"Anatomical cuirass" (ntu 1)

"Anatomical cuirass" (ntu 1)
"Anatomical cuirass" (ntu 1)

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Video: Tswv Yexus lub neej thaum pib txug thaum xaus 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Hauv ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm no ntawm VO, cov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv riam phom tau raug txiav txim siab kom txaus. Tab sis raws li nws tau dhau los, cov lus nug ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog raws li cuirass tsis tau txiav txim siab. Ntawd yog, qhov tseem ceeb thib ob tom qab lub kaus mom hlau yog kev tiv thaiv nthuav dav ntawm kev ua tub rog nplua nuj dhau los.

"Anatomical cuirass" (ntu 1)
"Anatomical cuirass" (ntu 1)

Lub hauv siab los ntawm Giovanni Paolo Negroli, c. 1513 - 1569 ib Milan, Ltalis. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas tib neeg feem ntau tuaj nrog nws tsis muaj qhov xav paub ntau dua li cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm riam phom tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov peb muaj cov lus qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tshawb pom keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm haiv neeg. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb pom ntawm tus hneev hlob tshaj plaws hauv hav dej hauv Spain tau paub, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ncua nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv Paleolithic era, pom pom ntawm tus hmuv, tawg uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab kwv yees hnub nyoog ntawm qhov tsos. ntawm ntuav hmuv, txij li ua ntej lawv lawv ua nrog hmuv tsuas yog tuav nws hauv lawv txhais tes, thiab lwm yam. Peb paub tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm daim ntaub thaiv npog yog "tus pas nrig" nrog lub qhov rau tes hauv nruab nrab, txij li nws, zoo li boomerang, tau khaws cia hauv cov khoom siv ntawm Australian cov neeg txawv tebchaws. Tab sis lub plhaub tshwm li cas?

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Cov saw xa ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm Indo -Persian qauv ntawm 1816 - 1817, ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab tooj liab rings (cov ntawv sau ua tom kawg!). Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Cov lus tau mus txog peb, thiab pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm lees paub qhov no tias twb yog cov neeg Sumerians thaum ub siv cov plhaub uas ua los ntawm cov phaj tooj liab, thiab lawv tau muab rau cov tub rog ua tub rog los ntawm daim thiab hauv daim ntawv yooj yim ntawm "daim hlau". Thiab twb nws tus kheej yuav tsum tau khi lawv txhua tus ua ke nrog cov hlua tawv thiab kho kom haum rau daim duab. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias, ua ntej, muaj qee qhov qauv txheej txheem ntawm qhov zoo li no, thiab cov naj npawb ntawm cov phaj tau muab tawm rau qhov laj thawj, tab sis "raws li kev loj hlob" ntawm tus neeg uas tuaj rau qhov kev pabcuam. Thiab qhov thib ob, txhua leej txhua tus paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau tej cuab yeej tawm ntawm lawv lub sijhawm ntawd, lossis nws tau qhia qhov no. Zoo, cov phaj tau yooj yim dua los ua dua lossis thawb tib lub plhaub.

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Lub kaus mom Kauslim Kauslim, leggings thiab cov leeg nqaij. Txawm tias lub txiv mis thiab lub plab khawm tau ua qauv zoo li nws tseem ceeb (lossis puas tau?). V-IV ib. BC Sotheby lub auction.

Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev daws teeb meem hauv paus, cov neeg Axilias tau ntaus pob zeb zoo nkauj rau ntau pua xyoo, tab sis cov neeg Iyiv, pom tseeb, "tsis muaj nyiaj txaus rau lawv," lossis theej, tsis muaj txaus rau cov tub rog zoo ib yam, txij li muaj cov duab ntawm pharaohs nyob rau hauv armor.

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German engraved breastplate 1630. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tsis paub: kev hloov pauv hauv thev naus laus zis, lossis cov kab lis kev cai ntawm kab lis kev cai tau hloov pauv hauv txoj kev uas cov laus cuirass, suav nrog ob ntu, tau ua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ancient Greece. Thiab ntawm no yog lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no, siv tsis tau zoo hauv nws qhov tseem ceeb, sib xyaw nrog kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub, uas suav tias yog leeg nqaij, sib npaug ua tus txiv neej los ua qhov zoo tshaj ntawm txiv neej zoo nkauj, nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas lawv feem ntau piav qhia tsuas yog cov txiv neej zoo li marble.

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"Daim duab saw hlau" yog qhov ua tau zoo "Maximilian armor" nrog cov zawj. " Arsenal hauv Duxford, Askiv.

