Viking Trek los ntawm Jean Olivier yog phau ntawv ntawm kuv thaum yau.
Thiab tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm tuaj txog thaum qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim uas "koj tuaj yeem sau txog lawv koj tus kheej!" Vim tias txhua lub sijhawm nws muaj nws cov nkauj. Qee phau ntawv yog "menyuam yaus dhau", qee qhov txhais tsis zoo, thaum lwm tus hais tsis ncaj ncees thiab nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los nyeem lawv thaum hmo ntuj kom tsaug zog sai li sai tau. Yog li tam sim no, koj, cov neeg tuaj saib VO, yuav tau paub nrog cov kab lus "hais txog Vikings", uas tom qab qee lub sijhawm yuav dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm phau ntawv tshiab. Kuv xav ceeb toom tam sim ntawd tias lawv tsis tau sau raws li txoj phiaj xwm, tab sis raws li cov ntaub ntawv twg tuaj yeem tau txais ua ntej tshaj plaws. Ntawd yog, hauv kev xav, ib tus yuav tsum pib nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab lub hauv paus (thiab qhov no yuav tsim nyog!), Tab sis … nws tsis ua haujlwm li ntawd. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob poob siab tias lub voj voog yuav ua rau me ntsis tawg thiab tsis sib xws. Alas, cov no yog cov nqi tsim khoom. Tam sim no, piv txwv li, Kuv muaj ntawm kuv lub ntsis ntiv tes cov ntaub ntawv txaus nyiam txog … axes ntawm Vikings thiab vim li cas ho tsis pib nrog nws, vim tias koj tseem yuav tsum pib nrog qee yam?!
Lub npe nrov "ax los ntawm Mammen". (National Museum Tsev khaws puav pheej, Copenhagen)
Yog tias peb tig mus rau Ian Heath phau ntawv "Vikings" luam tawm hauv Russia (luam tawm los ntawm "Osprey", series "Elite Forces", 2004), peb tuaj yeem nyeem tau ntawd ua ntej pib ntawm Viking Age xws li riam phom raws li rab riam phom yog tub rog kev tshawb fawb xyaum tsis nco qab. Tab sis nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm Vikings hauv Europe hauv VIII - XI ib puas xyoo. lawv tau rov los siv dua, vim nws yog rab riam uas yog qhov riam phom tseem ceeb thib ob hauv lawv cov khoom siv.
Viking ntaj thiab qaum ntawm National Museum Museum hauv Copenhagen.
Raws li, piv txwv li, Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Norwegian, rau 1500 pom ntaj hauv kev faus ntawm Viking Hnub Nyoog, muaj 1200 txoj kab nqes. Ntxiv mus, nws feem ntau tshwm sim uas rab ntaj thiab rab ntaj pw ua ke nyob rau hauv tib qhov kev faus neeg. Muaj peb hom kev paub ntawm txoj kab uas siv los ntawm Vikings. Thawj tus yog "hwj txwv", siv txij li xyoo pua 8, rab riam nrog rab riam luv luv thiab rab riam nqaim (piv txwv li, "rab taus los ntawm Mammen"), thiab rab riam nrog rab riam ntev thiab rab riam dav, cov thiaj li. "Danish axe", nrog cov hniav dav txog li 45 cm thiab lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, raws li "Saga ntawm Lexdale", thiab nqa lub npe "breidox" (breidox). Nws tau ntseeg tias txoj kab ntawm hom no tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10. thiab tau txais koob meej tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog Anglo-Danish ntawm lub tsev. Nws tau paub tias lawv tau siv hauv Kev Sib Tw Hastings hauv 1066, tab sis tom qab ntawd ploj mus sai, zoo li yog lawv tau siv lawv cov peev txheej, thiab, feem ntau yuav yog qhov no. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog hom tshwj xeeb heev ntawm rab taus tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws tuaj yeem sib tw tau zoo nrog ntaj ua lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm Viking cov tub rog, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm siv nws thiab tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem ua nws.
"Ax los ntawm Ludwigshar" nrog cov hniav dav dav. (National History Museum, Copenhagen).
