Cov neeg koom pheej ntawm Ukraine
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm fake Ukrainian "xeev" thiab "Soviet koom pheej" tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam hauv Russia thiab thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob ua rau muaj lus nug ntau. Puas yog cov pejxeem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia yeej mob siab rau kev ywj pheej? Los yog nws txhua yam dag ntxias? Vim li cas cov kev sib cav ntxeev ntxeev, kev sim nrhiav cov tswv txawv teb chaws thiab kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm lub xeev los ua phem rau thaj chaw no txhua lub sijhawm?
Cov kev xav sib cais, tshwj xeeb hauv Galicia, tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Poland rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab nyob rau hmo ua ntej Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1 los ntawm Austria-Hungary thiab Germany. Cov tub ceev xwm Austrian siv kev txav chaw ntawm Ukrainophiles ua tus sawv cev ntawm kev cuam tshuam hauv Russia. Txij li xyoo 1912 hauv Galicia muaj ib lub koom haum hu ua "Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Kws Kho Mob Ukrainian" coj los ntawm cov pej xeem Austrian Grushevsky, uas tau teeb tsa cov hom phiaj sib cais hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov pej xeem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia. Hauv Kiev thiab lwm lub nroog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Hrushevsky, cov chaw rau kev kis tus kabmob sib kis hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau tsim, cov haujlwm ntawm "Mazepaites" tau hnyav dua, thiab ntau pua tus neeg tshaj tawm tuaj.
Austrian thiab German cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb tau zais nyiaj txiag thiab qhia cov haujlwm ntawm Ukrainophiles hauv kev xav ntawm Russophobia. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1914, Austrian cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb tsim hauv Galicia "Union rau Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Ukraine", uas tom qab dhau los ntawm tis ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm German, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm kev cais ib feem ntawm thaj av Sab Hnub Poob. los ntawm Russia raws li "lub xeev ywj pheej suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub zog tseem ceeb."
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ukrainophiles thiab "Mazepians" tsis pom kev txhawb nqa ntawm pawg neeg, tab sis lawv tau khaws los ntawm kev ywj pheej Lavxias hauv tus neeg ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Cadet Party, Milyukov, uas tau mob siab rau coj Russia mus rau sab hnub poob. Grushevsky, uas tswj hwm kev sib tham nrog Lavxias cov koomhaum ywj pheej thiab cov koomhaum hauv Xeev Duma ntawm Russia, txawm tias tswj kom muaj kev sib tham txog kev muaj "Ukrainian neeg" nyob ntawd. Ua ntej ntawd, lo lus "Ukrainian" yeej tsis siv nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv tebchaws Russia.
Lub Ob Hlis hloov pauv ua rau Galician Ukrainians qhov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb. Hrushevsky tus neeg paub qub, tus tub rog Milyukov, uas lees paub nws qhov kev xav ntawm "lus nug Ukrainian", dhau los ua Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Saib Xyuas Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tseem hwv thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2, 1917 tshaj tawm tias cov neeg Ukrainian ntawm Galicia, yog lawv xav tau, tuaj yeem koom ua ke nrog Ukrainians nyob hauv Russia, yog li lees paub thawj zaug ntawm tsoomfwv qib kev nyob ntawm ob haiv neeg sib txawv - Lavxias thiab "Ukrainian".
Xav tias yuav luag txhua tus "Ukrainians" tau nyob hauv Galicia, lawv tau teb rau Milyukov qhov kev hu, tau tsiv mus rau Kiev sai thiab pib tsim cov kabmob ntawm lub xeev "xeev" yav tom ntej. "Kev nqis tes ua Ukrainian", hloov pauv mus rau Ukrainian Party of Socialist Federalists, ua ke nrog "Union for Liberation of Ukraine", nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party, ntau lub zej zog, ncig, pab pawg, cov neeg ua haujlwm, tub rog, kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov koom haum tshaj lij, ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev pib tsim hauv Kiev thaum Lub Peb Hlis 4 (17) Ukrainian Central Rada raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm "ua tiav dav hauv tebchaws thiab thaj tsam Ukrainian muaj kev ywj pheej nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv."
