Russophiles thiab Russophobia
Tom qab Stalin tuag thaum Lub Peb Hlis 5, 1953, nws cov neeg ua tiav nyob rau sab saum toj, tsis tas tos tog
"Debunking cult ntawm tus kheej", tau ua qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm txoj cai kev xav hauv USSR. Thiab thawj qhov nws tau kov rau ntawm kos duab thiab ntawv.
Tab sis, raws li nws tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, tus menyuam raug pov nrog dej qias neeg …
Kev kho dua ntawm txoj cai kev coj noj coj ua, uas hauv ib cheeb tsam feem ntau hu ua kev coj noj coj ua zoo, ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus kheej", txaus siab lossis tsis txaus siab, lees paub ua haujlwm txhua yam ntawm Soviet kos duab. Ntau txoj haujlwm thiab kev tsim khoom nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav ntawm Lavxias thiab Soviet kev nyiam kev ywj pheej tau raug tshem tawm ntawm theem thiab los ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm.
Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntaus tau ua haujlwm qhov twg cov phiaj tau tsawg kawg - "sib tshuam" nrog cov haujlwm lossis yooj yim nrog hais txog Stalin. Thiab txoj hauv kev no tsis yog tsuas yog pom zoo "los ntawm saum toj no", nws yog hom kev pov hwm tus kheej ntawm tus thawj coj ua yeeb yam thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm kab lis kev cai. Raws li txoj cai -
"Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau nws ntau dua li nco nws."
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev no tseem yog los ntawm qib kev txawj ntse ntawm ntau tus neeg lis haujlwm. Tus yam ntxwv tau muab rau tog neeg Soviet thiab lub xeev lub npe ntawm ib nrab xyoo 1950 los ntawm Alfred Meyer, tus xibfwb uas yog tus coj lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Lavxias ntawm Harvard University, yog qhov qhia tau.
Hauv nws phau ntawv The Soviet Political System: Nws Cov Lus Txhais, luam tawm xyoo 1965 hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nws sau hais tias:
Kev coj noj coj ua hauv nruab nrab (thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam) feem ntau yog los ntawm cov chav kawm qis dua thiab feem ntau yog kev kawm tsis zoo.
Nws tuaj yeem xav tias lawv muaj nuj nqis tsawg lossis tsis muaj kev txawj ntse, suav nrog kev txawj ntse ncaj ncees thiab kev ywj pheej.
Tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg nyob hauv qab."
Raws li A. Meyer sau tseg, "Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias tog neeg thiab xeev cov thawj coj ntawm qib no tsis xav tau, txawm hais tias lawv tsis tshaj tawm nws, kom tau txais kev kawm," saib mus tom ntej "cadres" hauv qab lawv ".
Tsis yog kev coj noj coj ua
Tom qab XX Congress ntawm CPSU, cov txheej txheem tau txais kev txhawb zog txhua lub sijhawm.
Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm txoj cai kev coj noj coj ua tshiab, kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv xyoo 1957-1959. cov kev txiav txim siab yav dhau los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm tog (1946-1948) ntawm qhov xav tau kom kov yeej kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Soviet, qhia meej lossis "tsis txaus ntseeg" kev qhuas rau cov qauv ntawm pawg "kab lis kev cai" ntawm kev ua tsov rog sab hnub poob tau raug txim.
Thiab nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tias txhua qhov no tau qhia ib zaug
"Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kev txawj ntse tsis zoo ntawm zej zog thiab, feem ntau, cov pej xeem."
THIAB
"Rau kev hais lus tsis zoo thiab dag dag ntawm kev phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg Lavxias nrog lwm haiv neeg Soviet."
Piv txwv li, hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam (Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1948) "Ntawm Opera" Great Friendship "los ntawm V. Muradeli"
"Tsis quav ntsej rau kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev paub ntawm Lavxias classical opera tshwj xeeb, uas yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus sab hauv, kev nplua nuj ntawm cov nkauj thiab qhov dav ntawm ntau yam, haiv neeg, zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj, meej suab paj nruas."
