Lub tswv yim peev txheej
Nws nyuaj rau kwv yees qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau zoo rau cov tub rog-kev ua haujlwm nyuaj hauv kev ua tsov rog. Nov yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Raws li koj paub, Krupp cov kws hlau hlau tau yog thawj tus kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim cov riam phom zoo-qib hlau.
Cov neeg German tau saws tus txheej txheem tsim khoom Thomas thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Txoj hauv kev ntawm cov hlau ntxig no ua rau nws tshem tau cov tshuaj phosphorus tsis huv los ntawm cov hlau, uas tau nce qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Cov cuab yeej zoo thiab riam phom zoo thaum lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb feem ntau ua kom cov neeg German zoo dua ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Txhawm rau npaj cov khoom lag luam no, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab, uas ua rau sab hauv sab hauv ntawm lub qhov cub. Cov neeg German tau siv cov ntaub ntawv magnesite refractories kawg rau lawv lub sijhawm, ua kom sov ntau dua 2000 degrees. Xws li cov tshuaj ntawm qhov ua kom rov zoo dua qub yog ua los ntawm magnesium oxides nrog cov sib xyaw me me ntawm aluminium oxides.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov tebchaws uas siv thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov magnesite refractories tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov cuab yeej zoo thiab phom phom. Qhov no tuaj yeem muab piv rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Txo qis dua qhov kev tiv thaiv hluav taws yog qhov hu ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tiv taus qhov kub los ntawm 1750 txog 1950 degrees. Cov no yog dolomite thiab high-alumina refractories. Fireclay, semi-acid, quartz thiab dinas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm 1610 txog 1750 degrees.
Los ntawm txoj kev, thev naus laus zis thiab chaw rau tsim cov magnesite refractories tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv Russia xyoo 1900.
Satka magnesite refractory cib nyob rau xyoo 1905 tau txais khoom plig kub ntawm Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb hauv Liege. Nws tau tsim tawm ze rau Chelyabinsk hauv nroog Satka, qhov twg muaj qhov tshwj xeeb magnesite tso nyiaj nyob.
Cov ntxhia periclase, los ntawm cov refractories tau ua hauv lub hoobkas, yog qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis xav tau kev ntxiv ntxiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, magnesite refractory los ntawm Satka tau zoo dua nws cov phooj ywg los ntawm Greece thiab Austria.
Txhim kho qhov sib txawv
Txawm hais tias muaj cov khoom siv magnesite zoo heev los ntawm Satka, txog rau xyoo 30, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj ntawm Soviet cov kws hlau hlau yog cov khoom siv dinas los ntawm av nplaum. Ib qho ntxiv, tau txais qhov kub siab rau yaj cov riam phom-qib hlau tsis ua haujlwm tawm-sab hauv ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub qhov cub qhib qhov cub tawg thiab xav tau kev kho dua tshiab.
Muaj tsis txaus Satka cib, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab kev hloov pauv, cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb tau ploj mus.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov neeg European tau mus tom ntej - piv txwv li, Austrian Radex magnesite tau txawv los ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws zoo heev.
Soviet Union tau yuav cov khoom no. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tau txais qhov sib piv yam tsis muaj qhov zais cia ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov teeb meem no tau kawm tiav los ntawm kev kawm tiav ntawm Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman Alexey Petrovich Panarin. Ntawm Magnet cog (yav tas los yog Satka Combine) hauv xyoo 1933 nws tau mus rau hauv Central Plant Laboratory. Thiab tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws tau tsim cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm periclase-chromite lossis chromomagnesite refractories rau qhib-hearth rauv.
Ntawm Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant thiab Moscow Rauj thiab Sickle, Panarin cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv qhov qub dinas.
Cov thev naus laus zis, uas tau tsim kho hauv chav sim ntawm "Magnezit" tau ntau xyoo, suav nrog qhov tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov loj me.
