Peb txuas ntxiv keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv niaj hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom "Sevastopol": cia peb tham txog cov phom loj nruab nrab thiab cov riam phom ntawm cov nkoj no.
Kev nqis tes ua: yog dab tsi
Thaum pib ntawm qhov kev pabcuam, nws tau nthuav tawm nrog 16 * 120-mm phom mod. 1907 nrog lub thoob ntev ntawm 50 calibers. Cov keeb kwm ntawm lawv cov tsos hauv Lavxias Imperial Navy yog raws li hauv qab no: thaum xub thawj lawv tau 120-mm / 50 Vickers phom mod. Xyoo 1905, uas cov neeg Askiv tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub nkoj tiv thaiv tub rog Rurik II tau xaj los ntawm lawv rau peb lub nkoj. Peb cov admirals nyiam rab phom, yog li lawv tau tsim tom qab teeb tsa ntawm Obukhov cog: nws yog lawv uas tau txiav txim siab "tus qauv ntawm 1907".
Cov phom no, tau teeb tsa ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom "Sevastopol", tau teeb tsa … ntawm no muaj qee qhov tsis meej pem, vim tias rau cov phom no muaj 2 hom phom, ob qho tib si ntawm xyoo 1911 tus qauv. muaj 3.73 kg ntawm cov khoom tawg), tab sis qhov tawg siab, txaus txaus, muaj qhov hnyav me ntsis (29 kg), tab sis cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm cov khoom tawg - tsuas yog 3, 16 kg. Ob lub projectiles muaj qhov pib nrawm ntawm 792.5 m / s. Kev tua ntau yam ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 120 mm / 50 phom mod. 1907, uas yog 20 degrees, mus txog 76 kab, tus nqi hluav taws - txog 7 qhov chaw. min. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi hluav taws cuam tshuam nrog kev thauj khoom cais, uas, ntxiv rau, tseem yog lub thawv ntawv, uas, tej zaum, yuav tsum raug lees paub tias tsuas yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab ke no. Kev cais cais tau raug lees paub tag nrho, tab sis, hauv txoj kev nyiam, nws yuav tsum tau ua cais-rooj plaub. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tsis zoo no feem ntau raug tshem tawm los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov phom nyob rau hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv, thiab kev siv lub plhaub phom yuav ntxiv qhov hnyav rau lub nkoj cov phom loj.
Cov mos txwv thauj khoom thaum xub thawj 250 ncig rau ib lub thoob, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau nce mus rau 300 txhaj tshuaj.
Kev tswj hluav taws ntawm 120-mm / 50 rab phom tau ua tiav siv lub tshuab tswj hluav taws "Geisler thiab K" mod. Xyoo 1910 Raws li tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, lub hauv paus tswj hwm kev tswj hwm hluav taws, uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm Erickson, Pollen thiab Geisler, tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau "ua haujlwm" 120-mm cov phom loj hauv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tsis yog siv. Tab sis hauv rooj plaub thaum PUS Pollan thiab lwm yam. tau koom nrog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tua cov phom 305-mm, rau rab phom 120-mm nkaus xwb Geisler thiab K tseem nyob, qhov peev xwm uas tau piav qhia ntxaws hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los. Tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nrhiav kom muab 120-mm / 50 rab phom loj. Txog rau txhua qhov hais txog txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua "Sevastopol" tsuas muaj ob lub qhov muag pom nrog lub hauv paus 6-meter, nyob ntawm tus hneev thiab lub hauv paus ruaj khov, thiab uas tseem yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm cov nkoj no.
Cov phom loj tiv thaiv kuv tau muab tso rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas tsawg kawg plaub lub thoob tuaj yeem raug rho tawm hauv txhua qhov haujlwm (120-130 degrees). Qhov xav tau los tshem lub lawj sab saud kom ntau li ntau tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg nyob sib ze tau nyob ntawm ob sab, uas nws qhov siab siab dua qib dej hiav txwv tsis ua rau lub siab xav, vim qhov phom tau nyab nrog dej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ua tsis tau zoo yog rau ib qib lossis lwm yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov kev txaus ntshai ntawm thawj tiam, tab sis tsis yog, xyoo 1914, Sevastopol PMK tau ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj.
