Xyoo 1930s, kev txhim kho sai dua ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev tau pib hauv USSR. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv maj mam pib txav deb ntawm monolithic reinforced qhob nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov qauv tsim ua ntej. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv tsim ua ntej yog qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov khoom txheem ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg lossis cov chaw tsim khoom, los ntawm cov qauv ua tiav tuaj yeem yooj yim sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov tseeb tias rau cov pej xeem niaj hnub no, uas tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov qauv ua vaj tsev ua ntej, pom tseeb, xyoo 1930 nws tseem zoo li tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis txaus ntseeg txaus.
Tsuas yog ua ntej tsov rog, thawj lub tsev tsim khoom tsim ua vaj tsev ua ntej tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, monolithic pob zeb ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab qib tsim nyog ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau tus neeg mob, tab sis kev tsim kho monolithic tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau qhov xwm txheej zoo, hauv lub caij sov. Txhawm rau tsim lub pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv hauv lub sijhawm luv luv thiab hauv qab cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws tsuas yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb.
Thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov qhob thaiv, tau tshwm sim thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Qhov loj ntawm cov thaiv no tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm sib sau ua ke los ntawm lawv los ntawm txhais tes xyaum ntawm kab ua ntej ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Kev txhim kho zoo ib yam kuj muaj nyob hauv USSR. Piv txwv li, lub tshuab rab phom rab phom tau tsim los ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas 40x20x15 cm nrog lub qhov uas tau siv los txhawm rau kho kab kab ntawm kab ua ke kom qhuav. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb tau muab tso los ntawm cov qhov no lossis ntu txhawb nqa tau dhau mus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib dhos, tau ua tiav qhov kev txhawb nqa lub sij hawm ntev tau txais, nrog rau phab ntsa 60 cm tuab thiab casemate 140x140 cm. Kev npog ntawm lub thawv ntawv zoo li no tau ua los ntawm cov cav lossis cov ntsia, cov hauv ncoo hauv av thiab cov thaiv ib yam.
Cov tshuab ua kom tiav ua tiav ua ntej-rab phom lub thawv rau ntawm Borodino teb, yees duab los ntawm Anatoly Voronin, warspot.ru
Tab sis qhov kev tsim qauv no nws muaj qhov tsis zoo: kev sib dhos ntawm cov qauv no los ntawm ntau dua 2 txhiab qhov thaiv nrog qhov hnyav tag nrho ntau dua 50 tons xav tau 300 teev ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li los ntawm cov thaiv no nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub tog raj kheej rau rab phom loj. Thaum xub thawj, thaum tsim cov kab tiv thaiv, lawv feem ntau tsom mus rau kev tsim kho cov tsev thiab cov bunkers, txawm li cas los xij, rau cov bunkers monolithic, cov khoom siv hauv tsev (tsoo pob zeb, xuab zeb, txhawb nqa) thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau xav tau ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw, ntxiv rau pab pawg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog Kev tsim khoom thiab nchuav cov pob zeb sib xyaw yuav tsum tau ua tiav raws li txhua lub thev naus laus zis. Thiab rau kev tsim cov bunkers, tsis tsuas yog ntoo xav tau, tab sis kuj yog cov kws ntoo tsim nyog, qee zaum tsis muaj ib tus lossis lwm tus nyob ntawm qhov chaw.
Yog li ntawd, tom qab pib kev ua rog thaum Lub Xya Hli 1941, lub tebchaws tau txiav txim siab ua kom cov khoom tsim ua cov pob zeb ua kom tiav ua tiav tau ua tiav. Twb tau nyob rau Lub Xya Hli 13, 1941, Lub Xeev Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau txiav txim rau tib neeg txoj cai ntawm kev tsim khoom siv hauv tsev, rau kev tsim kho, Glavvoenostroy nyob rau hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Txoj Cai ntawm USSR, ntxiv rau Moscow City Executive Committee, los tsim 1800 pawg ntawm prefabricated reinforced qhob pillboxes. Txhawm rau tsim kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, cov chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw lag luam ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine tau ua lub luag haujlwm tsim 50 txhiab hlau hedgehogs. Txog thaum nruab nrab Lub Yim Hli 1941, 400 pawg tshuaj ntsiav thiab 18 txhiab hlau hedgehogs tau tsim hauv lub tebchaws los ntawm kev txiav txim nruab nrab.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhim kho sai ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub hauv ntej ua teeb meem loj rau kev lag luam hauv Soviet. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau kev siv thoob plaws kev tsim kho ua ntej tsim nyog tau sai li sai tau, txhawm rau npaj ua ntej nruab nrab kev yuav khoom ntawm cov qauv thiab ntu rau kev teeb tsa tom ntej ntawm kab kev tiv thaiv. Ib yam li hauv lwm cov haujlwm hauv kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim rau kev tsim kho, txhawm rau txhawm rau nrhiav thiab siv cov khoom siv hauv zos thiab cov peev txheej siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov xwm txheej txhim kho ntawm pem hauv ntej yuam kev ua thawj coj ntawm USSR kom pib tsim txoj kab tiv thaiv ntawm lub hauv ntej dav thiab mus rau qhov tob, uas nyuaj heev hauv qhov tseeb tshwm sim.
