Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia niaj hnub no paub tias Bulgaria yog South Slavic lub tebchaws uas muaj huab cua sov me me, nyob qhov twg hauv khw kas fes thiab tsev noj mov lawv nkag siab Lavxias. Cov neeg yug hauv USSR yuav hais tias "Tus ntxhw Bulgarian yog tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj ntawm Soviet ntxhw." Thiab tsuas yog ob peb tus tub rog qub ntawm Soviet cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb nco tau zoo npaum li cas Bulgaria tau pab lub tebchaws Soviet loj thiab muaj zog hauv kev tawm tsam kom muaj txoj sia nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Ntawm kev txais tos hauv kev hwm ntawm kev sim ua tiav ntawm Soviet lub foob pob foob pob thaum Lub Yim Hli 29, 1949, Joseph Stalin tau hais tias: "Yog tias peb ib tus rau ib thiab ib nrab xyoo lig nrog lub foob pob tawg, peb yuav zaum" sim "nws ntawm peb tus kheej."
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1945, Adolf Hitler tseem muaj txoj sia nyob, thiab Berlin tau tawm tsam hnyav. Cov tub rog ntawm Peb Reich, txawm tias nws qaug zog tuag, tau coj ntau txhiab tus tub rog Soviet, Askiv thiab Asmeskas txhua hnub. Thiab Winston Churchill twb tau qhia rau Pab Pawg Npaj Ua Haujlwm ntawm British War Cabinet txhawm rau txhim kho txoj kev npaj rau kev ua tsov rog ntawm Great Britain thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas tawm tsam USSR, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tub rog German. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 22, 1945, tsawg dua ob lub lis piam tom qab Hnub Yeej, txoj kev npaj rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm Great Britain thiab Tebchaws Meskas ntawm USSR tau npaj txhij, nws tau hu ua Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsis Txaus Siab. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1945, Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Harry Truman twb tau hem Stalin ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm "cov phoojywg" hauv Potsdam: "Peb muaj riam phom tshiab ntawm lub hwj chim puas tsuaj." Thaum Lub Yim Hli 6 thiab 9, 1945, Asmeskas tau tso lub foob pob tawg rau Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki. Tsis yog nyob rau xyoo 20 thiab tsis yog nyob rau tiam 21st century noob neej tau tswj kom tsim tau riam phom zoo tshaj.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1940, Tebchaws Askiv tau tshaj tawm lub sijhawm kawg rau Stalin: koj puas txwv koj cov tub rog hauv Finland, lossis peb foob pob Baku! Koj tshuav tsis muaj roj thiab ua tsov rog nrog peb Askiv. Xyoo 1940, tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj hauv USSR. Ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog qhov yuav tshwm sim rau thaj tsam uas tsis tau hloov kho txij li xyoo 1912 yog tias cov foob pob Askiv tau poob rau lawv. RAF tau hem USSR nrog Wellington cov foob pob nyob ntawm lawv lub hauv paus hauv Masoula, Iraq. Tom qab qhov Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob xaus, Stalin tsis maj nroos thim Soviet cov tub rog los ntawm Iran. Ntawm qhov one tes, nws tsis xav plam roj cia hauv sab qaum teb Iran. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Cov tub rog Soviet yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv tebchaws Iraq.
Xyoo 1946, "cov phoojywg" ua "Iran teebmeem" rau USSR. Harry Truman hem Stalin kom tso "superbomb" rau Moscow yog tias USSR tsis thim nws cov tub rog los ntawm Iran. Stalin dua yuav tsum tau ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab zoo tshaj. Tsis muaj qhov kawg rau kev ua phem rau neeg Asmeskas. Nyob rau tib 1946, lawv tau xa B-29 lub foob pob uas muaj peev xwm nqa riam phom nuclear hla ciam teb nrog Yugoslavia. Yog vim li cas qhov no yog: txaus siab Serbs dhuav los tua cov tub rog Asmeskas cov tub rog uas tau tawm tsam lawv lub dav hlau.
Lub tebchaws Soviet tau poob qis pom tom qab hauv kev tsim cov riam phom nuclear, thiab tsis muaj ib qhov chaw kom tau txais uranium hauv kev tsim khoom ntau. Yog tias qhov sib txawv txuas ntxiv mus, thawj lub xeev kev sib raug zoo hauv ntiaj teb no yuav tsis muaj txoj sia nyob. Txhawm rau tsim thawj Soviet reactors, xav tau uranium, ntau uranium. USSR tau txais cov ntaub ntawv raw li qhov tsim nyog rau kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub xeev li cas?
