Cov tub rog ib txwm yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Mughal pab tub rog. Nws tau muab faib ua plaub ntu tseem ceeb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, yam tsawg kawg yog them nyiaj ntau tshaj thiab muaj zog ntau tshaj, yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ashadi horsemen lossis "cov tub rog muaj peev xwm." Ntau ntawm lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tseem tuav lub npe manzaab. Ashadi Akbar tau nyob hauv cov lus txib ntawm tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe tshaj plaws thiab muaj lawv tus kheej tus neeg khaws nyiaj bakhshi. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua haujlwm ncaj qha rau huab tais, qhia cov lus tseem ceeb thiab tiv thaiv lub tsev. Kev them nyiaj (thiab xwm txheej) ntawm ashadi tau qis dua qhov qis tshaj manzabdar, tab sis siab dua li ntawm ib txwm tabinan, uas yog, tub rog.
Sabers thiab ntaub thaiv npog ntawm Indian horsemen ntawm Mughal era.
Qhov thib ob tuaj yog dakshilis, lossis "pab tub rog ntxiv," ntiav thiab them los ntawm lub xeev. Lawv kuj tau tsim cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, uas hu ua Tabinan-i Khasa-i Padshikhi, thiab thaum lub sijhawm Aurangzeb kav txog 4,000 leej neeg. Ntawd yog, nws yog hom kev tawm tsam rau ashadi.
Shah Aurangzeb ntawm nees. San Diego Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art.
Cov tub rog, uas yog tus kheej tau txais los ntawm Manzabdars, tau ua ib feem peb ntawm cov tub rog. Cov no feem ntau zoo tib yam tabinan. Lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab cov qauv kev qhia sib txawv ntau nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv tau txais neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv thawj lub luag haujlwm yog kev ncaj ncees rau lawv cov manzabdars, uas coj lawv los ua haujlwm, thiab lawv tau ua pov thawj tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog Indian thaum lub sijhawm Akbar txoj kev kav.
Indian saw xa ntawv ntawm 17th-19th centuries Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Qhov thib plaub thiab zaum kawg ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog tsis xws luag ntawm cov thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov thawj coj hauv pab pawg. Coob leej ntawm lawv yog Hindu zamindars, uas yog tus tub rog ua yeeb yam, uas yog txoj cai tau lees paub los ntawm tsoomfwv Mughal. Raws li Akbar, 20 zamindars feem ntau tau koom nrog nws cov phiaj xwm, txhua tus nrog nws tus kheej pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv lem, zamindars tau them nyiaj tsis tu ncua rau Mughals thiab, ntawm lawv thawj qhov kev thov, muab lawv nrog lawv cov tub rog thaum nws xav tau. Cov koog no muaj ntau haiv neeg lossis kev coj noj coj ua tshwj xeeb: Cov neeg Afghan feem ntau tau ua haujlwm nrog Afghan manzabdars, Turks tau ua haujlwm "hauv Turks," thiab ntxiv rau. Txawm hais tias txoj cai no tau ua txhaum nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, ntau qhov kev sib cais tseem muaj nyob hauv lawv cov qib tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiv neej ntawm "haiv neeg" raug.
Kaus mom hlau ntu ntu. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov tub rog tau sim siv cov txheej txheem hu ua dah, qiv los ntawm yav dhau los thiab rov ua haujlwm thaum Akbar kev hloov kho tub rog. Yooj yim muab, nws tau sau tseg hauv txoj hauv kev ntxaws ntxaws uas tus tub rog muaj nyob hauv Tshuag, thiab ib xyoos ib zaug tau tshuaj xyuas, qhov twg muaj txhua yam kaw tseg tau tshuaj xyuas.