Qhov txaus siab, Vikings tau muab cov poj niam lub npe cuam tshuam nrog vaj tswv lossis lub zog ntawm xwm, nrog rau cov npe ntawm trolls, thaum King Olaf, piv txwv li, muab nws rab ntaj lub npe Hel, lub ntsiab lus muaj npe tom qab tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev tuag!
Ax los ntawm Langeid. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Oldsaksamling, Oslo).
Xyoo 2011, tau pom qhov chaw faus neeg thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm Langeide hauv hav Setesdalen hauv tebchaws Denmark. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, nws muaj ntau ntau lub qhov ntxa los ntawm qhov thib ib nrab ntawm Viking Hnub Nyoog. Qhov ntxa 8 yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txawm hais tias nws lub hleb ntoo twb yuav luag tag. Tau kawg, qhov no yog kev poob siab loj rau cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev tshawb nrhiav txuas ntxiv, rab ntaj zoo nkauj tau pom ib ntawm nws ob sab ntev ib puag ncig sab nraum lub hleb, thiab rab riam loj loj thiab dav nyob rau lwm qhov.
Axes tau siv hauv tebchaws Denmark txij li Hnub Nyoog Bronze! Duab hauv pob zeb los ntawm Fossum, Bohuslan, Western Sweden.
Cov hniav ntawm Langeide axe tau ua rau me ntsis puas, thiab kev puas tsuaj uas yog, tau kho nrog kua nplaum, thaum cov xeb xeb raug tshem tawm siv micro-sandblasting. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias qhov seem ntawm 15 cm ntev ntoo tuav tseem nyob hauv qab taub. Txawm li cas los xij, ib txoj hlua tooj liab uas nyob ib puag ncig tus tuav hauv qhov chaw no tau pab ntoo kom muaj sia nyob. Txij li tooj liab muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tua kab mob, qhov no tiv thaiv nws txoj kev lwj tag. Cov kab txaij tau tuab tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm ib millimeter, nws tau xeb heev thiab suav nrog ntau qhov tawg uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo lo ua ke.
Micro-sandblasting tau siv los tshem tawm xeb los ntawm rab riam. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Oldsaksamling, Oslo)
Nws tau siv los kom cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm pom lawv thiab lawv yuav tsum suav nrog cov kws tshaj lij txuj ci hauv kev ntoj ncig. Tom qab ntawd kev yees duab tau los rau lawv qhov kev pab, thiab tam sim no qhov kev tshawb pom yog X-rayed thiab siv X-ray txoj kev ua kom pom kev zoo.
X-ray ntawm Langeid ax. Koj tuaj yeem pom qhov tuab ntawm cov hniav tom qab txiav ntug thiab kab taub qab txuas. Tsis tas li pom tau yog cov hlua khi cov hlua tooj dag rau tus tuav. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Oldsaksamling, Oslo)
Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau lees paub tias cov ncej tau ua los ntawm tooj dag, tooj liab tooj liab uas muaj zinc ntau. Tsis zoo li tooj liab thiab tooj liab, uas yog xim hlau liab, tooj daj yog xim daj. Cov tooj dag uas tsis kho tau zoo li kub, thiab qhov no zoo li tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov sagas niaj hnub hais txog qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov riam phom uas yog ntawm lawv tus phab ej thiab ci nrog kub, uas yog qhov tsis ntseeg qhov zoo tshaj ntawm Viking hnub nyoog. Tab sis archaeology pov thawj tias feem ntau ntawm lawv cov riam phom tau qhov tseeb dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tooj liab - yam ntawm "tus txiv neej txom nyem kub."
Kev tsim kho dua tshiab qhia lub ntsiab tsim qauv ntawm Langeid axe. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Oldsaksamling, Oslo)
Tsis zoo li cov tswv av uas muaj zog uas tau hais txog lawv txoj haujlwm nyob hauv zej zog thiab siv ntaj ua riam phom, cov neeg muaj nyiaj tsawg tau siv txoj hlua uas tsim los ua haujlwm nrog ntoo ua riam phom ua tsov rog. Yog li, rab ntaj feem ntau pom nrog tus txiv neej ua haujlwm tsis muaj av hauv tsev. Ntawd yog, thaum xub thawj, txoj kab uas hla tau siv dav. Tab sis nyob rau tom kawg ntawm ib nrab ntawm Viking Hnub Nyoog, cov axes tau tshwj xeeb rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov hniav uas tau ua tiav zoo thiab yog li ntawd lub teeb. Lub taub qab kuj me me thiab tsis loj li. Qhov kev tsim qauv no muab Vikings ua riam phom tiag tiag tsim nyog rau cov tub rog tshaj lij, uas lawv yog.
