Xyoo 1989-1990s. qhov ua tau zoo ntawm peb cov neeg hauv Great Patriotic War tau muab pov rau hauv cov av nkos, lawv tau sim ua rau lawv tsis muaj kev dawb huv thiab lub ntsiab lus. Lawv hais tias, "lawv tawm tsam tsis zoo," "lawv tau sau nrog cov neeg tuag," "lawv yeej txawm hais tias tau hais kom ua thiab tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws." Lub sijhawm no, "kev zais" Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rzhev dhau los ua ib lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm qib kev ua haujlwm qis ntawm Soviet kev hais kom ua, Stalin qhov ua yuam kev, tsis muaj txiaj ntsig loj ntawm Red Army, thiab lwm yam.
Cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog yuav ua li cas cov tub rog Soviet raug tua rau cov ntawv me
Txog rau 75th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Yeej Zoo, Lavxias xinesmas rov sim tsim cov khoom sib xws. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2019, zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Rzhev" tau tso tawm. Pom tseeb, cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab tau sim ua ke qhov tsis sib xws. Ntawm qhov one tes, Great Patriotic War yog dua, zoo li hauv Union, dawb huv. Thaum tsis muaj yeej tiag tiag, lawv tau sim ua rau tib neeg cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv ua twj ywm tias peb yeej swb xyoo 1991-1993. nyob rau hauv "txias" (ntiaj teb thib peb) tsov rog. Qhov ntawd cuam tshuam nrog Lavxias lub xeev thiab tib neeg, cov phiaj xwm uas tau tsim los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Peb Reich tau ua tiav. Great Russia (USSR) tau raug tshem tawm, Kiev raug tshem tawm ntawm peb - lub peev txheej qub ntawm Lavxias, Me thiab Dawb Russia, Tebchaws Baltic, Bessarabia -Moldavia, Transcaucasia, Turkestan. Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua thiab lus, kev kawm thiab tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho hauv zej zog, kev lag luam raug kev puas tsuaj, zoo li yog Hitler cov tub rog hla dhau Russia ntau zaus. Cov neeg Lavxias tau tuag sai sai, poob lawv cov lus Lavxias, lawv "Kuv".
Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis yog ib txwm coj los qhuas cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab Stalin. Lub tebchaws Soviet tseem suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev nom tswv, kev ywj pheej thiab kev txawj ntse yog "lub sijhawm raug txim", thaum muaj kev tsim txom, GULAG, kab thiab galoshes (VV Putin: "Lub USSR tsis tau tsim dab tsi tshwj tsis yog galoshes!").
Yog li qhov faib. Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws tsis tuaj yeem hais tsis zoo li yav dhau los. Ib qho kev ntseeg tag nrho ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj tau tsim. Kev ua yeeb yam loj tau muaj, lawv sim qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas txog qhov piv txwv ntawm kev ua tsov rog, yeeb yaj kiab thiab koob "txog kev ua tsov rog" tau tshaj tawm. Muaj tseeb, feem ntau yog hackwork, tsis muaj dab tsi zoo ib yam li Soviet masterpieces. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum Lub Sijhawm Ua Kev Ncaj Ncees, lub Mausoleum tau txaj muag nrog cov plywood, lub tebchaws tau los ntawm cov peev txheej sab hnub poob uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam rau kev sib raug zoo, cov neeg nyiam, uas cov neeg yeej Hitler "European Union". Txoj Cai Lij Choj yeej tsis sib xws nrog "kev lag luam lav phib xaub", peev txheej loj, uas koom nrog kev lag luam, ua rau lub xeev thiab tib neeg poob qis rau yav tom ntej.
Yog li cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo li Rzhev. Muaj ib qho kev tawm tsam anti-Soviet mythology ntawm no: "peb yeej qhov kev hais kom ua," "lawv tau sau nrog cov neeg tuag," "peb tau tawm tsam tsis muaj txuj ci," "nws tau zoo dua ua ntej" (hauv qub, tsarist Russia, lawv hais, lawv tawm tsam "raws li qhov laj thawj"). Cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb, kws qhia kev nom tswv tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam nrog lawv tus kheej cov tub rog. Cov tub rog uas nqa daim ntawv German raug xaj kom tua, thiab lwm yam Txawm hais tias muaj tseeb cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb, kev tawm tsam kev txawj ntse tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev yeej tag nrho, daws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txheeb xyuas tus yeeb ncuab tus neeg ua phem, saboteurs thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab. Kev tua rau ib daim ntawv yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees. Tab sis tseem muaj qhov zoo: peb cov tub rog sawv kev tuag rau Niam Txiv; nws tau qhia tias yog vim li cas cov neeg Soviet tuag thiab raug kev txom nyem xws li kev txi kom tau txais yeej (cov neeg hauv zej zog pom hauv qab daus ntawm pawg ntseeg, raug tua los ntawm Nazis); muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev xav, thiab lwm yam.