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tsis nrhiav kev sib sau ua ke Galicia nrog Russia, tab sis txhawm rau txuas ntxiv thaj av ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Galicia. Tau xaiv lawv tus kheej cov tswv cuab ntawm Central Rada, thiab Hrushevsky ua tus thawj tswj hwm (ntawm 18 thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Central Rada, 12 yog haiv neeg Austrian), lawv pib ua haujlwm nquag los tsim "ywj pheej Ukraine."
Yog li, los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm qhov pom kev luv ntawm ib feem ntawm Lavxias cov neeg tseem ceeb nrog "Mazepa" lawv tau muab lub sijhawm los txeeb ib feem ntawm thaj av Lavxias los ntawm Russia. Txhua qhov haujlwm ntxiv ntawm Central Rada suav nrog kev ruaj ntseg tuav txoj cai thiab txhawb nqa "lus nug Ukrainian" mus rau qib thoob ntiaj teb, thiab cov neeg German thiab Austrians zoo siab txhawb nqa qhov kev cia siab ntawm lawv cov menyuam roj hmab.
Ntawm kev ua qauv qhia los ntawm Central Rada thaum Lub Peb Hlis 19 hauv Kiev, kev daws teeb meem tau txais los ntawm kev qhia tam sim tam sim no ntawm kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws Ukraine, tom qab ntawv pom zoo los ntawm All-Russian Constituent Assembly, thiab Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Lavxias tam sim ntawd tau tshaj tawm tam sim ntawv tshaj tawm qhov xav tau rau sab kev ywj pheej rau Ukraine.
Txhawm rau muab nws txoj cai raug cai, Central Rada tau teeb tsa kev sib tham hauv tebchaws Ukrainian thaum lub Plaub Hlis 6-8 los tuav "kev xaiv tsa" rau kev koom ua ke ntawm Central Rada, uas yuav muab nws tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sawv cev los ntawm tag nrho "cov neeg Ukrainian" thiab yuav lees paub nws nom tswv platform rau kev tsim ntawm lub teb chaws-thaj tsam autonomy. Cov neeg sawv cev rau lub rooj sib tham tau sawv cev los ntawm ob tog, koom haum koom haum thiab cov koom haum uas lees paub lawv tus kheej li Ukrainian. Raws li kev nco txog nws cov neeg koom, kev xaiv tsa cov neeg sawv cev rau lub rooj sib tham tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau txhua qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm tias 822 tus neeg sawv cev tau raug xaiv los rau CR. Los ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, Malaya Rada tau tsim los ntawm 58 tus neeg, thiab tseem tau lees paub lub zog ntawm Hrushevsky ua tus thawj coj ntawm CR.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "tib neeg" rau lub rooj sib tham thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv kev tsim yog qhov nthuav. Cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm pab tub rog muaj "lub zog" raws li daim ntawv pov thawj tub rog xa lawv mus rau Kiev kom tau txais cov khau ntawm cov tub ceev xwm lub tsev rau khoom, rau kev them nyiaj ntsuab, rau kev kho mob, thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm tus thawj coj ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: "Peb tab tom xa yam peb paub …" kos npe los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm qee tog lossis koomhaum pej xeem hauv tebchaws Ukrainian. Piv txwv li, cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm Poltava tau raug xaiv los ntawm pawg txwj laug ntawm cov txwj laus hauv Ukrainian pab pawg, uas tau koom nrog tsuas yog 8 tus neeg. Kwv yees li 300 tus neeg sawv cev tau sawv cev los ntawm Hrushevsky, Vinnichenko thiab lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm pawg thawj tswj hwm, txhua tus tau "tso cai" nrog tus thawj coj los ntawm 10, 15, 25 tus sawv cev. Nws yog nrog qhov "nyiam" kev qhia ntawm lub siab uas Central Rada tau tsim.