Yuav luag txhua qhov kev piav qhia Angus McBride ua rau cov phau ntawv hais txog Vikings, muaj ntau txoj kab sib tua.
Hauv tebchaws Byzantine, lawv tau ua haujlwm zoo li cov tub rog nyob rau hauv qhov hu ua Varangian Guard, thiab yog tus tiv thaiv ntawm Byzantine tus huab tais nws tus kheej. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, cov laj kab dav dav no tau raug hu ua "Danish axes" vim lawv siv los ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm Danes thaum kawg ntawm Viking Age.
Viking nyob rau hauv ntev-bladed saw xa ntawv (nruab nrab) thiab nrog dav-bladed Braydox sib ntaus sib tua. Txhuv. Angus McBride.
Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Jan Petersen, hauv nws hom ntawv ntawm Viking riam phom, tau cais cov dav-rab riam raws li hom M thiab ntseeg tias lawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10. "Ax los ntawm Langeid" muaj keeb kwm me ntsis tom qab, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tham ntawm lub qhov ntxa, qhov uas nws tau pom, hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 11th. Txij li thaum thawj qhov hnyav ntawm tus kheej nws tus kheej yog thaum pib txog 800 grams (tam sim no 550 grams), tom qab ntawd nws tau pom meej tias yog ob txhais tes. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov sib zog ntau dua li cov ntoo ua haujlwm yav dhau los siv ua riam phom. Nws hilt ntseeg tau nyob ib puag ncig 110 cm ntev, tab sis qhov no luv dua li neeg feem coob xav. Cov hlau hlau ntawm tus kov yog qhov txawv txav rau pom hauv Norway, tab sis tsawg kawg tsib lwm qhov kev pom zoo ib yam tau paub. Peb txoj kab nrog kab txaij tooj liab tau pom muaj nyob hauv London hauv Thames.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom paub qhov txawv rab riam ua haujlwm los ntawm rab phom sib ntaus, tab sis Viking era sib ntaus sib tua feem ntau me dua thiab me ntsis sib zog dua li tus neeg ua haujlwm. Lub taub qab ntawm rab phom sib ntaus kuj tseem me dua, thiab cov hniav nws tus kheej yog ntau dua. Tab sis nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias feem ntau txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua, suav tias yog nyob hauv kev sib ntaus nrog ib txhais tes.
Lwm Viking sib ntaus sib tua nrog rab riam nqaim thiab tuav ib txhais tes. Txhuv. Angus McBride.
Tej zaum qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm rab ntaj ntawm Viking Age tau pom nyob hauv lub nroog Mammen hauv tebchaws Denmark, ntawm Jutland ceg av qab teb, hauv qhov chaw faus ntawm tus tub rog Scandinavian uas muaj koob meej. Kev tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm ntawm cov cav los ntawm qhov chaw faus neeg raug tsim tawm qhia tias nws tau tsim thaum lub caij ntuj no ntawm 970-971. Nws tau ntseeg tias yog ib tus neeg koom nrog ze tshaj ntawm King Harald Bluetooth tau faus rau hauv qhov ntxa.
Xyoo no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau tag nrho "ntiaj teb kev vam meej": piv txwv li, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav xyoo ntawd tau tawm tsam nrog Byzantine tus huab tais John Tzimische, thiab nws tus tub thiab yav tom ntej kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir, tau los ua huab tais hauv Novgorod. Hauv tib lub xyoo, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Iceland, qhov uas yav tom ntej pom ntawm America Leif Eriksson, lub npe menyuam yaus "Zoo Siab", tau yug los hauv tsev neeg ntawm Eric Red, nws qhov kev lom zem yog qhov tseeb ntawm Jean Olivier phau ntawv "Viking Trek".