Yav dhau los, cov nroj tsuag tau tsim cov cib-chrome-magnesite uas yog av nplaum, suav nrog magnesite thiab chromium hlau ore, hauv 50/50 piv. Cov lus zais qhia los ntawm Panarin pawg yog raws li hauv qab no:
Yog tias chromite ore hauv cov ntxhib granulometric nplej nrog cov ntsiab lus yam tsawg kawg ntawm cov zauv tsawg dua 0.5 hli tau ntxiv rau tus nqi magnesite ib txwm muaj, tom qab ntawd txawm tias nrog 10% ntxiv ntawm cov hlau no, cov cua sov ruaj khov ntawm cov cib nce ntxiv.
Raws li qhov sib ntxiv ntawm chromite ore ntawm cov ntxhib granulometry nce, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov cib cog thiab nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qee qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom."
Chromite rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab tau coj ntawm Saranovskoye mine, thiab periclase tau txuas ntxiv mus rau kev khawb ntawm Satka.
Rau kev sib piv, ib qho "pre-revolutionary" magnesite cib nrog qhov kub thiab txias 5-6 zaug tsawg dua Panarin qhov tshiab.
Ntawm Kirovograd tooj liab-zom cov nroj tsuag, chromium-magnesite refractory nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev ntawm lub qhov cub tawg rov qab tiv taus kub txog 1550 degrees rau 151 hnub. Yav dhau los, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov cub tawg yuav tsum tau hloov pauv txhua txhua 20-30 hnub.
Los ntawm xyoo 1941, kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj tau ua tiav, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom siv hauv cov hlau loj ua cov cua sov ntawm qhov kub txog 1800 degrees. Kev koom tes tseem ceeb rau qhov no tau ua los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm "Magnezit" Alexander Frenkel, uas tau tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev nrawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau lub ru tsev ntawm qhov cub.
Refractories rau yeej
Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1941, cov kws hlau hlau ntawm Magnitka tau ua tiav qhov tsis tau xav txog yav dhau los-thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm lawv tau kawm txog kev zom cov hlau ua hlau rau T-34 tso tsheb hlau luam hauv lub qhov hnyav hnyav qhib rauv taws.
Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb no yog Satka "Magnezit". Nws tsis tas yuav tham txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, thaum ib feem peb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub Hoobkas tau raug hu mus rau pem hauv ntej, thiab lub xeev tau thov kom lub phiaj xwm ua tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, tsob ntoo tau ua nws txoj haujlwm, thiab Panarin xyoo 1943
"Rau kev paub txog kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv zos rau cov hlau hlau"
tau txais qhov khoom plig Stalin.
Xyoo 1944, tus kws tshawb fawb hlau no yuav tsim lub tshuab tsim cov hmoov magnesite zoo "Ntxiv". Cov khoom ib nrab ua tiav no tau siv los npaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hauv qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov hlau tiv thaiv hlau hauv qhov cub hluav taws xob. Qhov ntsuas kub rau qhov refractories tau nce mus txog 2000 degrees.
Tab sis ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias qhov piv txwv ntawm kev cog qoob loo Magnezit feem ntau txuas ntxiv mus rau tag nrho kev lag luam refractory ntawm Soviet Union.
Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj tshwj xeeb tau tsim nyob hauv Urals, qhov uas siv tag nrho lub tebchaws lub tank tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1941-1942.
Magnitogorsk thiab Novotagilsk cov hlau hlau tau rov ua dua tshiab rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej ua rog, muab cov khoom lag luam rau Sverdlovsk Uralmash, Chelyabinsk "Tankograd" thiab Nizhny Tagil tank cog No. 183. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag hlau tau muaj lawv tus kheej tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv zos..
Piv txwv li, hauv Magnitka, dinas-chamotte cog tsim 65-70 txhiab tons ntawm cov cib ib xyoos. Qhov no tsis txaus txawm tias rau lawv tus kheej xav tau, tsis hais txog khoom siv rau lwm lub tuam txhab.