Cov tub txib los ntawm Pab Koomtes rau Kev Tso Tawm ntawm Ukraine, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Hrushevsky, tuaj yeem muaj kev ywj pheej cuam tshuam rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Central Rada, uas tau mus txog "qee lub sijhawm", thiab tsim kev xav sib cais hauv lawv.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis, Central Rada tau thov kom Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Russia muab tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj los lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine, faib 12 lub xeev nrog cov pejxeem Ukrainian rau hauv pawg tswj hwm thiab tsim cov tub rog Ukrainian. Kev tswj hwm tus kheej yuav tsum tau tsim tsis yog nyob ntawm thaj av, tab sis nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
Relying ntawm "Ukrainian units" raug tsim, Central Rada teeb tsa kev ua tub rog rooj sib tham thaum Lub Rau Hli 4 (23), uas lees paub Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tub Rog hauv Ukraine ua lub luag haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Ukrainian thiab cov koomhaum. Sib sau cov neeg sawv cev rau rooj sablaj ntawm Sofia Square, Central Rada tshaj tawm "First Universal", uas tau tshaj tawm ib leeg ib leeg hais txog lub tebchaws thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Ukraine hauv Russia. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Rau Hli 16 (29), General Secretariat tau tsim, uas tau xav tias yuav dhau los ua tus muaj cai tshaj plaws hauv Ukraine. Volodymyr Vinnichenko tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj tswj hwm (tus thawj tswj hwm) ntawm General Secretariat (tsoomfwv), tus tuav ntaub ntawv dav dav rau kev ua tub rog Simon Petliura.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev tsim "Ukrainian units" tau pib, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Lub Hauv Paus ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj, uas xav tias nws tsim nyog los tsim "pawg hauv tebchaws" (Polish, Latvian, Serbian, Czechoslovak, thiab lwm yam), uas tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm tau ua rau "Ukrainianize" ob pab tub rog, hloov lawv lub npe thib 1 thiab thib 2 hauv tebchaws Ukrainian. Yog li, qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej los tsim UPR pab tub rog.
Central Rada tau mus ntxiv hauv kev nthuav tawm kev sib cais hauv tebchaws Russia. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 27, nws tau txiav txim siab los tuav lub Xya Hli hauv Kiev kev sib tham ntawm txhua haiv neeg Lavxias nrhiav kev ywj pheej, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Finns, Poles, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Belarusians, Georgians, Jewish, Tatars, Armenians, Kalmyks, Bashkirs, nrog rau Donets thiab Siberians. Txoj kev pib no yeej tsis tau ua tiav.
Tom qab kev sib tham ntawm Central Rada nrog ib tus sawv cev ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tseem hwv ntawm Russia thaum Lub Rau Hli 28 - Lub Xya Hli 3 thiab kev sib cog lus pom zoo, Tsoom Fwv Tseem hwv tau lees paub Ukraine txoj cai los tsim kev ywj pheej nrog kev daws teeb meem kawg ntawm qhov teeb meem no los ntawm All -Russian Constituent Assembly. Central Rada thaum Lub Xya Hli 3 (16) tshaj tawm "Lub Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob", uas tshaj tawm ib sab ib zaug li General Secretariat raws li lub nroog txoj cai lav ris rau Tsoom Fwv Ntiag Tug.
Kev xaiv tsa rau tsoomfwv lub nroog tuav hauv tebchaws Ukraine thaum Lub Xya Hli 23 (Lub Yim Hli 5) qhia tias lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ywj pheej" tsis txhawb los ntawm cov pejxeem, cov neeg txhawb nqa Ukraine txoj kev ywj pheej tsis tau txais ib lub rooj zaum, txhua tus neeg Lavxias tau txais 870 cov rooj zaum, thiab cov neeg txhawb nqa Lavxias txoj kev koomhaum tseem hwv - 128 lub rooj.
Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Russia thaum Lub Yim Hli 4 (17) lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Ukraine tau txais kev tswj hwm tus kheej, tab sis lub zog ntawm General Secretariat ntawm CR raws li tsoomfwv hauv ib cheeb tsam lub koomhaum ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tseem hwv txuas ntxiv mus rau 9 lub xeev Ukrainian, uas Central Rada yog siv zog rau, tab sis tsuas yog rau 5 lub xeev (Kiev, Volyn, Podolsk, Poltava thiab Chernigov). Tsoom Fwv Tseem Ceeb tsis tau hais txog Central Rada rau Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Tauride thiab Kherson xeev, txij li Union of Industrialists ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia thaum Lub Yim Hli 1 (4) tau thov rau Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus kom tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam mining thiab mining. ntawm cheeb tsam Donetsk-Krivoy Rog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm "lub xeev kev ywj pheej".
Central Rada thiab General Secretariat nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis yog ib lub xeev lub cev, cov koomhaum hauv xeev tsis quav ntsej lawv, se tau mus rau hauv txhab nyiaj Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ib lub tsev haujlwm pej xeem nrog lub hwj chim ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam, lawv txawj siv cov teeb meem ntawm Tsoom Fwv Ntiag Tug, Bolshevik kev tawm tsam hauv Petrograd thiab General Kornilov txoj kev tawm tsam, tsis tu ncua ua raws txoj cai ntawm kev cais los ntawm Russia. Thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 30, Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm tau lees paub qhov kev tshaj tawm, uas qhia txog kev tswj hwm tus neeg lav ris rau CR, thiab tseem txwv tsis pub siv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus tau pom zoo yam tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm Central Rada.
Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli hauv Petrograd thaum Lub Kaum Hli 25 (Kaum Ib Hlis 7) thiab kev rhuav tshem Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus, Bolsheviks tau sim txeeb hwj chim hauv Kiev, tab sis qhov kev sim no tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm pab tub rog thiab "Ukrainian units" ncaj ncees rau Tsoom Fwv Tseem hwv.
Central Rada rub cov neeg ncaj ncees "Ukrainian units" rau Kiev, nyob hauv tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm, tuav lub hwj chim hauv Kiev thiab tsim Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Cheeb Tsam rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tawm Tsam, ua rau nws txhua tus tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine, suav nrog hauv Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Kharkov, Kholmsk thiab ib nrab ntawm Tavricheskaya, Kursk thiab Voronezh xeev, yaum kom tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los txhawb kev tawm tsam hauv Petrograd.
Ntshai qhov quab yuam uas tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig Lub Hauv Paus ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj nyob hauv Mogilev, npaj los tsim tsoomfwv-Lavxias los tawm tsam Bolsheviks, Hrushevsky tsis txaus siab tam sim tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine, tab sis pib thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7 (20) kev saws me nyuam ntawm "Peb Thoob Ntiaj Teb", uas tshaj tawm Ukrainian Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Koom Haum nrog rau Lavxias koom pheej, suav nrog Kiev, Volyn, Podolsk, Kherson, Chernigov, Poltava, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav xeev thiab cov cheeb tsam ntawm Northern Tavria (tsis muaj Crimea). Kev koom ua ke ntawm ib feem ntawm Kursk, Kholmsk, Voronezh thiab cov xeev nyob sib ze, qhov twg "feem ntau ntawm cov neeg pej xeem hauv Ukraine" nyob, yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab "los ntawm kev pom zoo los ntawm kev npaj ntawm cov neeg."
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Central Rada pib tsim kev sib cuag nrog ataman ntawm Don Army, Kaledin, uas tsis lees paub lub zog ntawm Bolsheviks thiab tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Oblast ntawm Don Army ua ntej tsim los ntawm Lavxias lub zog raug cai.
Yog li, vim tias txoj cai pom kev luv ntawm cov neeg nyob ywj pheej hauv tebchaws Russia, kev sib tawg ntawm Lavxias lub xeev thiab cov tub rog tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Austro-German cov tub ceev xwm hauv ib feem ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia, kev xav sib cais "Mazepians" thiab Ukrainophiles, tawm tsam lub siab nyiam ntawm cov pej xeem, tshaj tawm thawj "Ukrainian xeev" hu ua Ukrainian Cov Neeg Sawv Cev.