Dhau li, "Kev ua yeeb yam tsim lub tswv yim cuav uas cov neeg Caucasian xws li Georgians thiab Ossetians tau ua yeeb ncuab nrog cov neeg Lavxias hauv xyoo 1918-1920, uas yog keeb kwm tsis tseeb."
Tab sis cov kev ntsuas no tau raug tsis lees paub hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txiav Txim Siab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1958 "Ntawm kev kho qhov yuam kev hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua yeeb yam" Great Friendship ":
Qhov kev ntsuas tsis raug ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem no cuam tshuam txog kev nkag mus rau qee yam haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev muaj tswv yim ntawm ib feem ntawm I. V. Stalin.
Dab tsi yog tus yam ntxwv thaum lub sijhawm Stalin tus cwj pwm coj tus cwj pwm.
Ntawd yog, qhov kev thuam no nthuav mus rau cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag Lavxias, nrog rau nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa kev coj noj coj ua thiab txhawb kev phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg ntawm USSR.
Thiab nws yog ib yam uas, nrog rau qhov kev ntsuas "siab dua" no, lawv tau pib nquag nrhiav thiab tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov ntawv xov xwm ua haujlwm ntawm 30s - thawj ib nrab ntawm 50s, raws li lawv hais, nrog
"Russophilia ntau dhau."
Nws yog, txawm hais tias tsis raug cai, tab sis qhia meej meej "los ntawm saum toj no" ib chav kawm hauv kev lis haujlwm.
Tsis sib npaug rau Lenin
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev ua yeeb yam ib puag ncig thaum ntxov 60s muaj cov lus xaiv tsis tu ncua txog qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm USSR Ministry of Culture (1961) txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm I. V. Stalin, "Txhua yam ntau ntxiv raws li daim duab sib npaug V. I. Lenin "ib.
Tab sis kuj yog tus cwj pwm ntawm tsarist Russia, ntxiv rau
"Tshaj Tawm" lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias
thiab, "Yog li, qhov tseeb lossis tsis ncaj kev ntseeg ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lwm haiv neeg nyob hauv kev tsim lub xeev Soviet, kev kov yeej kev ntxub ntxaug."
KGB cov lus tshaj tawm rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kab lis kev cai ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm Lub Xeev thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, 1960, ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Soviet txawj ntse, kuj tseem ua tib zoo mloog cov lus qhia no.
Kos rau ntawm no
"Ua kom muaj kev nco qab, qib ntau dua ntawm kev paub tab ntawm nom tswv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim txawj ntse", tshwm
"Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kab ntawm tog neeg tau ua raws li kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab."
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "Tawm tsam pab pawg ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv."
Tshwj xeeb, nws tau hais tias
"Arbuzov, Rozov, Stein, Zorin, Shtok, Shatrov thiab qee qhov lwm tus playwrights tau sib sau ua lub hauv paus ntawm" sib ntaus "tiv thaiv kev ua yeeb yam, hauv lawv cov lus," Stalinist regime "- nrog rau qhov hu ua" ncaj ncees varnishers "ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm tus kheej kev coj noj coj ua (piv txwv li, Koval, Leonov, Pogodin, Sofronov).
Txawm hais tias tom kawg twb tau nyob hauv cov neeg tsawg.
Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm kws sau keeb kwm thiab kws sau paj huam Polina Rezvantseva (St. Petersburg), raws li Khrushchev, keeb kwm, ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam kev kos duab yuav tsum xav txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Lenin, "de-Stalinize" ua haujlwm thiab tsim tawm ntawm Lavxias thiab Soviet keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus.
Cov lus qhia
"Muaj raws li hauv qab no: cov neeg txawj ntse yuav tsum tau hloov kho mus rau txoj kev xav tshiab thiab ua haujlwm rau nws."
