Txawm hais tias txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog lub suab ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tau tsim thaum tig ntawm XIX-XX ib puas xyoo, cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb thiab cov tub rog tau nthuav qhia kev txaus siab rau cov kev txhim kho no tsuas yog ua ntej muaj Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog xaus, kev txaus siab rau qhov kev txhim kho no tsis ploj mus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov kev pabcuam zais cia ntawm ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb tau npau suav tias tau txais riam phom ntsiag to. Los ntawm xyoo 1960, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab USSR tau sib koom xib teg hauv kev sib tw tacit los tsim cov qauv ntsiag to ntawm caj npab me. Nws yog xyoo 1960 uas tau tsim tag nrho cov phom ntsiag to uas tau tsim nyob hauv Soviet Union, suav nrog rab yaj phom Groza.
Cov tsos ntawm rab phom ntsiag to "Thunderstorm"
Lawv ib txwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv nthuav thiab txawv txawv ntawm riam phom ntsiag to hauv USSR. Piv txwv li, twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1950 lawm, rab phom Soviet txawj ntse Igor Yakovlevich Stechkin tau ua haujlwm tsim cov qauv ntawd. Nws yog nws tus tsim, ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm KGB, qhov tshwj xeeb peb-barreled tua cov luam yeeb, hu ua TKB-506A. Hauv "rooj plaub haus luam yeeb" tsim los ntawm Stechkin, tau siv lub tshuab ntsaws ntsaws ntsiag to tshwj xeeb, uas tus kws siv phom tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov thoob thoob rau Makarov rab phom 9x18 mm. Cov riam phom tsis txawv li qhov ua tau, tab sis qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau cov tub ceev xwm txawj ntse. Muaj tseeb, qhov ntau ntawm rab yaj phom txawv txawv tau luv - tsis pub ntau tshaj 7 meters.
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim kom muaj riam phom ntsiag to tau txuas ntxiv mus. Raws li Kalashnikov cov ntawv xov xwm, thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1950, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm pawg tub rog No. 1154 ntawm KGB ntawm USSR tau tsim tus tshiab 7.62 mm ntsiag to ntsiag to, uas tau txais qhov ntsuas "Thunderstorm-58-M". Tom qab ntawd, rab yaj phom tau hloov kho ntau zaus thiab mus txog theem tsim khoom ntau. Los ntawm kev tsim qauv, rab phom ntsiag to tshiab yog tus qauv tsis siv tus kheej lub phom nrog lub thaiv ntawm ob lub thoob, uas tau sib koom ua ke hauv ib lub dav hlau ntsug.
Txhawm rau thauj khoom, cov phom ntawm rab phom tau muab tais zoo li ntau rab phom tua phom lossis rab phom ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws derringer tsim. Tus rab phom ntsiag to tshiab tau teeb tsa tsuas yog ua rau tus kheej ua rau tus kheej; nws tau ntim nrog daim clip tsim rau ob daim cartridges. Rau kev tua los ntawm "Groza", tshwj xeeb tau tsim daim cartridges 7, 62x63 mm "Snake" (PZ) nrog kev txiav tawm ntawm cov hmoov av hauv cov phom phom tau pib siv, thiab tom qab hloov kho cov qauv ntawm cov cartridges raws li lub npe PZA thiab PZAM.
Kev tsim tawm ntawm rab phom tshiab yuav tsum tau xa mus rau ntawm Izhevsk Mechanical Plant (IMZ). Qhov kev daws teeb meem sib xws ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR tau tshaj tawm thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1959. Hauv Izhevsk, kev sim ua haujlwm No. 28 yog lub luag haujlwm rau teeb tsa riam phom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias yuav tsum muaj qib kev zais ntawm IMZ, riam phom tau txais lub cim cim - khoom "C". Tau ntev, rab yaj phom tau tsim tawm hauv qhov tsawg heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag tau nyob hauv cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv ntawm kev txhim kho thiab txhim kho riam phom tshiab.