Kev nqis tes ua: yam tau dhau los
Raws li cov khoom siv ntawm rab phom lawv tus kheej, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm no - txog thaum kawg ntawm 120 -mm / 50 kev pabcuam, cov phom tsis tau hloov kho tshiab. Tab sis lawv tus lej tau txo qis ntawm "Marat" mus rau 14, thiab ntawm "Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam" - txawm tias yog 10 units, yog li thawj 16 rab phom tau khaws cia rau ntawm "Paris Township" nkaus xwb. Qhov kev txo qis no tau tshwm sim, ua ntej tshaj plaws, los ntawm qhov xav tau khaws cov mos txwv rau cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau nyob rau qee qhov, thiab lub cellars ntawm 120-mm lub plhaub rau cov hom phiaj no yog qhov haum tshaj plaws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, "Marat" poob ob rab phom tom qab 120-hli, thiab "Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam", ntxiv rau qhov no, plaub qhov ntxiv ntawm cov phom tib yam hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nkoj. Yog tias koj saib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom Sevastopol los ntawm sab, tom qab ntawd lawv cov phom loj tiv thaiv kuv tau tig los ua ke hauv 4 pawg ntawm 2 rab phom, tab sis nyob rau "Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam" ob pawg nruab nrab thiab poob ib chim (nyob rau ntawm hnyav ntawm lub nkoj loj).
Raws li rau cov mos txwv, Soviet sib ntaus sib tua tau txais sib zog, 26, 3 kg projectile mod. 1928 Lawv qhov txiaj ntsig tau nce zuj zus pib, nce mus txog 825 m / s, thiab, tejzaum nws ua tau zoo dua aerodynamic, ua tsaug uas qhov kev sib tua tau nce los ntawm 76 txog yuav luag 92 kab. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi rau qhov no yog qhov txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv qhov projectile - los ntawm 3, 16-3, 73 tsuas yog rau 1, 87 kg xwb.
Ib qho loj me me ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab tos txog qhov kev tswj hwm hluav taws. Qee lub sij hawm tus neeg sau tsab xov xwm no yuav tsum hla qhov kev xav tias kev tiv thaiv kuv lub peev xwm ntawm tag nrho peb qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Soviet tau txais PUS tshiab "Casemate" tus qauv 1928 lossis 1929. Ntawm qhov tod tes, A. Vasiliev hauv nws cov ntawv sau qhia tias PUS "Casemate" tau teeb tsa tsuas yog ntawm "Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam", thaum A. V. Platonov feem ntau qhia txog Geisler system rau tag nrho peb qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis vim qee qhov, xyoo txawv ntawm kev tso tawm.
Thaj, qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej. Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Marat", kev tiv thaiv kuv-caliber PUS tseem tsis hloov pauv, uas yog, tib yam "Geisler thiab K" mod. 1911g ua.
Ntawm "Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli" cov CCPs no tau hloov kho tshiab, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm "Geisler thiab K" tau lub npe "Casemate", txawm hais tias, tej zaum, nws tseem yog ib qho kev cais. Raws li rau Paris Kev Sib Tham, cov txheej txheem txhim kho tiv thaiv kuv-caliber CCD ua raws txoj hauv kev txhim kho Geisler thiab K, suav nrog nrog kev ntxiv cov cuab yeej tshiab, xws li, piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv rau cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas ntawm lub hauv paus nqa TsN- 29. Thiab, tej zaum, nws yuav tsis yog qhov yuam kev xav tias qhov zoo tshaj los tiv thaiv kuv lub foob pob hluav taws tau txais los ntawm pawg ntseeg Paris, thaum qhov phem tshaj nyob ntawm Marat. Hmoov tsis zoo, tus sau tsis pom tsawg kawg qee cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws txog qhov peev xwm ntxiv uas CCPs tau hloov kho muaj.
Roughly tib yam tshwm sim nrog rangefinders. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo dua li ua ntej kev tawm tsam MSA yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ntau ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv rau kev tswj hwm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm lub ntsiab, tiv thaiv kuv tus kheej thiab tiv thaiv lub dav hlau calibers. KDP ua haujlwm rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los. Raws li rau anti-mine …
Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Marat" tau teeb tsa rau qhov qhib qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab pom nrog peb-meter puag DM-3 thiab ob qho ntxiv DM-1, 5-nrog rau ib thiab ib nrab meter hauv paus.
Qhov "Kev Hloov Kho Lub Kaum Hli" tau txais … Alas, qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev tsis meej pem ntau. Raws li A. V. Platonov, ob lub ntsej muag sawv ntsug nrhiav pom nrog plaub-meter lub hauv paus DM-4, tsib DM-3 thiab ob DM-1, 5 tau teeb tsa ntawm lub nkoj. raws li plaub, thiab tsis yog qhib plaub-meter rangefinder, thiab kev ua haujlwm puv ntoob ntawm cov lus txib KDP2-4. Thiab ntawm no, feem ntau yuav muaj qhov tsis raug ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv hwm.
