Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. 100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1919, Soviet pab tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav rau Cov Tub Rog Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia. Denikin cov tub rog tau tawm ntawm Kharkov thiab Kiev, thiab Cov Neeg Dawb tau txuas ntxiv mus lawv sab qab teb. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Don pab tub rog tau swb thiab tsav rov qab dhau ntawm Don.
Qhov xwm txheej dav dav ntawm xub ntiag
Tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav ntawm Kursk-Orel thiab Voronezh cov lus qhia (Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Voronezh; Oryol-Kromskoe sib ntaus sib tua), Cov Neeg Dawb tau tso tseg qhov kev ua phem, raug kev txom nyem hnyav (txog li ib nrab ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb), poob lawv cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm thiab mus ntxiv tiv thaiv. Ntawm lub ntsej muag, pab tub rog ntawm Yugoslavia tso siab rau Kiev thiab Tsaritsyn, nyob hauv nruab nrab lawv tau tuav thaj tsam Kharkov.
Ntawm sab laug, pab pawg Kiev ntawm General Dragomirov tau tiv thaiv. 12th pab tub rog Soviet tsoo hla mus rau Dnieper sab laug txhab nyiaj, cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus ntawm Dragomirov cov tub rog thiab Pab Tub Rog Pab Dawb. Txog thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, Reds tau tuav Bakhmach thiab pib ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau sab laug ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Hauv nruab nrab, tawm hauv Kursk, Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau tawm tsam, uas, hloov Lub Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky, tau coj los ntawm Wrangel. Nws coj cov tub rog mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Ntawm sab laug sab, 12th pab tub rog Soviet tau mus rau sab qab teb raws Dniep er, ntawm sab xis, Budyonny cov tub rog caij nkoj hla. Cov tub rog dawb poob ib nrab ntawm lawv lub zog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav thiab thim rov qab. Lub nraub qaum thiab cov neeg tawg rog tau thaiv txhua txoj hauv kev. Cov koog, uas twb tau hloov pauv mus rau kev muab khoom rau tus kheej, tau nce ntxiv hauv kev ua tub sab, kev xav thiab nyiag khoom. Wrangel nws tus kheej tau ua cov lus xaus hauv qab no: "Tsis muaj ib pab tub rog li sib ntaus sib tua!"
Tom ntej no yog pem hauv ntej ntawm Don pab tub rog ntawm General Sidorin. Cov Tub Rog Liab 9 tau kov yeej White Cossacks. Dumenko's 2nd Cavalry Corps coj Uryurinsk, sib sib zog nqus ua rau tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ntawm 1st thiab 2nd Don corps. Horp tiv thaiv tau tawg. Don Cossacks thim rov qab rau Don. Qhov sib sib zog nqus sib nrug tsim los ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don, uas yog Budyonny cov tub rog caij nees hla.
Ntawm sab xis, hauv Tsaritsyn cheeb tsam, Caucasian pab tub rog ntawm Pokrovsky tau tiv thaiv nws tus kheej, uas, vim nws tus lej tsawg, rub tag nrho nws lub zog rau hauv Tsaritsyn thaj chaw muaj zog. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm cov dej khov, Trans-Volga chav nyob tau pauv mus rau sab xis. Lawv qhov chaw tam sim ntawd raug coj los ntawm 50th Infantry Division ntawm 11th Soviet Army. Tsaritsyn tau pib ua rau lub foob pob tsis tu ncua. Los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg dawb tau raug tshuaj xyuas tas li los ntawm chav nyob ntawm 10th thiab 11th Soviet pab tub rog.
Los ntawm ib nrab Kaum Ib Hlis 1919, pab tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Liab Qab, nrhiav cov yeeb ncuab, mus txog Novograd-Volynsky, Zhitomir kab, sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Kiev, Nizhyn, Kursk, Liski thiab Talovaya. Cov tub rog Soviet ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Talovaya, Archedinskaya, sab qaum teb ntawm Tsaritsyn thiab nyob sab laug ntawm Volga mus rau Astrakhan, nrog cov choj ntawm Cherny Yar thiab Enotaevsk. Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov lus txib ntawm A. I. Yegorov suav nrog pawg tub rog thib 12, 14, 13, 8 thiab 1st. Cov qauv ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm V. I. Shorin suav nrog cov tub rog 9, 10 thiab 11, thiab cov rog ntawm Volga-Caspian Flotilla. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Soviet cov tub rog suav txog 144 txhiab tus tib neeg, txog 900 phom thiab ntau dua 3800 rab phom tshuab.