Soviet "Verdun"
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rzhev (Lub Ib Hlis 1942 - Lub Peb Hlis 1943), tsis sib thooj rau kev ywj pheej, kev tawm tsam Soviet kev ntseeg, tsis yog "cais". Hauv qhov tseeb, kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cheeb tsam Rzhev tsis yog qhov zais cia; lawv tsuas yog tsis tsom mus rau lawv, zoo li hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Moscow, tiv thaiv Leningrad lossis Stalingrad. Hauv Soviet keeb kwm keeb kwm, Kev Tsov Rog Rzhev tsis yog ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tau kav ntev tshaj li ib xyoos, tab sis yog ntau txoj haujlwm sib txawv. Ib qho ntxiv, txawm hais tias ntev npaum li cas, ua siab ntev thiab poob ntau, kev sib ntaus rau Rzhev yeej tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias ua ntej.
Qhov tseeb yog tias tsis yog ib sab tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim siab ua tiav ntawm no, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm tag nrho pem hauv ntej. Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tag nrho yog kev ua tsov rog ntawm lub cav, nrawm, raws li lub tank tsoo thiab ua tiav sai. Thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Rzhev tau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Tsis xav tias cov neeg German lawv tus kheej piv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no nrog Verdun xyoo 1916.
Ib tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua lub caij ntuj sov nyob ze Rzhev, tus thawj coj ntawm Hocke cov tub rog los ntawm German 6th Infantry Division, tom qab ntawd rov hais dua cov kev sib ntaus no:
"Nws tsis yog kev ua tsov rog ntawm rab phom tshuab thiab rab phom tshuab, txhais tes sib tsoo thiab rab phom, zoo li lub caij ntuj no. Nws yog "Materialschlacht", kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thev naus laus zis los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tus neeg tawm tsam sim rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab nrog hlau, da dej ntawm cov hlau ya saum huab cua thiab maj nrawm rau ntawm txoj kev, thaum tus txiv neej cuam tshuam tsuas yog zaum kawg lub sijhawm los rhuav tshem, hauv toj roob hauv pes lunar, tom qab ntawv lwm tus muaj txoj sia nyob hauv cov nqaij grinder."
Rooj vag rau Moscow
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tsov rog Rzhev, tau kawg, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv tsa. Cov tub rog German tau ntes Rzhev thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1941. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws yog ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim, lwm lub nroog poob. Txoj hmoo ntawm Moscow, tej zaum tag nrho kev ua tsov rog, tau txiav txim siab.
Rzhev tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tom qab ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1941. Lub hauv paus Soviet lub hauv paus, ua rau nws ua tiav thiab tsis suav nrog tus yeeb ncuab, xeeb nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1942 los ua qhov kev tawm tsam dav dav txhawm rau kov yeej Pawg Pab Pawg German. Ib feem ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no yog Rzhev -Vyazemskaya ua haujlwm (Lub Ib Hlis 8 - Plaub Hlis 20, 1942). Lub hauv paus chaw ntawm Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab Tshaj Plaws (VGK) hauv nws cov lus qhia ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 7, 1942 tau hais kom cheb tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm txoj cai tis ntawm Kalinin Pem Hauv Ntej raws li cov lus txib I. S. Zhukov los ntawm cheeb tsam Kaluga hauv Yukhnov, Vyaz, thaum cov tub rog tseem tshuav ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau tawm tsam Sychevka thiab Gzhatsk, ncig, tshem tawm thiab rhuav tshem lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw hauv thaj tsam Rzhev, Vyazma, Yukhnov, Gzhatsk.
Qhov no yog theem ua tiav tshaj plaws ntawm Tsov Rog Rzhev. Cov tub rog Soviet muaj peev xwm thim rov qab cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau sab hnub poob los ntawm 80-250 km, ua kom tiav kev thaj yeeb ntawm thaj av Moscow thiab Tula, thiab rov ua ntau thaj tsam ntawm Kalinin thiab Smolensk cheeb tsam. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tsim ntawm Rzhev-Vyazemsky ledge. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob tog raug kev txom nyem hnyav nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj. Lub Chaw Pab Pawg Tub Rog German poob txog ib nrab ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Peb cov tub rog kuj tau raug mob hnyav. Yog li kev tawm tsam ntawm Sab Hnub Poob (33rd Army, 1st Guards Cavalry Corps thiab 4th Airborne Corps) raug thaiv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab tawm tsam ib puag ncig. Ua haujlwm tom qab cov yeeb ncuab kab, cov tub rog ntawm 33rd, koom tes nrog cov tub rog, cov tub rog caij dav hlau thiab cov neeg koom nrog kom txog thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942, tawm tsam hauv ib puag ncig, tuav thaj tsam loj thiab xa cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb rau lawv tus kheej. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, tus thawj coj raug mob Mikhail Grigorievich Efremov tuag nyob hauv ib puag ncig (nws tua nws tus kheej kom tsis txhob raug ntes). Ntau qhov ntawm cov tub rog tuaj yeem hla mus rau lawv tus kheej. Cov tub rog ntawm Kalinin Pem Hauv Ntej (39th Army thiab 11th Cavalry Corps) tau raug thaiv ib nrab los ntawm cov neeg German hauv cheeb tsam Kholm-Zhirkovsky. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1942, Tub Rog German 9 tau ua haujlwm Seydlitz. Cov tub rog Soviet nyob rau 39th thiab Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Kauslim zaum 11 tau xaus rau hauv "lub laujkaub", tau muab txiav ua tej daim thiab puas tsuaj. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tsoo dhau los rau lawv tus kheej.