Qhov tseeb yog KDP-4 tau pom meej hauv cov duab thiab kos duab ntawm Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam, tab sis tsis yog 4, raws li A. Vasiliev sau, tab sis tsuas yog 2.
Yog li, nws yuav tsum xav tias A. V. Platonov, leej twg qhia tus lej raug (2) tab sis tsis raug-hom cuab yeej, vim qhov tseeb nws yog KDP-4, thiab tsis yog qhib DM-4, uas tau teeb tsa hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, A. Vasiliev, tau qhia meej txog KDP-4, ua yuam kev hauv lawv tus lej.
Zoo, hauv txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws tau kwv yees tias yog kev sib ntaus sib tua "Parizhskaya Kommuna", uas, ntxiv rau ob qho DM-3 thiab tsib DM-1, 5, uas sawv ntsug, muaj ntau li plaub qhov kev hais kom ua thiab cov ntsiab lus pom ntawm KDP- 4 Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov tsis paub tseem nyob ntawm no ib yam.
Qhov tseeb yog tias hauv USSR muaj ob peb KDP-4. Qhov yooj yim ntawm lawv, KDP-4 (B-12), muaj ib qho 4-meter rangefinder DM-4, lub stereotube ST-3, lub cuab yeej pom lub hauv paus rau lub hom phiaj EP, nrog rau ob lub raj tsom iav rau cov phom ntawm tus ncej. Cov phab ntsa thiab lub ru tsev ntawm KDP tau tiv thaiv los ntawm 5 hli daim hlau thaiv daim hlau, qhov hnyav ntawm KDP yog 6.5 tons, thiab nws tau muab kev pabcuam los ntawm 5 tus neeg, tsis suav cov tswj hluav taws.
Tab sis, ntxiv rau qhov piav qhia saum toj no KDP-4 (B-12), kuj tseem muaj kev hloov kho ntau dua, xws li KDP2-4 (B-12-4), thiab ntxiv mus. Lawv tsis muaj ib qho, tab sis ob qhov tshawb pom nrog lub hauv paus ntawm 4 m, nrog rau qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm lwm yam khoom siv: lawv tsis muaj ST-3 lub tso suab, lub hauv paus pom kev pom yog ntawm hom sib txawv (VNTs-2, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm uas VMTs-4), cov phab ntsa thiab lub ru tsev tsuas yog 2 hli tuab, tab sis cov neeg ua haujlwm tu tau nce mus rau 8 tus neeg. Thaj, ua tsaug rau cov phab ntsa nyias, qhov hnyav ntawm KDP tseem zoo ib yam, uas yog, 6, 5 tons. KDP-4, tab sis piv txwv li, A. Vasiliev thov tias txhua tus KDP2-4 tib yam, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tsis yog B-12-4, tab sis B-12!
Hauv kev xav ntawm tus sau tsab xov xwm no, qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej. Ntawm "Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam" tau teeb tsa ob lub KDP-4 (B-12) nrog ib lub tshuab tshawb nrhiav thiab lub raj tso suab ST-3. Thiab ntawm "Paris Township" tau teeb tsa plaub KDP2-4 (B-12-4), lossis txawm tias tom qab ntawd. Tau kawg, qhov no tsuas yog kev xav, txhawb nqa los ntawm kev kawm cov duab thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov nkoj, thiab muaj qhov ua yuam kev.
Ua raws li nws yuav tsum tau, tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias muaj ntau li plaub qhov kev hais kom ua thiab cov kab lus tshawb nrhiav, nruab nrog ob (thiab txawm tias ib!) Plaub-meter rangefinder txhua, muab Paris Cov neeg sib tw tiv thaiv kuv lub peev xwm ua tau zoo dua Marat thiab qhov tseem ceeb "Kev Hloov Kho Lub Kaum Hli". Tom qab tag nrho, KDP-4, tau kawg, tuaj yeem siv los txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm lub peev xwm tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si thaum KDP-6 tsis ua tiav, thiab koom nrog lawv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tus sau yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm Soviet kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis qhov no yog lub ncauj lus ncaj ncees tsim nyog ntawm ib tsab xov xwm cais. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tso nws rau cov khoom sib cais thiab txav mus rau qhov riam phom torpedo "Marat", "October Revolution" thiab "Paris Township".