Yog li, twb nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1960, qauv C-2M tau tshwm sim, xyoo 1961-C-3M, thiab xyoo 1962 tau tsim qauv C-4M. Lub rab yaj phom kawg tau mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj thiab tau tsim tawm hauv Izhevsk txij li xyoo 1965. Tib lub sijhawm, rab phom S-4M "Groza" tau siv tsis yog los ntawm KGB nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog tub rog tshwj xeeb ntawm GRU. Thiab txawm tias tom qab, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm S-4M rab yaj phom, rab phom me me tshwj xeeb me me (SMP "Groza") tau tsim, uas tau siv rau hauv xyoo 1972. Lub rab yaj phom tau tsim los ntawm TsNIITOCHMASH cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev xaj ntawm KGB thiab txawm tias me dua li rab phom S-4M, uas tseem siv los ntawm tub rog tshwj xeeb.
Derringer nrog hmoov av txiav tawm
Nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias "cov neeg ua phem" yog chav kawm ntawm rab phom me me ntawm kev tsim qauv yooj yim, feem ntau yog lub hnab loj. Cov riam phom no zoo meej rau kev nqa zais. Cov riam phom tau txais nws lub npe qhuas ntawm Asmeskas tus tsim qauv Henry Deringer, uas nyob rau xyoo 19th. Cov phom uas nws tsim tau feem ntau siv ua riam phom tiv thaiv tus kheej. Ib ntawm cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm chav kawm yog Remington Ob Chav Derringer rab phom, uas, zoo li rab phom Thunderstorm tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, muaj ib qho thaiv ntawm ob lub thoob nyob hauv lub dav hlau ntsug. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lub sijhawm dhau los, lo lus "derringer" nws tus kheej tau dhau los siv dav hauv ntiaj teb caj npab kom xa mus rau yuav luag txhua yam uas tsis yog tus kheej-nqa tus kheej rab phom qauv ntawm cov ntawv cog lus.
Qhov nthuav nthuav thib ob cuam tshuam nrog txhua rab phom Soviet ntawm Groza tsev neeg yog xaiv txoj hauv kev los daws cov suab nrov. Cov neeg tsim qauv siv cov txheej txheem txiav cov pa roj tawm. Cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tag nrho txoj hauv kev, uas, ntxiv rau rab yaj phom nws tus kheej, tseem suav nrog lub thawv tshwj xeeb uas muaj lub mos txwv me me (feem ntau). Hauv cov qauv phom no, cov hmoov uas txo hwj chim tau muab cais los ntawm cov mos txwv los ntawm wad-piston. Thaum lub sijhawm tua, lub piston zoo li no ua ntej nrawm rau lub mos txwv, thiab tom qab ntawd ua cov npoo, so tawm tsam qhov tawm ntawm lub thoob lossis txoj kab nqes ntawm lub tes tsho, yog li xauv cov hmoov av hauv cov phom ntawm rab phom.
Cov txheej txheem txiav cov roj tua hluav taws tau raug pov thawj kom ua tau zoo ntawm kev tshem tawm cov phom suab nrov zoo dua li cov pa mufflers. Tab sis txoj hauv kev kuj tseem muaj nws qhov tsis zoo - riam phom thiab cov mos txwv rau nws ua rau nyuaj tsim thiab kim dua. Tsis tas li, txoj hauv kev no txwv nws tus kheej kev txwv ntawm caj npab me me; nws nyuaj heev rau siv nws hauv cov tshuab tsis siv neeg. Tab sis rau rab phom, cov phiaj xwm yog qhov tsim nyog. Ntxiv mus, kev muaj peev xwm ua yam tsis muaj lub tshuab nqus tsev ua rau cov riam phom sib zog thiab yooj yim li sai tau rau kev nqa nqa.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm S-4M "Thunderstorm" rab yaj phom
Tus tsim ntawm S-4M "Groza" rab yaj phom tau tswj hwm los siv txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem hauv kev ua qauv. Txoj kev txhim kho tau cog lus thiab txaus siab, vim tias nws muaj peev xwm tsim rab phom ntsiag to yam tsis siv lub tshuab ntsiag to thiab lwm yam khoom siv loj uas tsim los tua lub suab ntawm kev tua thiab zais qhov nyem ntawm qhov txhaj tshuaj. Qee tus kws tshaj lij hu "Thunderstorm" thawj rab phom ntsiag to hauv tsev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab ntawm cov riam phom no. Tus qauv tsis yog tsuas yog ntsiag to nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tau tsim los ntawm kos, thiab tsis yog qhov kev xaiv rau hloov kho cov thoob uas twb muaj lawm rau hauv cov qauv "ntsiag to".