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv no …
Lub pob zeb nws tus kheej tsis loj li loj - 175 hli. Nws tau ntseeg tias rab riam no muaj lub hom phiaj ua kev cai raus dej, thiab tsis tau siv dua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, rau cov neeg uas ntseeg tias tsuas yog cov tub rog uas tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau mus rau Viking lub vaj kaj siab - Valhalla, yog li ntawd kev ua tsov rog yog lawv li kev ua neej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab lawv tau kho nws, thiab tuag ib yam nkaus.
"Ax los ntawm Mammen". (National Museum Tsev khaws puav pheej, Copenhagen)
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb nco ntsoov tias "rab phom los ntawm Mammen" tau dai kom zoo nkauj heev. Cov hniav thiab taub qab ntawm rab taus tau npog tag nrho nrog cov ntawv dub dub (ua tsaug rau qhov uas nws yuav nyob zoo li qub), thiab tom qab ntawd dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hlua nyiaj xaim, tso rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv sib txawv hauv cov qauv ntawm lub "Big Beast". Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov qub Scandinavian ornamental qauv, uas tau nthuav dav hauv Denmark hauv 960-1020, niaj hnub no hu ua "Mammen", thiab nws yog qhov tseeb vim tias qhov no puag thaum ub.
Ib tsob ntoo tau piav qhia ntawm ib sab ntawm rab taus. Nws tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog tsob ntoo tsis ntseeg Yggdrasil, tab sis kuj yog cov ntseeg "Tsob Ntoo ntawm Lub Neej". Daim duab ntawm lwm sab qhia txog Gullinkkambi tus qaib (Old Norse "golden comb") lossis Phoenix noog. Rooster Gullinkambi, zoo li Yggdrasil, belongs rau Norse mythology. Tus qaib no nyob saum Yggdrasil tsob ntoo. Nws txoj haujlwm yog ua kom Vikings sawv ntxov sawv ntxov, tab sis thaum Ragnarok ("qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb") los, nws yuav tsum tig mus ua ib pab neeg. Phoenix yog lub cim ntawm kev yug dua tshiab thiab yog rau cov ntseeg dab neeg. Yog li ntawd, qhov laj thawj ntawm cov duab ntawm rab taus tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog neeg tsis ntseeg thiab ntseeg. Kev hloov pauv ntawm rab riam hniav mus rau lub hub yog kub plated. Ib qho ntxiv, ntawm ob sab ntawm lub taub qab, qhov qhib tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oblique tus ntoo khaub lig thiab, txawm hais tias tam sim no lawv tsis muaj dab tsi, nyob rau lub sijhawm puag thaum ub lawv tau pom tias muaj cov tooj liab-zinc ci.
Viking (lub sijhawm lig) riam phom los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, Oldsaksamling University, Oslo.
Lwm txoj hlua loj loj sib npaug tau pom hauv xyoo 2012 thaum tsim kho txoj kev loj. Cov seem ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub pob zeb loj no kuj tau raug tshawb pom, nrog lub qhov ntxa uas lawv tau nyob yog hnub tim txog 950. Nws tseem ceeb tias riam phom no tsuas yog cov khoom faus nrog Viking tuag no. Raws li qhov tseeb no, cov kws tshawb fawb xaus lus tias tus tswv ntawm qhov riam phom no, pom tseeb, txaus siab rau nws, nrog rau nws lub peev xwm tuav nws, vim tias tsis muaj ntaj nyob hauv qhov faus.
"Ax los ntawm Silkeborg".
Cov poj niam tseem tshuav nyob hauv lub qhov ntxa, thiab nrog nws - ob tus yuam sij, ua piv txwv txog lub zog thiab nws txoj haujlwm siab nyob hauv Viking haiv neeg. Qhov no tau muab cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias tus txiv neej no thiab tus poj niam no muaj kev sib raug zoo heev.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas yog cov khoom siv rau "Varangian Qhua" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Sadko" los ntawm N. Rimsky-Korsakov, uas nyob rau ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam xyoo 1897 Fyodor Chaliapin nws tus kheej tau ua nws ib feem, rab ntaj loj heev tau npaj, uas hais meej yuav tsum hais txog kev cog lus ntawm Vikings rau hom riam phom no!