Me ntsis paub txog kev qhia ntawm Mughal cavalry, txawm hais tias, tau kawg, cov neeg nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum dhau qhov kev sim nyuaj ntawm lawv "kev txawj ntse" thiab kev txawj caij. Nws tau paub tias kev kawm tau ua tiav hauv tsev siv qhov hnyav lossis cov ntoo hnyav; thaum lub caij ntuj nag, cov tub rog tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus. Kev tua hneev taw tau qhia ob txhais taw thiab ntawm tus nees; thiab cov tub rog Indian, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Hindu Rajputs, txaus siab rau lawv tus kheej lub peev xwm los tawm tsam ua tub rog thaum xav tau thiab ua tub rog. Kev qoj ib ce nrog rab ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Kaus mom kaus mom ua los ntawm cov ntaub uas ua los ntawm paj rwb xyoo pua 18thNyhav 598, 2 g Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nees hauv cavalry yog qhov tseeb. Thoob plaws Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, coob tus nees tau raug xa mus rau Is Nrias teb, feem ntau yog los ntawm Somalia, Arabia, Central Asia thiab Iran. Twb tau nyob rau hnub Babur, cov nees raug mob raug xa mus rau lub caij txias hauv hav nyom hauv Afghanistan kom rov zoo nyob ntawd, vim tias lawv tsis hnov zoo nyob rau qhov huab cua Indian kub. Mughals tau tsim lawv tus kheej lub koom haum ruaj khov Imperial nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb atbegi, nrog rau cov chaw ruaj khov tau ua tib zoo xaiv. Akbar tau nce qib ntawm kev yug menyuam nees hauv Is Nrias teb kom siab li nees los ntawm Gujarat tau muaj txiaj ntsig txawm tias siab dua li nees ntawm cov neeg nto npe Arab.
Mughals tau qhuas tus nees lub zog thiab ua siab ntev tshaj qhov nrawm, tej zaum vim tias lawv cov tub rog siv nees nees ua rog. Qee tus nees tau kawm kom taug kev lossis dhia ntawm lawv ob txhais ceg kom pab tus neeg caij tsheb mus tua ntxhw. Cov neeg Pawxia, txawm li cas los xij, ntseeg tias Isdias Asmesliskas ua rau lawv cov nees mloog lus dhau, uas "ua rau lawv nyuaj siab."
Mughal cov tub rog yeej tsis tau muaj koob npe zoo li cov tub rog, tab sis lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo lossis cov neeg hauv nroog ntiav los ntawm cov neeg Muslim Muslim hauv zos los yog Hindu zamindars. Tsuas yog cov tub rog ua tub rog suav nrog "musketeers", qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas zoo li tau los ntawm qis mus txog ntawm Ganges thiab Bengal. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum xub thawj, tsuas yog ib feem plaub ntawm cov tub rog niaj hnub tau siv phom muskets; cov seem yog cov kws tua hneev lossis ua haujlwm ua cov kws ntoo, kws hlau, cov nqa dej, thiab cov tho kev. Qee tus tub rog tau txais los ntawm cov foothills ze ntawm Rawalpindi. Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, cov tub rog tseem raug xaiv los ntawm roob toj roob hauv pes ntawm Baluchistan; lawv tawm tsam raws tus taw hneev taw thiab tseem yog cov ntxhuav hneev taw. Cov neeg Ethiopians qee zaum tau hais txog, tab sis feem ntau yog tsev neeg eunuchs lossis … tub ceev xwm hauv nroog Delhi.
Cov tub rog muaj cov dardans - cov nqa khoom; cov chaw ruaj ntseg tshwj xeeb, thaj, tau txais los ntawm "tub sab thiab tub sab", thiab, thaum kawg, ua noj - dej phwj tuaj. Tab sis qhov txawv tshaj plaws yog Urdu Begis "infantry", ib chav ntawm cov poj niam muaj tub rog uas tiv thaiv lub harem huab tais.
Siege ntawm Rathambore fortress. Akbarname, kwv yees. 1590 Victoria thiab Albert Tsev khaws puav pheej, London.