Plans ntawm Soviet hais kom ua
Tau kov yeej lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Oryol thiab Voronezh, thiab yeej ib feem ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Pab Tub Rog Don, cov lus txib liab txuas ntxiv kev ua phem yam tsis muaj kev ncua. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog liab, Sergei Kamenev (kawm tiav ntawm General Staff Academy, yav dhau los tus thawj tub rog ntawm tsarist pab tub rog) tau thov kom xa peb qhov kev tawm tsam mus rau yeeb ncuab. Thawj lub tshuab hauv Kursk-Kharkov cov lus qhia tau xa los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm 13 thiab 14th cov tub rog liab nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb ua ob ntu thiab, koom tes nrog cov pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog nyob sib ze 12 thiab 1st Cavalry thiab 8 pab tub rog., los rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog.
Qhov thib ob tshuab tau xa los ntawm cov tis uas nyob ib sab ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob (1st Cavalry thiab 8th Armies) thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj (9th Army, Consolidated Cavalry Corps) ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don txhawm rau ua kom tiav kev sib faib, swb ib leeg, tso thaj tsam Donetsk thiab mus txog Taganrog thiab Rostov-on-Don. Yog li, Reds los ntawm thaj av Voronezh yuav tsum hla mus rau Hiav Txwv Azov, tshem tawm cov tub rog ntawm ARSUR, txiav tawm cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb sib ntaus hauv thaj av Kharkov, Donbass thiab hauv Me Russia, los ntawm cheeb tsam Cossack ntawm Don thiab Kuban. Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Suav tau suav tias, thaum tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb, Cossack pem hauv ntej yuav nrawm thiab vau. Yog li, 1st Cavalry Corps ntawm Budyonny tau xa mus rau 1st Cavalry Army thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 17, 1919. Pab pawg poob siab ntawm Budyonny thaum xub thawj suav nrog: 4, 6 thiab 11 kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog, 9 thiab 12 kev sib faib phom ntawm 8 pab tub rog tau ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg, koom tes nrog nws lawv yuav tsum tawm tsam, npog lub hauv ntej, 40th thiab 42nd kev faib. Cov pab pawg no tseem suav nrog kev tshem tawm cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv, ib lub tsheb tiv thaiv cov tsheb thauj khoom nrog cov tshuab rab phom thiab kev tshem dav hlau.
Qhov thib peb tshuab tau xa los ntawm sab laug ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob - 10th thiab 11th Soviet pab tub rog. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev tshem Tsaritsyn, kev sib cais ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Don thiab Caucasian, lawv swb thiab nkag mus rau Novocherkassk, kev ywj pheej ntawm thaj av Don.
Cov phiaj xwm dawb hais kom ua
Cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm Dawb yog mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv, tuav lub flanks - Kiev thiab Tsaritsyn, tuav cov kab ntawm Dniep er thiab Don. Nrog rau txoj cai tis ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb thiab sab laug ntawm Don Army, tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam pab pawg, uas tau tsoo hla hauv Voronezh-Rostov kev coj.
Txog qhov tshuab no, pab pawg neeg caij nees tau tsim - Mamontov's 4th Cavalry Corps, cov seem ntawm Shkuro's 3rd Cavalry Corps. Qhov thib ob Kuban lub cev ntawm Ulagaya tau hloov pauv, uas tau coj los ntawm Caucasian pab tub rog, Plastun pawg tub rog ntawm Don pab tub rog thiab lwm chav nyob. Cov lus txib dav dav tau ua los ntawm Mamontov. Tus thawj coj tshiab Wrangel tam sim tuaj rau hauv kev tsis sib haum nrog Shkuro thiab Mamontov, uas nws suav tias yog tus neeg ua txhaum loj hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm pab tub rog. Shkuro poob vim yog mob. Wrangel, uas tau thuam ua ntej Mamontov, txiav txim siab los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg los ntawm General Mamantov, tso nws ua tus thawj coj ntawm 4th Cavalry Corps thiab ua raws nws mus rau General Ulagay. Kev chim siab Mamontov tawm ntawm cov tub rog. Qhov no ua rau cov neeg Kuban thiab Cov neeg tsis txaus ntseeg sib zog ntau ntxiv, uas tsis kam tawm tsam thiab nrhiav kev tawm mus rau lawv cov zos ib txwm muaj.