Tab sis kev txiav txim siab kom kov yeej "kev coj tus cwj pwm", raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm sau tseg kom raug, coj
"Ua rau kev ua phem rau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kos duab: yog li, tsuas yog ob lub hlis tom qab kev sib tham, Alexander Fadeev, thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm USSR Writers 'Union, tau tua tus kheej, txiav txim siab hauv nws qhov kev tua tus kheej hais txog qhov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm Stalin qub" comrades-in-arms "thiab" menyuam kawm ntawv "".
Lub caij no, nyob rau hauv daim chij ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Stalinist "kev ntseeg", txoj haujlwm tau teeb tsa tiag tiag los kho tus kheej yav dhau los (hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Stalin) thiab, feem ntau, kev xav hauv lub suab ntawm kev coj noj coj ua.
Cia peb saib cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kab lis kev cai ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU mus rau Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU "Ntawm qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntawv Soviet niaj hnub no" hnub tim 27 Lub Xya Hli 1956:
Kev kov yeej kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus kheej thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev txawj ntse thiab kev coj noj coj ua yog kev sau los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv yog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho kev sau ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab raws txoj kev ntawm qhov tseeb thiab haiv neeg.
Ntau tus kws sau ntawv ncaj ncees, uas, los ntawm lawv tus yam ntxwv, xav tias muaj kev txwv tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej, qhia lawv pom zoo los ntawm NS Khrushchev tsab ntawv ceeb toom thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm CPSU "Ntawm kev kov yeej kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig."
Pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog Leninist tus ntsuj plig ntawm tog kev coj noj coj ua."
Khrushchev paub txog pob kws thiab kab lis kev cai
Khrushchev nws tus kheej, tau kawg, kuj tau hais qhia qhov tseeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas cov txheej txheem kev xav yav dhau los yuav raug kho dua. Piv txwv li, hauv Khrushchev cov lus hais ntawm lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb hauv kev hwm lub hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua koob tsheej 10 xyoo ntawm kev kov yeej kev ntxub ntxaug (1955) tsis muaj qhov hint ntawm Stalin lub npe toast hauv kev hwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum Lub Rau Hli 24, 1945. Txawm hais tias ua ntej XX Congress ntawm CPSU nws tseem ntau tshaj li yim lub hlis.
Tab sis tus thawj coj ntawm tog tau hais ntau yam ntxiv ntawm III Congress of Soviet Writers (Tsib Hlis 1959):
Gorky hais tau zoo:
"Yog tias tus yeeb ncuab tsis swb, nws raug rhuav tshem."
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tiag. Tab sis tam sim no qhov kev tawm tsam no tas lawm.
Cov neeg coj ntawm kev tawm tsam tog pom tau raug kev puas tsuaj tag nrho kev xav, thiab tam sim no muaj, yog li hais lus, txheej txheem kho qhov txhab”.
Qhov tseeb, "qhov caws pliav ntawm qhov txhab" txhais tau tias tshem tawm ntawm txhua qhov kev kos duab uas tau txhawb nqa thiab txhawb nqa hauv lawv hauv kaum xyoo dhau los Stalinist: qhov zoo thiab keeb kwm ntawm Russia, lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab hauv kev tsim Lavxias, Lub xeev Soviet thiab kev phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg ntawm USSR.
Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb, hauv qhov no, tsab ntawv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav ntawm cov kws qhia kev ntseeg ntawm Moscow State University G. M. Shchegolkova Khrushchev thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1962:
… Xyoo 1956, tom qab koj tshaj tawm txog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm Stalin, nws yooj yim kom tsis ntseeg txhua yam.
Tab sis koj hu dab tsi rau cov kws ua yeeb yam?
- "Saib rau qee yam tshiab, tab sis tsuas yog hauv txoj kev uas txhua tus nyiam."