Lub sijhawm ntawm cov tsos zoo li cov plhaub yog hnub sib txawv, tab sis nws pom tseeb tias nyob rau xyoo VIII. BC NS. lawv twb muaj lawm. Nov yog qhov hu ua "Argos plhaub" los ntawm kev faus neeg hauv Argos, uas suav nrog ob ntu nrog cov raj nyob ntawm sab xis ntawm ntug thiab ntawm lub xub pwg. Pins tau muab tso rau ntawd, txuas ob ntu no, thiab nyob rau sab laug ntawm cuirass tau rub ua ke nrog cov hlua. Ib lub phaj semicircular raug tshem tawm ntawm txoj siv kom nws tiv thaiv lub puab tais. Lub carapace zoo li lub tswb - nws sab qis muaj qhov ua kom zoo li lub ntsej muag nthuav dav, thiab lub ntsej muag nthuav tawm. Los ntawm cov leeg nqaij, cov leeg ntawm lub hauv siab thiab scapula tau piav qhia me ntsis ntawm nws, uas yog, nws cov neeg tsim tsis ci nrog kev paub txog lub cev, tab sis, theej, tsis tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm kev qhia tib neeg lub cev nrog txhua yam nws cov ntsiab lus. Cov phom no zoo li cas thiab nws siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas los tsim lawv? Lub carapace zoo sib xws tau paub los ntawm Olympia, yos rov qab los txog ib puag ncig 525, yog li lawv tau tsim rau ntau dua 200 xyoo!

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Armor ntawm Emperor Charles V, los ntawm Dysederius Helmschmidt, 1543. Historical Museum, Vienna.

Plhaub ntawm 5th - 4th centuries. lawv poob lawv cov duab zoo li lub tswb thiab lub dab tshos siab, tab sis lawv tau txais kev txhim kho zoo ntawm cov leeg tsis yog ntawm lub hauv siab nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ntawm lub plab, thiab lawv kuj poob lawv cov phaj phaj. Hloov chaw, lawv pib siv cov tawv tawv tawv - pterygs. Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas zoo ib yam ntawm cuirass tau rov tsim los ntawm cov phiaj me me, thiab tom qab ntawd thiaj li hu ua "linen shells" ntawm quilted lossis glued fabric tau tshwm sim, rov paub zoo rau peb los ntawm cov duab kos los ntawm Greek vase pleev xim.

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Achilles qhwv lub qhov txhab rau qhov raug mob Patroclus. Ob daim duab tau qhwv hauv cov nplai-txhawb nqa linothorax, Patroclus's untied laug lub xub pwg pluaj ncaj. Duab los ntawm daim duab liab vase los ntawm Vulci, kwv yees li 500 BC NS. Tsev khaws puav pheej Altes, Berlin.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis muaj ib qho laj thawj nyob hauv cov "lub cev" zoo li no. Nws yuav yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los ua kom lawv tiaj tus, lossis nrog daim duab peb sab nyob hauv nruab nrab, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tawv tawv, tab sis cov neeg Greek thaum ub tsis tau mloog zoo rau qhov xwm txheej no. Txawm hais tias peb paub txog hlau carapace ntawm cov ntaub linen los ntawm qhov hu ua "Grave of Philip II" los ntawm Vergina. Pem hauv ntej yog tiaj tiaj thiab nplua nuj nrog cov ntsiab lus kub, tab sis qhov no feem ntau yuav yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv tshuab tsis tau txhim kho. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau zom cov hlau "slab" nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tso nws li ntawd.

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Qee leej ntseeg tias lub plhaub no yog los ntawm Philip Great. Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Vergina.

Cov neeg Loos puag thaum ub muaj cov cuab yeej ua ntej zoo ib yam li ntawm cov neeg Greek, uas yog, lub cev lub cev, tab sis peb tseem pom me ntsis kev xav ntau dua hauv lawv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, cov tub rog txom nyem muaj ib lub xwmfab lossis ib puag ncig phaj ntawm 3-4 txoj siv sia ntawm lawv lub hauv siab, thiab qhov ntawd yog tag nrho, lawv tsis muaj cuirasses.

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Armor ntawm 1485. Kev mloog zoo yog rub mus rau cuirass, suav nrog ob ntu, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob sab xis tsuas muaj ob sab qis dua ntawm lub cev, hnav hla cov saw xa ntawv. Txhuv. Angus McBride.