Kev npau taws Denikin tau hais kom tshem Mamontov los ntawm kev hais kom ua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ntsib kev tawm tsam los ntawm Don Ataman Bogaevsky thiab cov lus txib ntawm Don Army. Tus thawj coj ntawm Don tau qhia tias kev tshem Mamontov muaj qhov tsis zoo rau pab tub rog, thiab 4th Don Corps feem ntau tawg thiab tsuas yog Mamontov tuaj yeem sau nws. Qhov tseeb, thaum cov tub rog thib 4 tau raug xa rov qab mus rau Don pab tub rog, Mamontov tau coj nws rov los, tau sau ntau tus neeg tua rog, thiab tom qab ntawd tom qab Don Mamontovs tau xa ntau lub tshuab rau cov tub rog liab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Denikin yuav tsum tawm mus rau Cossacks thiab muab Don cov chav los ntawm pab pawg tub rog rov qab mus rau Don Army.
Yog li, pab pawg neeg caij nees uas muaj peev xwm ua tau yeej tsis tau tsim. Cov Neeg Dawb tau decomposed. Kev ua tub rog tsis tiav, ua yuam kev thiab tsis sib haum ntawm cov lus txib tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau pab tub rog. General Ulagai tshaj tawm rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 11 txog kev ua tiav tsis muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm nws pab pawg: "… Cov koom haum Don, txawm hais tias muaj zog loj, tsis xav tau thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv qhov siab me ntsis los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab … Tsis muaj Kuban kiag li thiab Terek units … Yuav luag tsis muaj rab phom loj, rab phom tshuab ib yam nkaus … ". Kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg Kuban tau dhau mus thoob plaws. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Wrangel, tsis txhob sib sau ua ke ib qhov chaw hauv pab tub rog tom qab kom muab lawv tso rau hauv, xaj kom tshem tawm "cov tub rog" ntawm Kuban kev sib faib mus rau Kuban rau kev rov txhim kho. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cossacks thiab cov neeg khiav tawm, uas tau khiav tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tau hla mus rau txoj haujlwm raug cai thiab ntau tus raug rub mus rau tom qab. Txog ntawm Don, tag nrho cov tub rog tau mus tsev, caij nees zoo, ua tub rog, uas ua rau muaj kev txaj muag thiab npau taws ntawm cov Cossacks uas seem. Lub davhlau tsuas yog ua kom hnyav dua. Rov qab mus rau lawv cov zej zog ib txwm nyob, Cossacks thaum kawg decomposed thiab poob lawv cov kev tawm tsam zoo.
Nrog rau kev sib tsoo ntawm pab pawg cavalry, txoj haujlwm ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau dhau los nyuaj dua. Yav tom ntej, cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb yuav tsum ua qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev taug kev hauv qab cua tshuab los ntawm sab xis ntawm lub zog Soviet 1st Cavalry Army.
Ib qho ntxiv, kev tsis sib haum txuas ntxiv hauv cov lus txib siab ntawm AFYUR. General Wrangel ntseeg tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau yuam nws kom tshem tawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Pab Tub Rog Don thiab thim cov tub rog mus rau Crimea. Hais txog qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev rhuav tshem kev sib raug zoo nrog Lub Hauv Paus, nws tau thov kom xaiv tus thawj coj ntawm txhua cheeb tsam Kiev, Novorossiya thiab Pab Tub Rog Pab Dawb. Denikin tau raug cais tawm tsam kev tawm mus rau Crimea. Yog tias cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tsis tawm tsam, nws yuav tsum tau thim rov qab mus rau Rostov txhawm rau tswj hwm kev sib cuag nrog Don pab tub rog. Kev tawm ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb mus rau Crimea, hauv kev xav ntawm tus thawj coj-tus thawj coj, yuav tam sim ntawd rhuav tshem Cossack pem hauv ntej, ua rau poob ntawm Don thiab tag nrho North Caucasus. Cossacks yuav kho cov kev coj ua li kev ntxeev siab.
