Warsaw, Belgrade, tom qab ntawd - txhua qhov chaw
65 xyoos dhau los, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1956, Khrushchev tsab ntawv ceeb toom "Ntawm Stalin tus cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua", tshaj tawm thaum lub rooj sib tham zaum kawg ntawm XX Congress ntawm CPSU (Lub Ob Hlis 25, 1956), tau xa mus rau cov koomhaum koomhaum ntawm USSR thiab 70 pawg neeg txawv tebchaws txawv tebchaws. Tau kawg, nrog daim npav chipboard. Thiab nws txawm tias txawv uas nws tsis yog "Top Secret".
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tebchaws Poland thiab Yugoslavia, thiab dhau los ntawm lawv "hauv kev xa mus" mus rau Sab Hnub Poob, daim ntawv tuaj txog ua ntej. Cov nom tswv hauv nroog yuav tsum tau ceeb toom txog Moscow txoj kev tso tseg ntawm Stalinist txoj cai. Ntau qhov kev hais tawm los ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm rau Sab Hnub Poob tam sim tom qab Khrushchev tau hais lus, yog li yuav tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv txog chav kawm rau de-Stalinization.
Nws yog qhov tseeb uas nws yog txhob txwm "xau" … Los ntawm Tebchaws Poland - txhawm rau kom tsis lees paub lub taub hau ntawm nws pawg Communist - Stalinist Bierut thiab nws lub voj voog sab hauv. Thiab los ntawm Yugoslavia - kom muaj kev koom tes ntau dua ntawm Moscow thiab Tito. Oddly txaus, cov hom phiaj no feem ntau ua tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hmo ua ntej Lub Ob Hlis 1956, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim ua ntej qhia txog kev nce ceev ntawm kev tawm tsam Stalinism hauv USSR. Tau kawg, muaj qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua ua ntej. Thiab muaj zog heev (Txojsia ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg. Masters ntawm kab lis kev cai, nrog lawv yog leej twg).
Raws li tau sau tseg hauv theses ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU mob siab rau 38th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli thiab, raws li, hauv "kev xav hloov kho" ntawm Soviet xovxwm txij lub Kaum Hli 1955 txog Lub Ib Hlis 1956 (uas yog, nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm XX Congress ntawm CPSU) - tog thiab lub tebchaws tab tom npaj
"Nws tsim nyog ntsib XX Party Congress, ua raws txoj hauv kev qhia los ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin."
Pom tseeb, qhov kev hu xov tooj no yog lub tshuab luam yeeb uas tsim los ua kom cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Khrushchev "de-Stalinization", ob qho tib si hauv USSR thiab ntawm lwm lub tebchaws socialist thiab cov tog neeg. Txhawm rau kom poob siab tsis yog tsuas yog Soviet cov neeg Communist nrog tib daim ntawv tshaj tawm.
Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm daim ntaub thaiv - thiab "Agitator's Notebook" ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Tseem Ceeb ntawm USSR Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg, tau kos npe rau kev tshaj tawm thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1955 thiab luam tawm thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1956 - ib hlis ua ntej XX Congress. Ntawm 47 nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv no, thawj 12 nplooj ntawv tau mob siab rau 76th hnub yug ntawm Stalin (1955-21-12) -
"Ib tus thwjtim ncaj ncees, ua tub rog sib koom tes thiab ua raws li Lenin txoj kev tsis txawj tuag."
Kuj tseem muaj qhov ua kom pom tseeb hauv phau ntawv sau -
"Ua piv txwv zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau tib neeg, Stalin tsis ua raws txoj kev Leninist mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej."
Nws kuj hais tias
"Peb lub tebchaws tau ntsib Lub Rooj Sab Laj 20 ntawm CPSU nrog kev hwm, ua raws txoj hauv kev qhia los ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin."
Kev pov tseg ntawm tus thawj
Nws tsis nyuaj rau xav txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm Khrushchev uas muaj npe nrog ua ke nrog cov ntawv qhia no li cas. Thiab tseem suav nrog Khrushchev txoj kev quaj ntsuag thiab hais lus qhuas ntawm lub ntees tuag, raws li nws, "Tus kws qhia zoo, tus thawj coj thiab phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb" …
Lub caij no, cov ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm, raws li tus naj npawb ntawm Polish thiab Asmeskas cov peev txheej, tsis pub dhau ib nrab Lub Ob Hlis 1956 tau xa mus rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog Nruab Nrab ntawm Polish United Workers 'Party (PUWP) Edward Ochab. Ochab yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thawj tus thawjcoj ntawm pawg thawjcoj Polish Boleslav Bierut.
Nco qab tias Boleslav Bierut tuag tam sim ntawd hauv Moscow thaum Lub Peb Hlis 12, 1956, ob peb hnub tom qab kev txaj muag nrog Khrushchev hauv kev txuas nrog nws cov ntawv tawm tsam Stalinist. Nyob rau hauv, raws li B. Berut, Lub luag haujlwm rau qhov ua yuam kev thiab ua pauj dag tsuas yog muab rau Stalin”(Kev caw tshwj xeeb rau Stalin lub ntees tuag).