Kev tsim kho cov kab tiv thaiv nyob ze Moscow
Feem ntau, GKO kev txiav txim siab muab rau Lub Xya Hli 13 thiab kev txiav txim siab tom ntej ntawm kev tsim khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv ua vaj tse uas tsim los rau kev tiv thaiv kev tsim kho tsis tau ua tiav, uas yog vim tsis muaj cov cement. Tsis muaj dab tsi ceeb. Ntawm 36 cov nroj tsuag ntawm Glavcement, uas yog ib feem ntawm Tib Neeg Txoj Cai ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Siv Hauv Tsev, 22 cov nroj tsuag poob rau hauv thaj chaw sib ntaus thiab nres kev tsim khoom. Yog tias rov qab rau lub Tsib Hlis 1941 kev tsim cov cement hauv Soviet Union yog 689 txhiab tons, tom qab ntawd thaum lub Yim Hli nws poob mus rau 433 txhiab tons, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis - 106 txhiab tons, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1942 nws tsuas yog 98 txhiab tons. Kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam hauv kev muab roj thiab cov khoom siv, thauj cov nyom nyuaj ua haujlwm ntawm 14 cov chaw cog ntoo nyob hauv qab.
Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias xyoo 1941, lub thawv ntim khoom ua ntej tau tsim los rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj, uas tau tsim los ntawm tub rog kws ua haujlwm Gleb Aleksandrovich Bulakhov. Cov thawv ntawv no tau teeb tsa ntau yam kev txhawb nqa nqaj, uas tau sib koom ua ke ib yam li, zoo li tus ncej ntoo, txuas "rau hauv lub tais". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov thav duab tawm los ob npaug - nrog cov phab ntsa sab nrauv thiab sab nrauv, nruab nrab ntawm cov pob zeb tau nchuav los yog rov qab nrog pob zeb. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom ua ntej ua tiav tau ua tiav hauv ib hnub, siv cov crane yooj yim tshaj plaws, lossis tseem yog tus kheej. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tsim qauv no tsis tshaj 350-400 kg. Cov tshuaj ntsiav kuj tseem tau npog nrog cov nqaj nqaj hlau, raws li qhov tshwm sim uas ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke sab hauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tuab ntawm ib sab thiab phab ntsa hauv ntej ntawm lub bunker yog 90 cm, sab nraub qaum - 60 cm. pob zeb tsis tawg los ntawm sab hauv.
Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm lub thawv ntim tshuaj prefabricated los ntawm kab teeb - rab phom thiab tshuab rab phom. Ib rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank 45-hli, nto moo plaub caug-tsib, yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv rab phom. Hauv lub tshuab rab phom rab phom, tus casemate kuj me me-1, 5x1, 5 meters, kuj tseem muaj lub qhov rooj qis thiab lub npog ntsej muag ua los ntawm cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb nrog tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv ricochet protrusions. Hauv rab phom rab phom, cov ntaub ntawv loj dua me ntsis - 2, 15x2, 45 meters, thiab cov txheej txheem tau yooj yim dua. Sab hauv, nres tau teeb tsa rau bipod ntawm rab phom, uas yog qhov tseeb nyob hauv sab hauv npog, npog tag nrho cov tub rog. Tab sis los ntawm "phom teeb" ntawm kab teeb hauv cheeb tsam Moscow tiv thaiv, kev tsim kho kuj tau ua tiav rau lub tshuab rab phom rab phom nrog NPS-3 kev teeb tsa. Kuj ceeb tias, qhov dav ntawm lub thawv npog yuav luag txog li ib centimeter ua ke nrog cov tuab ntawm phab ntsa pem hauv ntej - txhua yam uas tseem nyob yog txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau nws nrog cov qhob nchuav. Ib qho ntxiv, nrog kev pab ntawm kev ua vaj tse thiab kev ua haujlwm, qhov qhib tau raug txo thiab lub qhov rooj tiv thaiv tau raug teeb tsa.
Prefabricated reinforced qhob bunker daim duab kos los ntawm German engineers
Txawm li cas los xij, lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau nyob luv; thaum kawg, lawv tsuas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv teev npe tsim qauv ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Rog Loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov duab kos tsis tau "muaj sia nyob" txog thaum tsab ntawv tshiab ntawm "Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ruaj Ntseg", uas tau tshaj tawm hauv peb lub tebchaws xyoo 1943. Nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias ib qho ntawm qhov laj thawj rau qhov no yog kev xa khoom loj mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov txheej txheem ntoo tiv thaiv ua ntej, suav nrog bunkers, uas tau tsim hauv ntau qhov chaw lag luam ntoo. Piv rau cov txheej txheem ua vaj tsev, lawv tau sib zog dua, pheej yig dua thiab tsis xav tau kev siv cov pob zeb ua ke, uas yog qhov tsis txaus nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, ntxiv rau ntxiv cov hlau ntxiv.
Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog luam tawm qhov chaw uas tau hais txog ntawm cov pob zeb ua tiav ua ntej yog cov ntawv German, uas tau suav ua ke nrog txuas mus rau ib daim duab ntawm cov duab uas tau ntes los ntawm pab tub rog German ntawm thaj av ntawm Crimea. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias prefabricated cov pob zeb ua tiav tau tsim los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog nyob ib puag ncig Sevastopol. Hauv thaj chaw tiv thaiv uas tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog, muaj cov tshuab rab phom thiab cov phom loj. Cov sau phau ntawv German monograph zoo siab rau Soviet lub tswv yim. Kev ua haujlwm tau sau tseg tias nrog lub tsheb thauj khoom nqa nqa uas muaj peev xwm nqa tau 500 kg, xws li lub tog raj kheej tuaj yeem tsim tau hauv 12 teev xwb. Tej zaum daim duab no tau coj ncaj qha los ntawm daim duab kos duab ntawd.
Cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv Soviet tau hais zoo txog cov kev tiv thaiv no. Brigadier engineer AI Pangksen tau sau hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm tias thaum txhim kho cov kab tiv thaiv ze Moscow, cov neeg tsim khoom xav tau prefabricated cov cuab yeej ua vaj tsev ruaj khov ua los ntawm cov khoom nqaj. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau qhia pom tias kev tsim kho vajtse muaj txiaj ntsig ntau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Raws li Pangksen, ib qho kev txhawb nqa ua vaj tse feem ntau tau teeb tsa hauv ib hnub, thiab kev them nyiaj rau nws kev tsim kho yog 500 rubles. Ntxiv nrog rau cov thawv ntawv uas ua los ntawm cov kab ua kom muaj zog ntxiv, cov tshuaj ua los ntawm cov pob zeb loj tau nthuav dav. Cov pob zeb zoo kawg nkaus tiv thaiv cov tawv ntoo thiab cov mines, nrog rau cov mos txwv, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem tawg zoo li lub tsev ntawm lub voos kheej kheej thaum hnyav hnyav tsoo lawv. Lwm qhov tsis zoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj lub tsheb crane ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho.
Prefabricated tshuab-phom bunker nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm Ryabinovaya Street hauv Moscow
Hmoov tsis zoo, tsawg tsawg prefabricated reinforced qhob cij thawv tau muaj txoj sia nyob niaj hnub no. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, kev tiv thaiv zoo li yooj yim rau disassemble raws li lawv tau tsim. Feem ntau lawv tsuas yog "tshem tawm" rau cov khoom seem, uas tau siv hauv tus kheej thiab kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Coob leej neeg siv cov pob zeb txhawb nqa ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom ua lub hauv paus thaiv, thiab kev rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tau ua tiav tsis yog tsuas yog tom qab qhov kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, tab sis tseem txuas ntxiv xyoo 1980-90s. Ib tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj sia nyob ib puag ncig thaj tsam Borodino, qhov uas lawv tau sib xyaw nrog cov txheej txheem monolithic, ntxiv rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Moscow, qhov uas muaj 4 lub tsev tsim ua ntej-rab phom rab phom thiab ib rab phom phom.
Qhov loj tshaj uas muaj sia nyob ntawm Moscow txoj kev tiv thaiv tam sim no nyob hauv Bitsevsky hav zoov hav zoov, nyob sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog ntawm Balaklavsky Prospekt thiab Moscow Ring Road (MKAD). Qhov tseeb, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho Bitsevsky Park yog ib lub tsev loj loj rau kev tiv thaiv lub nroog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg-caij ntuj no xyoo 1941. Lub tiaj ua si tseem muaj cov kab ke dav nrog cov khawb av, lub tshuab rab phom, lub qhov taub, bunkers thiab bunkers. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ntu no yog tias tam sim no koj tuaj yeem pom tag nrho kev tiv thaiv ntawm Moscow, uas muaj qhov tob ntawm ob peb kilometers. Qee qhov ntawm lub thawv ntim tshuaj prefabricated ntawm ntu no tau dhau los ua cov cim, piv txwv li, lub tshuab ua phom rab phom ua ntej ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv nrog lub ntsej muag NPS-3, nyob ze ntawm Bitsevsky Park metro chaw nres tsheb. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua lub thawv ntawv muaj hmoo heev. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau tso tseg, npog nrog cov duab kos thiab tawg nrog lub nroog pov tseg.
Lub tshuab rab phom ua ke nrog NPS-3 ze ntawm Bitsevsky Park metro chaw nres tsheb