Thawj qhov teeb meem tshwm sim thaum cov chaw tsim khoom tank pib tsim lawv tus kheej cua sov thiab cua sov cua sov. Ural metallurgy twb nyuam qhuav muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txaus, thiab tom qab ntawd lub hull tsim cov tank tsim khoom xav tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo rau sab hauv lub qhov cub.
Tsis tau tham txog ib qho ntawm cov chromomagnesite refractories ntawm no - cov khoom no tsis txaus, thiab txawm tias xa tawm los pauv rau Asmeskas Qiv -Xauj. Tsawg kawg qhov no tau hais hauv ntau qhov chaw. Cov kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm Ural sau tias Panarin tus nqi chromomagnesite tuaj yeem mus txawv teb chaws hauv kev sib pauv rau qhov tsis txaus ferroalloys rau cov cuab yeej tso tsheb hlau luam. Tab sis tseem tsis muaj pov thawj ncaj qha txog qhov no.
Tank factories feem ntau tso siab rau dinas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm Pervouralsk cog. Tab sis, ua ntej, nws tau tsim tawm tsuas yog 12 txhiab tons hauv ib hlis, thiab, qhov thib ob, cov kws hlau hlau coj tus tsov ntxhuav faib.
Kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm Pervouralsk cog tau mus qeeb heev. Thiab los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1942, tsuas muaj 4 lub qhov cub tshiab xwb. Tus so tsis tau npaj txhij, lossis feem ntau tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv cov phiaj xwm.
Refractories rau qhib-hearth rauv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tank feem ntau tuaj ntawm qhov tsis zoo, tsis puv thiab lub sijhawm tsis raug. Tsuas yog rau kev kho Uralmash cov cua sov hauv plaub lub hlis xyoo 1942, yuav tsum tau 1035 tons ntawm cov cib uas tiv taus hluav taws, thiab tsuas yog kwv yees li 827 tons xwb.
Xyoo 1943, qhib-hearth khw ntawm Uralmash, feem ntau, yuav luag nres vim tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kho.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab thoob plaws hauv kev ua tsov rog tshuav ntau yam uas xav tau. Yog tias nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej ib txwm dinas cib ntawm lub tshuab ua kom sov tuaj yeem tiv taus 400 qhov kub, tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm ua rog nws tsis tshaj 135 qhov kub. Thiab txog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1943, qhov ntsuas no tau poob rau 30-40 qhov kub.
Qhov xwm txheej no qhia meej meej tias qhov tsis muaj peev txheej li cas (hauv qhov no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob) tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam. Raws li tus neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb Nikita Melnikov sau hauv nws txoj haujlwm, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1943, peb lub qhov cub hluav taws kub ntawm Uralmash tseem tau nres thiab ua tiav kev txhim kho tag nrho. Nws nqa 2346 tons ntawm dinas, 580 tons ntawm chamotte thiab 86 tons ntawm cov magnesite uas tsis tshua muaj.
Los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1942, ntawm lub tank cog No. 183, qhov xwm txheej tau txhim kho zoo ib yam - cov khoom lag luam hlau poob qis tom qab cov khoom sib dhos. Thiab peb yuav tsum "ntshuam" lub T-34 hulls los ntawm Uralmash.
Ib qho laj thawj yog qhov tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau kho lub qhov cub tawg, uas nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1942 tau ua haujlwm ntawm lawv qhov txwv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsuas yog 2 ntawm 6 lub qhov cub qhib qhov cub tau ua haujlwm nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg. Cov nplaim taws tau rov ua dua tshiab tsuas yog nyob rau ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1943.
Qhov xwm txheej nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov qauv ntawm Soviet tiv thaiv txoj hauv kev thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg tau qhia meej txog qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov xwm txheej nyob tom qab ntawm lub tebchaws.
Qhov tsis txaus ntev, feem ntau, tsis yog cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tsim cov tsheb tiv thaiv.