Los ntawm txoj kev, twb nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 15, 1956, Ochab dhau los ua thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm PUWP Lub Rooj Sab Laj Nruab Nrab, tab sis nws tau "khaws" hauv cov ntawv no tsis pub dhau rau lub hlis. Nws tau raug xaiv los ua txoj haujlwm zoo nkauj ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Xeev Council ntawm Poland yim xyoo tom qab.
Boleslav Bierut tseem nyob hauv Moscow, tseem muaj sia nyob, thaum cov ntawv ntawm Khrushchev tsab ntawv tshaj tawm twb tau xa mus los ntawm E. Ochab lub chaw haujlwm mus rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Israel thiab Yugoslavia hauv Warsaw. Yog li, Belgrade tau txais "pov thawj" txaus ntseeg ntawm Khrushchev qhov kev txiav txim siab los rhuav tshem Stalin.
Lub hom phiaj yog pob tshab kiag li - rau (ntawm lwm yam) tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov pib "pro -Western" Tito Yugoslavia. Txoj cai uas, raws li koj paub, tau raug txim hnyav hauv Stalinist USSR xyoo 1948-1952.
Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm Belgrade thiab Tel Aviv, cov ntawv xov xwm tau xa los ntawm Israelis thiab Yugoslavs mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov uas nws cov dab neeg tseem ceeb tau luam tawm thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, 1956 los ntawm New York Times thiab Washington Post thiab Times Herald. Tsis ntev British Reuters tau tshaj tawm ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm.
Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws socialist ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe tau ua thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1956 hauv tebchaws Poland, Yugoslavia thiab Hungary. Tib lub sijhawm, tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tau tshaj tawm hauv Albania, Romania, PRC, DPRK, Nyab Laj qaum teb thiab Mongolia.
Mus qhov twg?
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv USSR, Khrushchev tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau tawv ncauj khaws cia tsis pub lwm tus paub, zoo li ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm, txog thaum 1989. Txawm hais tias nyob hauv tib lub xyoo 1956, thaum XX Congress ntawm CPSU tau tuav, hauv USSR txoj cai ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txiav Txim Siab "Ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus kheej thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig" tseem tau luam tawm.
Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov tseeb tshaj tawm ntawm Khrushchev tsab ntawv ceeb toom - hauv kev nthuav qhia thiab nrog kev txiav loj, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis hloov pauv qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ua tiav thaum Lub Rau Hli 30. Ntawd yog, "xau" ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau Sab Hnub Poob yog, peb rov hais dua, lub hom phiaj.
Qhov no tau hais ncaj qha thiab ntau dua ib zaug, piv txwv li, los ntawm Matias Rakosi, tus thawj coj ntawm Hungarian Communist Party xyoo 1945-1956; thiab Enver Hoxha, lub taub hau ntawm Stalinist Albania los ntawm 1947-1985; thiab Colonel General Xie Fuzhi, Minister of State Security ntawm PRC 1959-1972; thiab Minister Nikos Zachariadis, tus thawj coj ntawm Greek Communist Party 1936-1957; thiab Kazimierz Miyal, koom nrog B. Bierut, tus tsim thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev tawm tsam USSR thiab PUWP, Stalinist Communist Party of Poland hauv 1966-1996. (GKChP - tsuas yog kev koom tes lossis?).
Nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas tau npaj ua ntej tiv thaiv Stalinist kev npau taws ntawm Khrushchev tau nthuav tawm tsis yog tsuas yog hauv Pawg Sab Laj ntawm PRC, Albania, DPRK thiab ntau lub peev txheej thiab tsim lub tebchaws. Yog li, Grover Ferr, xibfwb ntawm Montclair State University, los ntawm lub xeev New Jersey, hauv kev tshawb fawb monograph "Anti-Stalin meanness" sau tseg:
"Ntawm txhua nqe lus ntawm" kaw tsab ntawv ceeb toom "uas ncaj qha" nthuav tawm "Stalin, tsis yog ib qho ua rau muaj tseeb.
Qhov tseeb dua, ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv uas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau, txhua tus tib neeg tau dhau los ua neeg dag.
Tag nrho "kaw lus tham" yog ua los ntawm kev dag ntawm qhov xwm txheej no."
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Khrushchevites, suav nrog kev xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm mus rau Sab Hnub Poob, Puas yog Sab Hnub Poob tau muaj lub tswv yim: dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab yuav tham nws li cas ntawm XX Congress.
Lub teeb liab tau muab: Stalinist yav dhau los thiab Stalinist kev xav tau ua tiav lawm."
(Grover Furr, "Khrushchev Lied", California, Santa-Monica Blvd Beverly Hills, Erythros Press & Media, 2011).