Tom qab ntawd lawv muaj cov saw hlau hnyav ntawm cov hlua sib dhos, thiab hauv lub sijhawm tsis muaj tebchaws, loriki ntawm cov hlua hlau, sib tshooj ib leeg. "Lub cev anatomical" tsuas yog hnav los ntawm cov thawj coj, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias tsuas yog ntawm lawv tus kheej cov duab puab tau xaj los ntawm lawv (saib, piv txwv li: PR ntawm lub plhaub qub/https://topwar.ru/100619-pr- drevnego-pancirya.html). Ntawd yog, yam uas zoo li cov ris tsho tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg Loos tsis yog txhais tau tias tsis nco qab, tab sis tau hloov mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm qee yam qub thiab siab tawv, haum rau hnav tsuas yog los ntawm huab tais.

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Hnav khaub ncaws hnav thaum xyoo pua 15th. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si ob-ntu cuirass thiab plaub-ntu cuirass tau qhia.

Tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Great Rome, zoo ib yam, piv txwv li, keeb kwm Askiv xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv riam phom ntawm Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov phiaj xwm hauv qab no: lub sijhawm ntawm "hnub nyoog tsaus ntuj" (476 - 1066), tom qab ntawd "lub sijhawm" ntawm cov saw xa ntawv "(1066 - 1250), tom qab ntawd Los" Lub sijhawm hloov pauv "ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov saw xa khoom" armor "(1250 - 1330) nrog cov phaj me me, tom qab ntawd siv cov phaj loj, thiab cov saw xa ntawv tsuas yog pab lawv (1330 - 1410), thiab thaum kawg, cov cuab yeej ntawm "hlau dawb", lub sijhawm uas tau xaus rau xyoo 1700, tab sis cuirasses tau siv txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib!

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Cov tub rog Mev thiab Portuguese ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov saw hlau thaiv. Txoj cai: Don Alvaro de Cabrera Jr., faus rau hauv Catalan lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Santa Maria de Bellpuig de Las Avellanas hauv Lleida. Txhuv. Angus McBride.

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Thiab qhov no yog nws daim duab khaws tseg, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov kho nws lub ntsej muag kom ntxaws. Tab sis lub kaus mom hlau ploj lawm …

Txawm li cas los xij, kom txog rau thaum Poob Ntau Xyoo Tsov Rog, cov tub rog nyob sab Europe tsis hnav cov khoom ua si uas muaj zog. Oriental Faris cov tub rog tseem siv phaj cuirass hnav hla cov saw xa ntawv. Nws tau paub tias lawv hnyav thiab thundered heev, yog li thaum tsaus ntuj lawv tsis hnav rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thawj cov cuab yeej phom tau siv thaum ntxov li 1290, tab sis tsis loj heev. Muaj ib daim duab los ntawm Pershore Abbey hauv Worcestershire los ntawm 1270 txog 1280, uas lub hauv siab npog nrog cov hlua tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov hlais ntawm lub tsho. Cov duab puab kuj paub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. los ntawm Tuam Tsev Tuam Tsev hauv London, suav nrog Hiobert Marshall, uas, hauv kev txiav ntawm lub tsho tshaj sab, lub ntsej muag ntawm ob lub ntsej muag, qhwv nrog txoj hlua, tsis tshua pom. Tab sis, tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias nws yog hlau lossis ua los ntawm "tawv tawv".

Ib zaug ntxiv, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj, cuirasses ntawm ob ntu tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, ob qho tib si tau ua hauv Milan thiab German ua. Lawv muaj ib qho ntxim nyiam: lawv lub hauv siab thiab sab nraub qaum txhua qhov muaj ob daim phiaj - qis dua thiab siab dua, sib tshooj ib leeg. Thiab lawv ob leeg tau txuas rau nws nrog kev pab ntawm txoj siv lossis ob lub rivets, uas tso cai rau lawv kom tsawg kawg qee yam txav mus rau ib leeg. Nws muaj peev xwm hnav tau tsuas yog sab saud lossis tsuas yog qis dua! Tab sis qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Milani cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau siv nyob rau xyoo 1440-1455, thaum nws qis qis tau nthuav tawm ntau heev uas thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nws tau siv tag nrho cov phaj sab saud uas lub kaus mom hlau tau txuas. Qee zaum tuaj yeem muaj ob txoj siv sia nyob rau pem hauv ntej, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm cuirass ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis.

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Armor ntawm King Henry II ntawm Fabkis (1547-59), ua ca. 1555 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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Nws cuirass yog nyob pem hauv ntej.

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Nws cuirass yog nyob tom qab.

