Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667. Tshooj 2

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Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667. Tshooj 2
Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667. Tshooj 2

Video: Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667. Tshooj 2

Video: Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667. Tshooj 2
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Lub caij ntuj no 1654-1655 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich siv nyiaj hauv Vyazma. Kev kis tus kab mob tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow, thiab lub nroog raug kaw los ntawm cov kab mob. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1655, tsar tau rov tshwm sim hauv Smolensk, qhov chaw npaj tau tab tom pib rau phiaj xwm tshiab. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 24, tsar tau teeb tsa nrog pab tub rog los ntawm Smolensk thiab thaum pib Lub Rau Hli nres ntawm Shklov. Lub caij no, Chernigov Colonel Ivan Popovich nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks coj Svisloch. Txhua tus ncej raug tua, thiab lub tsev fuabtais raug hlawv. Voivode Matvey Sheremetev coj Velizh, thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Fyodor Khvorostinin coj Minsk.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 29, kev sib cais ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yakov Cherkassky thiab Cossacks ntawm Zolotarenko ze Vilna tau tawm tsam cov tub rog ntawm hetmans Radziwill thiab Gonsevsky. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau mus rau ob peb teev, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian tau swb thiab khiav hla tus dej Viliya. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 31, Lavxias pab tub rog nyob Vilna. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 9, Tsar Alexei tau ceeb toom txog kev ntes Kovno, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 29, ntawm kev ntes Grodno.

Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667 Tshooj 2
Kev pib ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish ntawm 1654-1667 Tshooj 2

Tawm ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov tub rog

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1655, boyar Andrei Buturlin raug xa mus rau Me Russia nrog pab tub rog. Cov tub rog Lavxias koom nrog Cossacks ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky thiab tau tsiv mus rau Galicia. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 18, cov tub rog ntawm Hetman Khmelnitsky thiab tus tswv xeev Buturlin mus txog Lviv. Crown hetman Stanislav Pototsky tau thim rov qab los ntawm Lvov thiab tau ua txoj haujlwm npaj tau zoo nyob ze Solyony Gorodok. Khmelnitsky thiab Buturlin, tiv thaiv Lviv, xa cov tub rog tawm tsam cov tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Grigory Romodanovsky thiab Colonel Grigory Lesnitsky ntawm Mirgorod.

Hetman Pototsky tau ntseeg hauv qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov hav dej qis nyob ze ntawm Vereshchitsa tus dej thiab lub pas dej. Tib txoj hauv kev uas nws muaj peev xwm mus tau rau hauv lub tebchaws Poland uas muaj zog tiv thaiv yog lub pas dej nruab nrab ntawm lub pas dej thiab tus dej Vereshchitsa. Txawm li cas los xij, Cossacks muaj peev xwm ua cov lus hla ntawm cov channel thiab, yuam lawv, thim cov neeg tiv thaiv Polish thiab tshem tawm qhov xa mus rau lawv cov kev pab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam. Thaum xub thawj, cov tub rog Polish tau tawm tsam tawv ncauj. Txawm li cas los xij, Poles tau tshawb pom txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshem tawm tshiab. Nws yog kev tshem tawm ntawm Peremyshlian tom qab kev sib tsoo nom tswv (cov tub rog), uas tau mus koom nrog Polish hetman. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev tsis meej pem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Tus Tub txiav txim siab tias lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Khmelnitsky thiab Buturlin tau los ze zog. Cov tub rog Polish ntshai thiab khiav tawm. Cov tub rog Lavxias thiab Cossacks tau txais lub crown hetman's bunchuk, chij, kettledrums, phom loj, tag nrho lub tsheb ciav hlau thiab ntau tus neeg raug kaw. Ntau tus Pole raug tua thaum raug tsim txom. Qhov kev yeej no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv tsa - pab tub rog Polish tsis muaj nyob rau yav qab teb ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov tub rog ntawm Buturlin thiab Khmelnitsky tau txais kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ua tiav.