Cov huab cua uas tam sim no tau tsim hauv kab lis kev cai yog huab cua ntawm kev tswj hwm, tsis muaj kev liam tias tsis raug cai, thuam lwm tus, ua tsis ncaj ntawm qhov tsis ntev los no, demagoguery thiab rov hais dua cov lus siab tshaj.
Nws nyuaj heev kom paub txhua yam no."
Tsis yog "Russia hav zoov" thiab tsis yog "Russia Field"
Txawm li cas los xij, xws li kev tshaj tawm phiaj xwm tau pib ntev ua ntej XX Congress.
Yog li, qhov kawg ntawm Lub Yim Hli 1954, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees "tau teeb tsa" tsab ntawv los ntawm cov xibfwb-kws saib xyuas hav zoov P. Vasiliev, V. Timofeev, tus tswvcuab sib raug zoo ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences N. Baransky thiab tus kws tshaj lij-agrarian V. Sukhachev nrog rau cov lus pom … kom ntseeg tus kws sau ntawv zoo thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm Leonid Leonov … kom rov ua dua nws phau ntawv tshiab "Lavxias hav zoov", luam tawm thaum Stalin lub neej xyoo 1953 thiab tau txais Stalin Prize.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kom tshem tawm ntawm cov ntawv tshiab no qhov kev iab liam
"… ceeb toom ntawm bourgeois theories ntawm qee yam" tsis tu ncua "ntawm hav zoov, hais lus ntau dhau ntawm nws cov kev coj noj coj ua tseem ceeb."
Hais tias, tus sau
"Tsis tas yuav ua yeeb yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv RSFSR, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nthuav dav txiav ntoo uas xav tau los ntawm lub tebchaws."
Thiab qhov kev cuam tshuam no tau pib nrog "Kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Kirov Leningrad Forestry Academy" hnub tim 23 Lub Peb Hlis 1954:
“Tus sau L. Leonov tsis nkag siab txog teeb meem hav zoov.
Hauv cov ntawv tshiab, tsis tsuas yog tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom hauv hav zoov, tsis muaj kev koom ua ke, tsis muaj tog neeg.
… Lub rooj sab laj tau pom zoo los txiav txim siab kho qhov tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sau ntawv, cov ntsiab lus, yam lus thiab yam ntxwv.
Cov ntawv tshiab yuav tsum tsis txhob rov luam dua yam tsis muaj kev kho dua tshiab."
Cia peb rov nco qab tias nws yog lub sijhawm ntawd uas tsoomfwv tau hais kom tshem cov hav zoov loj heev tsis yog nyob hauv thaj chaw nkauj xwb uas loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws rau thaj tsam loj ntawm lawv cov plowing. Tab sis kuj nyob hauv
"Cov hav zoov tiv thaiv txoj siv tawv ntawm ntug dej thiab pas dej, kev tsheb nqaj hlau thiab txoj kev loj"
(kev daws teeb meem sib koom ua ke ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU thiab Union Council of Ministers thaum Lub Ob Hlis 7, 1955 "Txog kev nce hav zoov hauv USSR"). Pom tseeb, Leonov's "Russia Forest" tsis haum rau qhov phiaj xwm no.
Muaj tseeb, Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm pawg neeg nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1950 tseem tsis tau yog "pro-Khrushchev". Tab sis L. Leonov tseem raug yuam kom rov kho qhov ntawv tshiab - nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav tau loj hlob ntawm Soviet kev lag luam hauv ntoo. Rau qhov uas xyoo 1957 lawv tau ua tsaug los ntawm kev muab khoom plig Lenin rau tus sau rau "Russia Forest".
Tab sis twb yog xyoo 1959, cov ntawv tshiab tau raug thuam (hauv Znamya magazine, M., 1959, No. 2) rau
"Kev khaws cia qee qhov ua yuam kev yav dhau los."