Hauv qhov qis kawg ntawm qhov ntsuas yog Bumi Hindu cov tub rog hauv nroog. Lawv lub luag haujlwm yog tswj hwm txoj cai thiab kev txiav txim, nrog rau kev tawm tsam kev ntseeg kev ntseeg, teeb pom kev ntawm kev ntseeg hnub so, tiv thaiv lub nroog thaum muaj kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab, thiab txawm tias…, yog lawv yeej tsis xav tau. Txhua lub nroog sarkar lossis nroog nyob deb nroog tau saib xyuas nws cov tub rog, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lub zog rajah hauv zos. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov txaus siab uas ib ntawm lawv lub luag haujlwm hnyav yog them nyiaj rau txhua tus neeg taug kev uas raug nyiag thaum nruab hnub, uas yog, raug kev ua phem hnyav. Yog tias tub sab nyiag thaum hmo ntuj, nws ntseeg tias nws yog tus neeg raug tsim txom: nws tsis tau pw, tabsis tiv thaiv nws cov khoom!
Indian saber shamshir, thaum ntxov xyoo pua puv 19 Hlau, kaus ntxhw, txha hniav laus, kub, nyiaj, ntoo. Ntev 98.43 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Hauv kev sau txij xyoo 1935.
Kev ua tub rog ntawm Mughal cov tub rog tau sib txawv heev. Qhov ntxim nyiam, Cov Neeg Khab nyiam siv cov phom muskets, txawm tias yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb, txij li lawv tau ua pov thawj kom ntseeg tau ntau dua li cov phom flintlock hauv qhov chaw ntub dej hauv Is Nrias teb. Cov tub rog feem ntau muaj cov ntaj, ntaub thaiv npog, hmuv, rab riam, hneev, thiab qee zaum hneev taub hau. Hwj chim sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Central Asian keeb kwm tau paub hauv Is Nrias teb rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tab sis cov hneev taw no tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm huab cua hauv zos; Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Isdias Asmesliskas siv kamta, lossis hneev yooj yim, zoo ib yam hauv kev tsim rau hneev lus Askiv medieval.
Indian hlau hneev 1900Wallace Collection, London.
Nws tau paub tias txawm tias nyob hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, thaum Mauryan lub xeev muaj nyob hauv Is Nrias teb, cov kws siv hneev taw siv cov xyoob ntoo uas muaj qhov loj me uas rub lawv nrog lawv ob txhais ceg! Zoo, Muslim Is Nrias teb tau tsim nws tus kheej hom hneev, haum rau Indian kev nyab xeeb - hlau, los ntawm Damascus hlau. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog yog lub siege, thiab txij li muaj ntau lub tsev fuabtais thiab cov chaw nyob hauv Is Nrias teb, Mughals yooj yim ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj tub rog. Cov neeg ncig tebchaws European, txawm li cas los xij, tau sau tseg ntau dua ib zaug tias txawm tias tus huab tais tus kheej "musketeers" tsis tau kawm zoo li European.
Nrog kev pab ntawm tus ntxhw, nws muaj peev xwm mus nyiag tus hlub ncaj qha los ntawm lub sam thiaj. Bodleian Library, Tsev kawm ntawv Oxford.
Tsov ntxhuav tsov rog yog qhov tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias tsis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv Mughal pab tub rog. Cov poj niam tau siv los nqa lub nra thiab nqa phom; txiv neej ntxhw raug cob qhia los tua. Cov neeg soj ntsuam sab hnub poob qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntxhw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Babur nws tus kheej tau hais tias peb lossis plaub tus ntxhw tuaj yeem rub riam phom loj uas tsis tas li yuav tsum rub los ntawm plaub lossis tsib puas tus neeg. (Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws kuj tau sau tseg tias ib tus ntxhw noj ntau npaum li kaum tsib ntxhuav.)
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tsov ntxhuav nyob hauv pab tub rog Mughal yog siv lawv li … lub platform rau cov thawj coj kom muab lawv qhov siab txaus los saib seb muaj dab tsi tshwm sim. Muaj tseeb, qhov no tau hloov lawv mus rau hauv lub hom phiaj zoo, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yooj yim dua rau lawv khiav tawm dua li rau txhua tus neeg, txij li tus ntxhw khiav zoo ib yam li txhua yam sib tsoo zom zaws!
Ib tus tsov ntxhuav Indian tsov ntxhuav hauv cov cuab yeej los ntawm Royal Arsenal hauv Leeds, Askiv.