Xyoo 1943, los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Cov Cai (SNK), lub chaw haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tsim nyob hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Geology. Lub USSR twb muaj kev ua haujlwm theoretical, tab sis cov khoom siv raw li tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 22, 1943 lub taub hau ntawm chav kuaj ntshav No. 2 ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences I. V. Kurchatov tau xa ntawv mus rau MG Pervukhin, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm USSR: "Qhov cuam tshuam hauv kev daws teeb meem tseem yog lo lus nug ntawm kev khaws cia cov khoom siv uranium." Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 8, 1944, ntawm cov lus qhia ncaj qha los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Xeev (GKO), kev tshawb nrhiav dav dav rau uranium tau pib thoob plaws hauv USSR. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau poob siab. Tus kws tshawb fawb AP Aleksandrov rov qab hais tias: "Thawj feem ntawm peb cov tshuaj uranium tau thauj ntawm mules ncaj qha rau hauv hnab!" Tus Minister of Geology ntawm USSR P. Antropov hais tias: “Uranium ore rau kev ua raws txoj kev roob ntawm Pamirs tau nqa hauv hnab rau ntawm luav thiab ntxhuav. Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev lossis cov cuab yeej tsim nyog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. " Ib qho nyiaj me me tau ua tiav; hauv lawv qhov kev txaus siab tshawb nrhiav, cov neeg ua haujlwm uranium yuav luag puas thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus: ntawm no kev khawb av tau ua los ntawm qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv Beshtau thiab Byk toj siab, qhov uas lawv cia li khaws cov uranium los ntawm cov leeg me me nrog lawv txhais tes. Cov nyiaj loj ntawm uranium hauv USSR tau pom tsuas yog xyoo 1950. Kev cia siab rau tus kws tshaj lij tom qab ntawd, nws tau dhau los ua cov hlau dav, tsim cov tso nyiaj ntau. Thawj qhov tshwj tseg loj ntawm uranium ore tau pom hauv Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, thiab Turkmenistan. Central Asia tau dhau los ua lub xeev nplua nuj tshaj uranium-bearing. Tab sis xyoo 1940, tsis muaj leej twg paub txog nws.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1944, ib tus neeg sawv cev loj hauv Soviet coj los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm chav haujlwm tshwj xeeb thib 4 ntawm NKVD V. Kravchenko tau tawm mus rau Bulgaria, uas nyuam qhuav raug dim los ntawm Nazis. Cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm USSR tau kawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological ntawm cov uranium tso ze lub zos Goten hauv cheeb tsam Sofia. Ob lub hlis tom qab, Lub Xeev Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau xa tsab cai No. 7408 ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 27, 1945, kos npe los ntawm Stalin, rau tsuas yog ob tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws - Tus Neeg Commissar (Minister) ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs V. M. Molotov thiab Tib Neeg Txoj Cai Lij Choj rau Xeev Kev Nyab Xeeb L. P. Beria:
“Sab saum toj zais cia, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb.
1. Txhawm rau npaj kev tshawb nrhiav, tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov uranium ores hauv Bulgaria ntawm Goten cov uranium tso nyiaj thiab hauv nws thaj chaw, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb geological ntawm lwm tus paub lossis muaj peev xwm pom tau tso cov uranium ores thiab cov zaub mov.
2. Txhawm rau qhia NKID ntawm USSR (Comrade Molotov) los tham nrog Tsoomfwv Bulgaria ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam Bulgarian-Soviet sib koom ua ke nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet peev rau kev tshawb nrhiav, tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov tshuaj uranium ntawm Goten tso nyiaj uranium thiab hauv nws thaj chaw, nrog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological lwm yam paub lossis yuav raug tshawb pom hauv Bulgaria tso cov uranium ores thiab cov zaub mov.
Kev sib tham nrog Bulgarian cov tub ceev xwm thiab txhua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim thiab sau npe ntawm cov tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam yuav tsum tau ua, hu rau qhov tso nyiaj "radium".