Torpedo riam phom
Ntxiv nrog rau cov phom loj, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "Sevastopol" hom kuj tseem muaj riam phom nrog "tus kheej-propelled mines": plaub lub raj torpedo nrog cov mos txwv thauj khoom ntawm 12 torpedoes tau muab tso rau hauv cov hneev ntawm cov nkoj. Tau kawg, lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm dreadnoughts yog anachronism thiab sawv cev ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm kev them nyiaj - txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib, lawv tau txiav txim siab tsim nyog los ntawm txhua qhov kev xav. Cov raj Torpedo tau teeb tsa ntawm txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Great Britain thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, yog li lawv muaj nyob ntawm cov nkoj tso rau xyoo 1909 yog, yog li ntawd, hais lus, "kev phem tsis pom kev", zoo ib yam li ib tug ram ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Russo- Japanese tsov rog …
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias Tebchaws Russia Lub Tebchaws poob qis tom qab kev ua tub rog muaj zog hauv kev lag luam torpedo. Thaum lub sijhawm kawg hloov mus rau 533-mm caliber thiab ntau dua, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau yuam kom txaus siab nrog tsuas yog 450-mm torpedoes. Thiab yog li, thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib, tib lub nkoj Askiv tau ua tub rog nrog 533-mm torpedo nqa 234 kg ntawm trinitrotoluene ntawm qhov deb ntawm tsuas yog 4 km (4 110 m) ntawm 45 pob, thiab zoo tshaj plaws hauv tsev 450-mm torpedo mod ua. 1912g ua.tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj nrog 100 kg ntawm TNT ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 43 pob ntawm qhov nrug tsis pub tshaj 2 km. Tus torpedo Askiv kuj muaj hom ntev -nws tuaj yeem hla 9 830 m ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 31 pob. Cov mos txwv hauv tsev muaj ob hom no - 5,000 m ntawm 30 pob. lossis 6,000 m ntawm 28 pob. Hauv lwm lo lus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov muaj peev xwm me me ntawm cov riam phom torpedo hauv tsev coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias ntawm lub zog thiab thaj tsam nws tau ua tiav 533-hli "cov neeg nyob sib ze" los ntawm ib nrab.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm ob kev tsov rog hauv ntiaj teb, lub torpedoes ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "Sevastopol" yam thaum kawg poob txawm tias lawv qhov kev xav txog kev ntaus nqi (lawv yeej tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li tau hais los saum no, kev coj ntawm Naval Forces ntawm Red Army kom nkag siab meej txog qhov xav tau los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom no. Pom tseeb, hom kev hloov kho tshiab no yuav tsum tau ua rau muaj qhov hnyav ntau dhau, thiab cuam tshuam qhov poob ntawm qhov nrawm, thiab qhov kawg tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev siv tswv yim ntawm "Sevastopol" thiab tso tawm thaj chaw sab hauv, tab sis tsawg kawg rau tib lub cellars rau mos txwv dav hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov xav tau rau kev nce riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yuav tsum tau nce qhov coob ntawm cov neeg coob thiab qhov chaw ntxiv rau lawv qhov kev suav. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias "sau-tawm" ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua torpedoes yuav tau tso tawm tsawg kawg ntawm qhov chaw me me hauv lub cockpits thiab cabins.
Txawm li cas los xij, txaus txaus, tsis muaj dab tsi zoo ua. Ntawm peb qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsuas yog Parizhskaya Kommuna poob lub foob pob hluav taws thaum lub sijhawm hloov kho tshiab - thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd, muaj kev xav tsis tu ncua tias qhov no tsis ua tiav rau qhov laj thawj saum toj no, tab sis tsuas yog vim kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov hu ua "blisters" (pob), tua los ntawm cov torpedoes yuav nyuaj heev. Raws li "Marat" thiab "October Revolution", lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm lawv tsis yog khaws cia nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tau txhim kho los ntawm kev txhim kho niaj hnub torpedo tua cov cuab yeej tswj "MAK" nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab txhua yam no tau ua tiav rau qhov laj thawj, vim tias cov neeg tua hluav taws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tas li txhim kho lawv cov txuj ci kev sib ntaus. Yog li, nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1927 txog 1939, uas yog, hauv 12 xyoos los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Marat" tau ua ntau li 87 torpedo tso, thaum 7 lub torpedoes tau ploj mus.
Yuav ua li cas Soviet admirals yuav coj mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "Sevastopol" yam hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua torpedo, thiab tawm tsam leej twg? Txog rau tam sim no, cov lus nug no tseem yog qhov tsis paub meej rau tus sau.