Xyoo 1526, Babur sau hais tias nws pom tias tsov ntxhuav Indian ua phem rau nws cov neeg caij tsheb, tsoo ntau tus nees, kom lawv cov neeg caij tsheb raug yuam kom khiav taw. Ntxhw nyuaj rau tua, txawm hais tias tsis nyuaj rau ntxeev, nws mus sau ntxiv. Akbar kuj tseem tsis tso ntxhw. Nws tsim ntau lub "chaw" rau kev qhia cov tsiaj no, pib thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum xyoo. Thiab thawj yam uas lawv tau qhia yog tsis txhob ntshai lub suab ntawm cov phom! Tsis ntev Akbar tau txais ntau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm ntxhw, uas nws nraub qaum yog musketeers thiab hneev taw. Qee tus "ntxhw phom" txawm tias nqa rab phom me me.
Thaum pib xyoo pua 16th, tus neeg ncig tebchaws Portuguese tau sau tseg tias Great Mughals muaj rab phom loj heev. Nws kuj tau sau tseg tias Indian rab phom tooj dag tau zoo dua li cov hlau ua. Nws tau sau tseg kev siv "European" lub teeb phom phom, uas tau hu ua farinji, zarbzan, uas tau khiav los ntawm ob tug txiv neej, thiab tufeng muskets. Babur cov phom loj tuaj yeem tua ntawm 1600 qhov chaw. Raws li rau Humayun cov tub rog, nws tau tshaj tawm tias nws suav nrog 700 phom rub los ntawm nyuj, nrog rau 21 rab phom hnyav nqa los ntawm ntxhw.
Cov phom Indian tau ib txwm tau dai kom zoo nkauj yav dhau los.
Raws li Akbar, Is Nrias teb, nrog rau Tebchaws Ottoman, tau dhau los ua lub xeev tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Muslim ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim cov phom loj. Tus huab tais tsim cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab thiab xaj kom txhua rab phom tshiab raug sim los ntawm kev tua. Akbar tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tsim phom 17-rab phom thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los ntxuav tag nrho 17 lub thoob ib lub sijhawm.
Muzzle ntawm rab phom Indian qub.
Tus txheej txheem riam phom yog rab phom rab phom nrog lub thoob ntev li plaub feet, thaum rab phom loj loj tau ntev txog 6 feet. Rau kev tua, pob zeb phom loj, siv rab phom, tab sis cov tub ceev xwm tseem siv cov hmoov sib tsoo thiab cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm cov xyoob ntoo.
Qhov tseeb, foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam nyob hauv Is Nrias teb txij li nruab nrab xyoo pua 16th. Qhov dav ntawm lawv lub davhlau tau nce mus txog 1000 yards, thiab nws tau paub tias lub foob pob hluav taws feem ntau thauj ntawm cov ntxhuav. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj lub taub hau phom, thaum lwm tus tsuas yog yuav tsum "thawb" hauv av kom ntshai cov yeeb ncuab nees. Ib tus tub ceev xwm Askiv hu ua Congreve pom riam phom hauv Is Nrias teb xyoo 1806 thiab npaj nws tus kheej version ("Congreve foob pob hluav taws") ntawm Indian foob pob hluav taws uas cov neeg Askiv siv hauv kev tsov rog Napoleonic.
Teeb duab los ntawm Angus McBride. Nroog rab phom ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Constantinople. Great Mughals muaj txog rab phom tib yam, tsuas yog lawv nqa cov phom no los ntawm ntxhw.
Babur yog thawj tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Khab uas tau hloov cov phom loj mus rau hauv ib pawg cais ntawm pab tub rog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm lub xeev, uas yog, ncaj qha rau ntawm lub tsev hais plaub huab tais, qhov uas muaj tus tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb qib mir-i atish, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws.. Qhov txaus siab, feem ntau ntawm cov phom yog Ottoman Turks, tab sis kuj yog Arabs, Khab, Portuguese thiab Dutch. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, European cov tub rog tua phom ntawm qib siab heev hauv Mughal pab tub rog tau dhau los ua ntau; ib tus neeg Dutchman, piv txwv li, tau ua haujlwm hauv Is Nrias teb tau 16 xyoo ua ntej rov qab los tsev raws li tus txiv neej nplua nuj.