Raws li txoj cai, cov cuirasses no tsis muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, tab sis lawv tau hais tawm tav nyob hauv nruab nrab. Ib ntus, txawm li cas los xij, tus tav no ploj mus, thiab cov cuirass nyob rau pem hauv ntej tau txais lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj. Tom qab ntawd cov txuj ci ntawm cov kws siv phom tau mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj (lossis lawv cov kev xav muaj yeej, leej twg paub?!), Tab sis thaum kawg muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab suav nrog tsuas yog ob ntu. Thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm qhov tsis muaj, zam rau txhua yam khoom qub tau rov los, yog li ntawd, Emperor Charles V hnav cov ris tsho tiv thaiv nrog lub xub pwg nyom nthuav dav thiab … lub cev nqaij daim tawv, zoo ib yam li lorica ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub thiab ua hauv qhov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Roman armourers, nyob rau xyoo 1546, uas, tsis ntseeg, kos duab ntawm Renaissance tau qhia nws tus kheej. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias pterygs kuj tau theej rau hauv lawv, tsuas yog lawv tau ua los ntawm tawv, tab sis twb yog hlau!

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Armor ntawm Charles I ntawm 1546 los ntawm Filippo Negroli. Milan.

Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ntawm lub hauv siab tau nrov txog 1530, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov tais nrog tus tav nruab nrab. Tus naj npawb ntawm lub plhaub los ntawm 60s - 70s. XVI xyoo rau lawv cov duab tau txais lub npe "pea pods", txij li thaum lawv qis dua nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej nqis los yuav luag mus rau qhov chaw puab tais.

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Ib qho ntxiv thov rau lub ntsiab lus qub "Teeb ntawm Hercules". Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm hauv Vienna.

Hais txog cov ntawv sau "Shahnameh" los ntawm Gulistan, hnub tim 1429, peb yuav pom ntawm nws cov tub rog ua rog me me hauv cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov phaj plaub fab loj, uas tau hu ua charaina ("plaub tsom iav") thiab sawv cev … ib lub tais ntawm plaub daim phaj tiaj ob sab! Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no tau nrov heev nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj thoob plaws xyoo pua 16th. thiab txawm tias tom qab.

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Charaina. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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Cov cuab yeej ua rog Indian ntawm lig 18 - thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo Ntawm cov phaj sab hnub tuaj cov ris tsho tiv thaiv, cov ris tsho hnav tau paub thiab zoo heev, uas lub hauv siab phaj tau muab faib ua ob sab ntawm lub hauv siab thiab txuas nrog hlua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hnav cov ris tsho zoo li lub tsho lossis lub tsho. Tab sis nws yog qhov txawv uas cov hlua nyob ntawm xub ntiag. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv kev sau ntawm Royal Arsenal hauv Ntauwd kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm 17th - 18th xyoo pua, coj los ntawm North Is Nrias teb, thiab suav nrog lub kaus mom sab hnub tuaj dawb huv -misyurka thiab … cuirass, zoo ib yam li European ib, tab sis dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj paj hauv zos ornaments. Ntxiv mus, nws yog nyob rau Is Nrias teb uas peb tau ntsib ntau yam European yam cuirasses, tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, ua los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm hauv zos. Ntawd yog, lawv pom cov qauv thiab theej lawv rau lawv cov nom tswv hauv nroog!

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Indian Breastplate los ntawm Hyderabad, 1620 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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Indian Breastplate los ntawm Deccan - khoom siv - wutz! Mid-19th caug xyoo Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Tab sis dua, nyob rau yav tom ntej ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, peb tsis pom qhov rov qab los rau "cov leeg nqaij". Cov cuab yeej ua koob tsheej ntawm Charles V, tau kawg, tsis suav nrog. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias maj mam tab sis muaj tseeb txhim kho kev xav thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev zoo nkauj sab nrauv, thiab txawm tias Renaissance tsis tuaj yeem yuam cov neeg tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tsis ntev, txawm hais tias, raws li peb paub, cov kaus mom kaus mom, zoo li cov neeg Kaulinthaus thaum ub, tau pom zoo los ntawm cov tub rog. thiab infantrymen. Thiab txawm hais tias nyob rau ib lub sijhawm anatomical "musi cuirasses" tau nrov rau ntau pua xyoo nrog rau kev coj noj coj ua qub, lawv tsis tau tswj kom rov qab lawv cov haujlwm qub ntawm theem tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm!

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Pleev xim lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub hauv siab los ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua 16th. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub kaus mom hlau yog 3400 g. Qhov hnyav ntawm cuirass yog 2365 g. Phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Metropolitan Museum No. 42 (2007), pp. 107-119.

(Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv)

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