Thaj chaw ntawm kev thov ntawm caj npab me tshiab yog txhua yam kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom ntsiag to thiab tua tsis tau zoo los ntawm cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb thiab pab tub rog tshwj xeeb. Lub rab yaj phom tshiab tsuas yog siv tau nrog kab ntawv ntawm kev tsim yav dhau los PZ / PZA / PZAM daim cartridges ntawm 7.62 mm caliber tus qauv rau kev lag luam Soviet tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov loj ntawm daim cartridge nws tus kheej tsis yog tus qauv - 7, 62x63 mm. Kev siv cov cartridges no tau muab tus tua nrog ntsiag to tua, vim tias lub suab ntawm qhov kev txhaj tshuaj raug txwv los ntawm kev xauv cov hmoov av hauv lub tes tsho ntawm qhov loj me thiab nce lub zog. Txij li thaum kaw cov roj cua tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub piston nruab nrab, qhov no txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntev ntawm cov kab.
Los ntawm nws cov qauv, S-4M rab yaj phom tsis yog tus kheej-nqa tus qauv ntawm caj npab me me nrog lub thaiv ntawm ob lub thoob hinged nce, ua khub hauv lub dav hlau ntsug. Txhawm rau them thiab tso tawm riam phom, tus tua yuav tsum tau siv daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum uas sib koom ua ke ob daim cartridges. Lub rab yaj phom tau nruab nrog lub tshuab tua hluav taws nrog zais rauj, ua haujlwm nkaus xwb (tsis yog tus kheej-tsoo). Cov hammers tau tsoo hauv phau ntawv hom los ntawm kev nias tus lej nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm rab yaj phom tuav. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, riam phom tau txais phau ntawv fuse, uas tau muab tso rau sab laug saum toj ntawm rab phom tuav. Tom qab qhov ntsuas, cov neeg tsim qauv tau tso lub tog thaiv thaiv. Lub rab yaj phom siv qhib qhov muag.
S-4M "Groza" ntsiag to ntsiag to tau zoo los ntawm cov txuj ci hauv qab no thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo. Qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov qauv no tsis pub tshaj 10-12 meters. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, riam phom tau nrawm heev, qhov hnyav ntawm rab yaj phom yam tsis muaj rab phom tsis tshaj 600 grams. Tag nrho qhov ntev yog 147 mm, qhov siab kwv yees li 104 mm, thiab dav yog 27 mm. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tsis tshaj 6-8 puag ncig ib feeb. Qhov no txaus txaus, muab hais tias riam phom yuav tsum tau siv los daws qhov haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab tsis sib tw nrog cov txheej txheem txheej txheem caj npab me. Qhov nrawm ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm 7.62 mm mos txwv sib txawv ntawm 150 txog 170 m / s. Tib lub sijhawm, thaum sim S-4M rab yaj phom nrog PZA daim cartridge hauv xyoo 1965, tau sau cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 25 metres, lub mos txwv tau lees tias yuav tsoo pob uas muaj ob daim txiag ntoo qhuav qhuav (txhua 25 hli tuab).