Mughal Indian dagger: hlau, kub, rubies, emeralds, xim txha hniav laus. Wallace Collection, London.
Cov phom loj Mughal tau mus txog qhov siab thaum lub sijhawm Aurangzeb kav nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, uas tseem nyiam heev ntawm cov phom loj tooj liab. Lawv cov pob tw tau dai kom zoo nkauj, thiab lawv tus kheej muaj lub npe zoo nkauj. Muaj tseeb, lawv tsis tshua raug rho tawm haujlwm. Lub teeb phom loj txhua 15 feeb, thaum rab phom loj loj txhua 45 feeb.
Kev thauj mus los ntawm Mughal pab tub rog tau teeb tsa zoo. Cov khoom tau thauj ntawm Bactrian ntxhuav, nyuj, thiab tseem rau ntxhw. Tab sis tsuas yog tus huab tais tus kheej cov tub rog muaj chav ua tub rog tshwj xeeb. Tus so ntawm cov tub rog tau pub "tus kheej" thiab … qee qhov! Cov kev pabcuam kho mob tseem phem dua li lwm pab tub rog Muslim, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg raug mob tsuas yog cia siab rau lawv tus kheej cov txheeb ze los pab lawv tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Indian saw hlau phaj armor.
Kev sib txuas lus thiab kev pabcuam ntawm pab tub rog tau ua tiav raws tus dej, txij li muaj Indus thiab Ganges hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws yog qhov txaus siab, sau D. Nicole, tias Dej Hiav Txwv Indian yog qhov chaw ntsiag to rau kev taug kev kom txog thaum cov neeg European tau mus txog ntawd. Cov nkoj loj tau caij nkoj mus rau ntawd, qee qhov uas tau siv los ua tub rog thauj mus los thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam ntug dej hiav txwv. Tsuas yog lub nkoj Mughal tiag tiag muaj 750 lub nkoj uas yuav tsum tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm Burmese, Bengal thiab European pirates.
Indian tus saib xyuas lub tsev hais plaub ntawm xyoo pua 18th hauv cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv, hu ua "armor ntawm kaum txhiab tus ntsia hlau." Riam phom nrog rab ntaj txhais tes. Wallace Collection, London.
Cov neeg European uas tau mus ntsib Is Nrias teb nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 17th piav txog Mughal cov tub rog ua siab tawv tab sis tsis muaj kev qhuab qhia thiab ua rau ntshai. Kev khib siab ntawm cov thawj coj loj yog qhov teeb meem loj dua, vim nws tsim kev sib tw tsis tsim nyog thiab txaus ntshai. Tab sis qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb feem ntau yuav yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm cov tub rog siv los ntawm Akbar. Shah Jahangir tau sim ua kom yooj yim rau nws, tab sis tsuas yog ua rau nws tsis zoo.
Thaum Shah Jahan nce lub zwm txwv, nws pom tias nws pab tub rog loj dua ntawm daim ntawv ntau dua li qhov tseeb. Cov tub ceev xwm laus qiv (!) Lawv cov tub rog sib koom ua ke thaum suav pej xeem, thaum lwm tus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws tau xaiv cov neeg tsis muaj kev txawj ntse hauv lub khw muag khoom thiab tso lawv rau ntawm tus nees pheej yig. Shah Jahan lees paub qhov xwm txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab xyoo 1630 txiav txim siab txo cov tub rog kom loj npaum li cas tiag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tau txo tus tub ceev xwm cov nyiaj hli thiab ua kom qhov loj ntawm cov nyiaj hli nyob ntawm tus tub ceev xwm muaj peev xwm. Hauv kev coj ua, qhov no txhais tau tias cov thawj coj ua tiav tau txais nyiaj ntau dua yog li lawv tuaj yeem yuav nees ntxiv. Ib qho txheej txheem ntawm "nyiaj tshwj xeeb" tau pib qhia, thiab kev tswj hwm kev sau cov nyiaj hauv thaj chaw tau ua kom muaj zog. Tab sis txhua qhov kev ntsuas no tsis ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo!