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 27, 1945, Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Xeev ntawm qib 3 Pavel Sudoplatov tau coj mus rau chav haujlwm tshiab "C" raws li NKVD ntawm USSR. Nws tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom thiab dav dav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim cov riam phom nuclear. Hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia "Kev Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb. Lubyanka thiab Kremlin 1930-1950 "Sudoplatov tau sau tias:" Uranium ore los ntawm Bukhovo (Bulgaria) tau siv los ntawm peb thaum lub sijhawm pib tsim cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob thawj zaug. Hauv Roob Sudeten hauv Czechoslovakia, cov tshuaj uranium tau pom tias tsis zoo, tab sis peb kuj siv nws. Vim tias nws zoo dua qub, cov khoom siv ntawm Bulgarian uranium tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Dimitrov (Bulgarian communist thiab lub taub hau ntawm Comintern Georgy D. - Tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg) tus kheej ua raws li kev txhim kho uranium. Peb xa ntau dua peb puas tus kws tshawb fawb mining mus rau Bulgaria, tam sim rov nco lawv los ntawm pab tub rog: thaj chaw Bukhovo tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog sab hauv ntawm NKVD. Kwv yees li ib thiab ib nrab tons ntawm cov tshuaj uranium ib lub lim tiam los ntawm Bukhovo. " Kev khawb av, ua haujlwm thiab xa cov uranium ore los ntawm Bulgaria mus rau USSR tau coj los ntawm Igor Aleksandrovich Shchors, tus kws tshawb fawb mining, tus kwv tij thib ob ntawm tus phab ej ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors, thiab tus tub ceev xwm txawj ntse. Lub Rau Hli 21, 1941, nws kawm tiav los ntawm NKVD lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb, thiab xyoo 1944 nws tau koom nrog hauv Monastyr thiab Berezino cov haujlwm. Twb tau los ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab tias Bulgarian uranium tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau USSR. Tsis hais txog 300 tus kws tshawb fawb mining uas tau rov hais dua los ntawm Red Army uas tau tawm tsam hauv Western Europe.
Kaum Ib Hlis 9, 1945 Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Cov Thawj Coj ntawm USSR L. P. Beria kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR N 2853-82ss "Ntawm kev ntsuas los teeb tsa lub koom haum Soviet-Bulgarian mining." Lub Yim Hli 15, 1946, Stalin tau nthuav tawm nrog "Daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv lub zog atomic rau xyoo 1945 thiab 7 lub hlis xyoo 1946". Nws hais tias: "Kev Txawv Tebchaws, Thawj Tus Thawj Coj Loj (NKVD) ua haujlwm hauv Bulgaria ntawm Gotenskoye tso nyiaj, hauv Czechoslovakia ntawm Jachymov cov mines thiab hauv Saxony ntawm Johanngeorgenshtadt cov mines. Xyoo 1946, cov tuam txhab ua lag luam txawv teb chaws tau muab txoj haujlwm rau rho 35 tuj ntawm uranium hauv ore. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov mines no tau pib thaum lub Plaub Hlis -Tsib Hlis 1946, rau 3 lub hlis txij li Lub Rau Hli 20, 1946, 9.9 tons ntawm uranium hauv ore tau raug khawb, suav nrog 5, 3 tons hauv Czechoslovakia, 4, 3 tons hauv Bulgaria thiab Saxony - 300 kg. " Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 1946, USSR tau tshaj tawm thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Tebchaws Europe - "F -1". Thaum Lub Rau Hli 18, 1948, thawj lub Soviet nuclear reactor tsim riam phom-qib plutonium-"A-1", "Annushka", tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Thawj Soviet cov neeg siv tshuaj tua hluav taws siv cov hlau uranium nrog lub ntuj 235U isotope cov ntsiab lus ntawm kwv yees li 0.7%.
Lub Rau Hli 20, 1956, Soviet-Bulgarian Mining Society raug kaw. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, "Rare Metals" kev tswj hwm tau tsim, uas tau ncaj qha mus rau pawg sab laj ntawm Ministers of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. Txog rau xyoo 1970, uranium hauv Bulgaria tau siv cov txheej txheem kev khawb av qub. Tom qab ntawd txoj hauv kev ntawm qhov av nkag hauv qhov chaw tau nthuav tawm, los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj hnyav rau hauv txheej txheej uranium ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kev daws teeb meem ntawm ntau cov ntsev uranium tau tso tawm rau saum npoo thiab cov hlau tau muab rho tawm ua tshuaj lom neeg raws li lub Hoobkas tsim. Bulgarian uranium cov nroj tsuag txhim kho tau tsim xyoo 1958-1975. hauv Bukhovo (PKhK Metallurg) thiab Eleshnitsa (Zvezda cog). Lawv muab cov hlau nrog kev ua kom huv txog li 80%, hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxide -nitrous oxide - U (3) O (8). Hauv tag nrho, txij xyoo 1946 txog 1990. 16,255,48 tons ntawm uranium ore tau raug khawb hauv lub tebchaws. Lub tebchaws Soviet tau txais yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj uranium los ntawm Bulgaria. Tsuas yog qhov kev zam tsuas yog cov txheej txheem hlau kawg tab sis tsis xa mus rau USSR raws lub sijhawm xyoo 1990. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib qho me me xwb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog piv rau kev hloov pauv riam phom Lavxias-qib uranium mus rau Tebchaws Meskas.