Thiab tsis ntev lawv tau tso tseg kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev ua yeeb yam. Tab sis tsis yog xwb.
Raws li cov lus tshaj tawm thiab cov lus pom zoo, los ntawm ib nrab ntawm 50s - nruab nrab 60s, ntau yam Soviet ua haujlwm ntawm 40s - thawj ib nrab ntawm 50s tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, txhawb kev sib koom siab ntawm cov neeg Slavic lossis "ntau dhau" hais txog Orthodoxy. Los yog qee zaum nco txog Stalin …
Los ntawm txoj kev, tib lub sijhawm - los ntawm qhov thib ib nrab ntawm 50s - Khrushchev thiab lwm tus zoo li nws tau pib ua txhua qhov kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam kev ntseeg, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm tsam Orthodoxy. Nikita Sergeevich nws tus kheej tau cog lus xyoo 1961
"Qhia tus pov thawj zaum kawg hauv TV."
Uas kuj tau cuam tshuam txog Russophobic xwm txheej ntawm kev tshem tawm
"Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj tus kheej."
Tshaj tawm tag nrho cov npe
Thiab raws li qhov tshwm sim …
Nov tsuas yog daim ntawv teev npe tsis tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov repertoires (vim yog cov kev xav uas tau hais los saum no):
Boris Asafiev-ua yeeb yam "Minin thiab Pozharsky" (ua yeeb yam hauv tsev ua yeeb yam xyoo 1939), "1812", "Nyob ze Moscow hauv plaub caug thawj", "Slavic beauty" (1941-1944), ballets "Sulamith" (1941), Leda (1943), Militsa (1945);
Marian Koval - hais lus "Cov Neeg Dawb Huv Tsov Rog", "Valery Chkalov" (1941-1942), ua yeeb yam "Emelyan Pugachev" (1942), "Sevastopoltsy" (1946);
Lev Stepanov - ua yeeb yam tiv thaiv ciam teb (1939), Guardsmen (1947), Ivan Bolotnikov (1950), Hauv Lub Npe Ntawm Lub Neej (1952), Ballet Native Coast (1941);
Boris Lavrenev - ua yeeb yam "Nkauj ntawm Dub Hiav Txwv Dub" (1943), "Rau cov uas nyob hauv hiav txwv!" (1945), Voice of America (1949), Lermontov (1953);
Pavel Malyarevsky - ua yeeb yam "Ua kom muaj zog ntau dua li tuag" (1946), "Thunderstorm Eve" (1950);
Konstantin Simonov - ua yeeb yam "Cov Neeg Lavxias" (1943);
Boris Gorbatov - kev ua si -ua yeeb yam "The Unconquered" (1944);
Yuri Shaporin - suab paj nruag -cantata "Ntawm Kulikovo Field" (1939).
Xyoo 1942 ua si "Kev ntxeem tau" los ntawm L. Leonov kuj tau tshwm sim hauv tib daim ntawv sau npe.
Leej txiv ntawm tus sau cov kab no, pianist A. A. Chichkin, tus thawj coj ntawm lub kaw suab kaw suab ntawm Moscow Conservatory thaum xyoo 1940s thiab nruab nrab xyoo 1950, tau koom nrog hauv kev npaj cov claviers (hloov pauv rau piano) ntawm qee qhov kev ua haujlwm saum toj no tau hais los ntawm Asafiev thiab Koval. Tab sis xyoo 1958 txoj haujlwm no tau tso tseg los ntawm kev hais qhia qhov ncauj "los ntawm saum toj no".
Zoo, txij thaum ntawd los, txhua txoj haujlwm uas tau hais los saum no tseem tsis tau ua nyob hauv tsev ua yeeb yam-tam sim no hauv Lavxias Lavxias thiab yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws ntawm yav dhau los ntawm USSR.
Ntxiv nrog rau Belarus, qhov uas cov haujlwm no tau suav nrog ua ntu zus hauv kev ua yeeb yam …