Yog li, thaum sib ntaus - lub caij ntuj no - lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1942, Rzhev -Vyazemsky ledge tau tsim: tus choj hla mus txog 160 km qhov tob thiab mus txog 200 km raws ntawm xub ntiag. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Rzhev -Vyazemsky ledge, ob txoj kev tsheb loj hla: Velikiye Luki - Rzhev thiab Orsha - Smolensk - Vyazma. Rzhev cheeb tsam yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg German. Nws tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm ib puag ncig Leningrad thiab Moscow. Nov yog cov neeg German tau npaj yuav hla dhau sab hnub tuaj, txiav tawm Leningrad thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Moscow, thiab rov tawm tsam Lavxias lub peev. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg German hu ua Rzhev-Vyazemsky ledge "lub qhov rooj mus rau Moscow." Thiab lawv tau tuav lub taub hau no nrog tag nrho lawv lub zog. Txog li 2/3 ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Lub Tuam Tsev tau mob siab rau ntawm no.
Txhua yam no tau nkag siab zoo hauv Moscow ib yam. Yog li ntawd, Soviet cov lus txib nrog rau kev tawv ncauj tau sim "txiav tawm" cov kab no. Txog qhov no, peb qhov kev tawm tsam ntau ntxiv tau ua tiav: Thawj Rzhev -Sychev ua haujlwm tsis zoo (Lub Xya Hli 31 - Kaum Hli 20, 1942); Qhov thib ob Rzhev -Sychev kev ua phem lossis ua haujlwm Mars (Kaum Ib Hlis 25 - Kaum Ob Hlis 20, 1942); Rzhev -Vyazemskaya kev ua phem rau cov tub rog (Lub Peb Hlis 2 - Peb Hlis 31, 1943). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, yeej tseem nyob nrog peb. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 3, 1943, peb cov tub rog tau dim Rzhev.
Tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntawm no, peb tau hloov pauv qhov kev mloog thiab lub zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm ob qho tib si Leningrad thiab Volga, qhov kev npaj rau kev koom nrog dav dav tau pib lawm. Ntau tus neeg German nyob rau Rzhev, mus rau qhov kev xav tsis thoob ntawm rov mus rau Moscow los ntawm no, qhov nyuaj nws yog rau lawv los ua kev tawm tsam hauv lwm cov haujlwm thiab cov lus qhia ntawm lub hauv ntej, ze Stalingrad thiab hauv Caucasus. Yog li ntawd, txhua qhov kev sib cav txog "pov tseg lub sijhawm thiab lub zog", "nqaij grinder", "pov tseg cov tub rog Soviet" yog kev dag ntawm cov neeg uas tsis nkag siab dab tsi hauv kev ua tub rog, lossis dag ncaj ncees thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug tsom mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm Great Tsov rog, Red Army.
German yeej?
Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntev thiab ntshav? Ua ntej, German tus thawj coj hais kom sawv mus rau qhov tuag, saib txoj kev cia siab ntawm rov qab mus rau kev ua haujlwm kom txeeb Moscow mus rau qhov kawg. Lub taub hau Rzhevsky ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov pib sib ntaus sib tua rau Moscow. Yog li ntawd, 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm Pawg Tub Rog German tau tsom mus rau ntawm no. Xaiv cov chav German nyob ntawm no, piv txwv li, pawg neeg tseem ceeb "Great Germany". Cov tub rog German tsis tau diluted los ntawm European "thoob ntiaj teb" (Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, thiab lwm yam). Cov kws tshaj lij German tag nrho tau npaj tau zoo dua li Soviet (kev tswj hwm zoo). Cov neeg Germans muaj lub zog tsim hluav taws xob nyob ntawm no, ntxiv rau cov peev txheej ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw (kev sib cais lub tank) tau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub qab nthab. Ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov ua ntej ntawm cov neeg German hauv cov phom loj, tshwj xeeb yog hnyav. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942, USSR kev lag luam tub rog tseem tsis tau zoo los ntawm kev puas tsuaj xyoo 1941 thiab kev khiav tawm. Hais txog cov mos txwv, kev tsim khoom tseem nyob deb qab ntawm German. Rau ib qhov projectile hnyav uas tau xa mus rau German txoj haujlwm los ntawm Soviet rab phom loj, ob lossis peb ya ya los teb. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv rab phom loj tau tso cai rau cov neeg German kom muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab. Cov neeg German tau tsim kev tiv thaiv muaj zog, txawj siv cov peev txheej, thiab pib tawm tsam kev tawm tsam.