Uranium ore mining hauv Bulgaria los ntawm xyoo, tons. Xiav xim - rho tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem kuv li qub. Cov xim daj - rho tawm los ntawm "txheej txheem geotechnical" txoj hauv kev ntawm cov av qeeg.
Sau tawm rau Balgarskoto lub tuam txhab geological, xyoo. 75, kuv. 1-3, 2014, ib. 131-137
Yog tias peb muab cov tshuaj rho tawm los ntawm qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus uranium hauv nws (saib cov lus 1 hauv qab no), nws hloov tawm tias ntau dua 45 xyoos Bulgaria tau muab USSR nrog txog 130 tons ntawm cov hlau "ntshiab". Xyoo 1974, USSR tau tsim thawj lub tshuab fais fab nuclear hauv Balkans, Kozloduy, rau cov neeg Bulgarians. Nws ua haujlwm plaub lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm VVER-440 reactors thiab ob chav zog ntawm VVER-1000. VVER-440 reactors thauj 42 tons ntawm uranium nrog qhov huv ntawm 3.5%, thiab VVER-1000-66 tons ntawm 3, 3-4, 4%. Qhov no suav txog 12 tons ntawm "hlau" hlau rau thawj zaug thauj khoom ntawm tag nrho rau rau lub reactors, tsis suav nrog rov ua dua li cov roj nuclear ua kom ploj mus.
Txij li xyoo 2003, European Union tau pib tso siab rau Bulgaria: lub tebchaws yuav tsum kaw nws lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab tig los ntawm lub chaw xa hluav taws xob mus rau cov neeg siv khoom. Bulgaria txoj kev nkag mus rau NATO hauv 2004 tau nrog los ntawm "kev ua yeeb yam tua" ntawm lub zog fais fab 1 thiab 2 ntawm Kozloduy NPP. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm lub tebchaws nkag mus rau European Union xyoo 2007, kom muaj kev zoo siab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, cov neeg thib 3 thiab 4 tau raug "tua". Qhov kawg thiab muaj zog tshaj ob lub reactors kuj tseem "raug txim tuag": tus thib 5 - xyoo 2017 thiab tus thib 6 - xyoo 2019. Tam sim no zoo li nws tau dhau mus lawm. Muaj ib txoj haujlwm los kho kom lub tsev thib 5 thiab thib 6 ntawm Kozloduy NPP, siv los ntawm Fab Kis -Lavxias koomhaum EDF - Rosenergoatom - Rusatom Service.
Los ntawm kev them nyiaj siab dawb rau kev ua phem "kev ywj pheej" cov nom tswv uas ntxeev siab rau lawv lub tebchaws thiab tib neeg, Sab Hnub Poob tau ua phem rau kev tsim kho lub tsev thib ob Bulgarian nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag "Belene". Tab sis kev ua siab ntev ntawm cov neeg Bulgarian tsis txwv. Lub teb chaws hnov tsw tsis yog ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam, tab sis yog kev saib tsis taus pej xeem thiab kev tawm tsam. Tsoomfwv tau thim rov qab, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 27, 2013.thawj zaug thiab kom deb li deb tsuas yog kev xaiv tsa hauv 25 xyoo, yog li ntawd. kev ywj pheej hauv lub tebchaws. Bulgarians teb cov lus nug: yuav tsum muaj kev lag luam nuclear fais fab hauv Bulgaria tsim los ntawm kev tsim lub tsev tsim hluav taws xob tshiab? 851,757 tus neeg, lossis 61, 49% ntawm cov neeg uas tau koom nrog qhov kev xaiv tsa, tau teb "yog". Democrats tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau txais nyiaj xiab. Hais txog qhov tseeb tias tsawg tus neeg tau pov npav hauv qhov kev xaiv tsa ntau dua li kev xaiv tsa nom tswv yav dhau los, cov thawj coj tau txiav txim siab tias lawv yuav tsim chav tshiab 7 thiab 8 ntawm Kozloduy NPP. Qhov no tsis yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis nrog ob lub thaiv uas twb muaj lawm thiab ob qhov tshiab ntxiv, lub tebchaws yuav nyob li cas ntxiv rau 50 xyoo tom ntej. Cov neeg Bulgarian vam tias ntau lub sijhawm no European Union thiab nws txoj kev ywj pheej hauv kev nkag siab tam sim no yuav tuag, thiab Bulgaria yuav rov qab los rau hauv ntiaj teb Slavic thiab Orthodox ib zaug, qhov uas nws qhov chaw nyob yog.