Lub hom phiaj yog vim li cas rau kev tawm tswv yim kom haum rau Red Army
Kev txav dawb tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov dav dav ntawm cov pej xeem (Vim li cas Pab Pawg Dawb poob). Yog li lub sijhawm ntawm qhov siab tshaj ntawm Denikin cov tub rog yeej thaum lub Cuaj Hli - Lub Kaum Hli 1919, muaj txog 150 txhiab tus neeg dawb, Kolchak muaj kwv yees li 50 txhiab tus tub rog, Yudenich, Miller thiab Tolstov - 20 txhiab tus neeg txhua tus. Cov Tub Rog Liab nyob rau lub sijhawm no twb suav txog 3.5 lab tus tib neeg (thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav muaj txog 1.5 lab).
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov tub rog ntawm AFSR, txawm hais tias tau qhia txog kev tawm tsam, tseem nyob ib nrab pab dawb. Kev tawm dag zog tau ua haujlwm zoo tsuas yog qhov uas lawv tau ntsib kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov pej xeem, uas yog, lawv tau nyob ze rau ntawm kev pab dawb - feem ntau yog hauv cheeb tsam Cossack. Hauv cov neeg feem coob, kev tawm tsam ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau feem ntau tau txais tos cov xov xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam nrog kev ua siab phem thiab nyiam mus rau cov pab pawg liab, cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab pab pawg "ntsuab". Qhov no coj mus rau kev tsim "thib ob pem hauv ntej" nyob tom qab ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb, uas dhau los ua ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev swb ntawm Pab Tub Rog Dawb. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, txawm tias nyob hauv cov nroog loj xws li Kiev thiab Odessa, yog nruab nrab lossis ua yeeb ncuab rau Denikin cov neeg, txhawb Bolsheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, haiv neeg, tsis ntseeg, thiab lwm yam kev sib cav txog yav tom ntej ntawm Russia khiav tawm txawv teb chaws. Lub nroog tsis muab kev txhawb nqa dawb. Cov tub ceev xwm ua yeeb ncuab rau Bolsheviks tau tawm tsam ntev, lawv cov peev txheej kev tsim khoom tau siv los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1919. Ntau tus tub ceev xwm tau koom nrog Qib ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab, lwm tus tau xaiv khiav tawm txawv teb chaws, tau caij lawv lub sijhawm lossis koom nrog kev tswj hwm haiv neeg.
Lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev swb ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Dawb yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet Russia hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov chav dawb. Bolsheviks khaws cov khoom lag luam tshaj plaws, muaj neeg nyob hauv Russia. Cov xeev uas muaj kev sib txuas lus tshaj plaws. Nrog cov peev - Moscow thiab Petrograd. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov rog, los ntawm ib sab pem hauv ntej mus rau lwm qhov, kev sib tw swb ntawm cov tub rog dawb.
Tsis tas li, cov lus txib liab tau muaj peev xwm nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws los tsim pab tub rog tshiab ntawm Russia - Red Army. Yog tias thaum xub thawj cov no yog ib nrab ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, nrog txoj cai pab dawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tam sim no cov tub rog tsis tu ncua tau ua tsov rog. Bolsheviks txawj siv txog li ib feem peb ntawm tsarist cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov thawj coj, cov neeg ua haujlwm dav dav, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog. Yog tias cov tub rog dawb thaum xub thawj tau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov koog, lawv yeej ntau tus yeeb ncuab ntau dua. Tab sis tam sim no qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv. Cov neeg tseem ceeb, cov chav tshwj xeeb nrog kev coj zoo siab, qhuab qhia, ua tub rog zoo thiab nrog kev tawm tsam tshwm sim hauv Red Army. Muaj txuj ci, siab tawv thiab muaj kev paub txog cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj coj tau txav mus rau tom ntej. Cov Tub Rog Dawb, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab lwj tag.
Yog li, Bolsheviks yeej, vim lawv tau muab cov phiaj xwm rau yav tom ntej rau cov neeg nyiam. Lawv muaj kev ntseeg, lub zeem muag rau yav tom ntej, thiab txoj haujlwm. Lawv muaj lub siab nyiam thiab lub zog. Thaum kawg, Bolsheviks muaj lub koom haum muaj zog, tsis yog "hav dej" zoo li cov neeg dawb.