Tau ntev, Soviet cov lus txib tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev txiav txim siab kom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov rog thiab txhais tau tias txhawm rau tsoo cov yeeb ncuab. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov neeg German kom rov ua phem rau Soviet kev ua phem. Cov Tub Rog Liab raug kev txom nyem ntau dua li cov yeeb ncuab. Feem ntau, qhov no yog xwm txheej tshwm sim thaum tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab kom zoo dua hauv cov rog thiab txhais tau tias, thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso siab rau kev tiv thaiv zoo. Yog li koj tuaj yeem nco txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm Port Arthur, thaum Nyij Pooj poob ntau tus neeg ntau dua li tiv thaiv cov neeg Lavxias; lossis thawj theem ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg, thaum Cov Tub Rog Liab tau ntxuav nws cov ntshav ntawm Kab Mannerheim. Feem ntau, kev poob hauv Tsov Rog Rzhev tsis txawv ntau los ntawm kev poob ntawm Soviet cov tub rog nyob rau thawj lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tsov rog yog ntshav. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem "qhov tsis txaus ntseeg" Wehrmacht thiab dhau los ua cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj chaw, Cov Tub Rog Liab yuav tsum tau them tus nqi siab.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rzhev tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev swb ntawm Red Army. Lawv hais tias cov neeg German tau "dhau mus nrog cov neeg tuag", thiab cov tub rog German zaum 9 nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tus Qauv tsis tau swb thiab thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1943 tau ua tiav Rzhev-Vyazemsky ledge (Operation Buffalo). Qhov no yog qhov qhia tsis tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb. Tus qauv yog twv yuav raug hu ua tub rog txuj ci. Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas cov Germans thiaj li tawm ntawm "Moscow choj taub hau"? Lawv tau swb ntawm Stalingrad, qhov kev poob siab 6th Army raug tua. Lub hauv paus chaw hauv German yuav tsum tau maj nrawm txo kab ua ntej (los ntawm 530 txog 200 km), tso ib feem ntawm pab tub rog thib 9 thiab khaws cia khi rau hauv nruab nrab cov lus qhia thiab tuaj txog ntawm Tebchaws Europe txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Stalingrad kev puas tsuaj loj. Lub Wehrmacht tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev tawm, tsuas yog kev tso tseg ntawm Rzhevsky choj taub hau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua tiav hauv Stalingrad tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cheeb tsam Rzhev. Kev tsim muaj zog ntawm Wehrmacht tau raug khi rau hauv Moscow kev coj thiab tsis koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau sab qab teb.
Yog li ntawd, yeej yog pab tub rog liab. Cov yeeb ncuab txoj kev npaj yuav rov ua phem rau Moscow tau thwarted. Qhov poob tau siab, tab sis hu lawv tsis muaj qab hau yog kev dag lossis dag dag. Txawm hais tias muaj "lub qhov rooj mus rau Moscow", German cov lus txib yeej tsis muaj peev xwm ua qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm Soviet peev. Yog li cov neeg German, nrog kev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm Red Army hauv Moscow kev taw qhia, tuaj yeem ua rau maj mus rau Moscow thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1942, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev rau txim loj rau peb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yooj yim ua tsis tau vim muaj kev nyuaj siab tas li ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab. Txhua qhov kev txhawb ntxiv thiab khaws cia ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw tau raug hlawv hauv Soviet Verdun. Cov ntshav sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Rzhev coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias txoj hmoo ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau txiav txim siab hauv lwm qhov haujlwm ntawm hauv ntej. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad, uas dhau los ua thawj feem ntawm lub tswv yim tig mus rau hauv kev ua rog, yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Rzhev. Tsis tas li, kev paub txog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cheeb tsam Rzhev tau tso cai rau Soviet kom tau txais kev paub dhau los txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog, kev tawm tswv yim thiab cov hau kev siv thiab cuam tshuam nrog rab phom loj, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tub rog, kev tawm tsam ntawm kev siv pab pawg ua phem raug tsim.
