txim siab nrug (), feem ntau yog los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov phom ntawm cov phom loj loj, tom kawg tsis tuaj yeem ua kom raug ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab qhov tseeb, raws li tus lej thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov tawg, cov hlau 10 `` cov foob pob tawg loj, muaj 7, 434 kg ntawm pyroxylin, yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv kev siv phom loj hauv nkoj (). Qhov tseeb ntawm kaum ib 10 "phom, uas tau tua tag nrho ntawm tsib puas lub foob pob (), suav nrog" General-Admiral Apraksin "- 130," Admiral Senyavin "- 170 thiab" Admiral Ushakov "- 200, tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj hais txog cov nkoj Nyij Pooj raug tsoo los ntawm 10 "phom. Rau kev sib piv, thaum sib ntaus sib tua thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, 1904, kev sib ntaus sib tua" Pobeda "thiab" Peresvet "los ntawm yim 10" phom 224 phom (), ntawm qhov () ntaus tsawg kawg plaub.
Qhov chaw tuag ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv "Admiral Ushakov" () ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm cov chaw xa xov uas hais los ntawm Novikov-Priboi hauv zaj dab neeg "Tsushima":
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Los ntawm txoj kev, txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov chaw tuag, "Ushakov" tau tswj hwm kom tsis txhob hnov qab los ntawm cov neeg xa nkoj Japanese.
Siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv
1. Tus lej ntawm cov cim ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Admiral Ushakov".
2. V. Yu. Gribovsky, I. I. Chernikov. Battleship "Admiral Ushakov".
3. Sab saum toj zais keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias-Nyij Pooj tsov rog ntawm hiav txwv hauv 37-38 xyoo. Meiji.
4. M. Moss thiab I. Russell. Ntau yam thiab pom kev. Thawj puas xyoo ntawm Barr & Stroud.