Lawv tsis coj Lviv. Khmelnitsky tsis xav ua teeb meem rau nws tus kheej nrog kev tiv thaiv lub nroog thiab, tau coj tus nqe txhiv los ntawm Lvov, rov qab mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Lwm feem ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Danila Vygovsky thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Lavxias Peter Potemkin tau kaw rau Lublin. Lub nroog tau lees paub "rau lub npe muaj koob muaj npe", uas yog, cov neeg hauv nroog tau cog lus ncaj ncees rau Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Lwm lub koom haum Lavxias tau tsiv tawm thaum lub Cuaj Hli 1655 ntawm cov nkoj hla dej los ntawm Kiev mus rau Dnieper River, thiab tom qab ntawd hla Pripyat. Cov tub rog tau txib los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Volkonsky. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 15, cov tub rog dej tau los ze Turov. Cov neeg hauv cheeb tsam tsis muaj kev tawm tsam thiab cog lus ncaj ncees rau huab tais. Volkonsky tsis nyob twj ywm thiab txav los ntawm txoj kev qhuav mus rau lub nroog Davydov (Davyd-Gorod). Cov tub rog Lithuanian tau tuaj rau pem hauv ntej kom ntsib. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 16, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov neeg Lithuanians tau khiav tawm tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua luv luv, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tau khiav mus rau hauv lub nroog. Kev sib hais haum kub hnyiab. Cov neeg nyob hauv thiab cov neeg muaj sia nyob Lithuanian cov tub rog tau khiav los ntawm lwm lub rooj vag. Cov tub rog Lavxias rov qab los rau lub nkoj thiab tawm mus rau lub nroog Stolin. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 20, cov xwm txheej ntawm Davydov tau rov ua dua. Cov neeg Lithuanians tau tawm los ntsib, tom qab ntawd khiav, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias ntawm lawv lub xub pwg maj nrawm mus rau hauv nroog. Stolin kuj kub hnyiab tag. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 25, cov neeg tsav nkoj tau mus rau Pinsk. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ntsaws ntawm lub nroog, phom thiab phom loj tiv thaiv. Tom qab ntawd Volkonsky tau tsaws ib pab tub rog ob peb mais hauv qab lub nroog. Thaum mus txog lub nroog, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev poob ntawm lub nroog tau rov ua dua: kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj txog, ntes lub nroog sai thiab hluav taws kub. Tom qab so ob hnub, qhov kev tshem tawm tau txav mus. Hauv lub zos Stakhov, cov tub rog Lavxias tau kov yeej cov tub rog Lithuanian, tom qab ntawd tau cog lus rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Kazhan thiab Lakhva. Tom qab yeej qhov kev ntoj ke mus kawm, Volkonsky qhov kev tshem tawm rov qab mus rau Kiev.

Lwm pab tub rog Lavxias nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm cov thawj coj Semyon Urusov thiab Yuri Baryatinsky tau nce qib los ntawm Kovno mus rau Brest. Cov lus txib Lavxias tsis suav nrog kev tawm tsam hnyav, thiab tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv cheeb tsam Kovna tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 23, 1655, 150 qhov kev lees paub los ntawm Brest hauv lub nroog White Sands, cov tub rog Lavxias tau kov yeej cov neeg nyob hauv nroog. Ib feem ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian tau cog lus ua siab ncaj rau Tsar Lavxias. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj, nyob ze Brest nws tus kheej, Lavxias pab tub rog tau ntsib cov tub rog tshiab ntawm Lithuanian hetman Pavel Sapega (tus qub hetman Radziwill ntxeev siab rau Poland thiab tig mus rau huab tais Swedish nrog thov kom lees txais Lithuania rau hauv Sweden).

Tus tub huabtais Urusov, ntseeg siab tias nws yuav tsis tawm tsam, tau mus rau Brest nrog ib feem ntawm nws qhov kev tshem tawm, tawm hauv cov tub rog thiab rab phom nyob tom qab. Urusov tau paub tseeb txog qhov xwm txheej ntawd nws txawm xa tib neeg los npaj lub tshav puam hauv Brest rau cov tub rog sawv los. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias Sapega twb tau sib tham nrog Fyodor Rtishchev. Tus yawg loj Lithuanian hetman tau thov kom muaj kev ua siab ntev thiab cog lus tias yuav tsis muaj kev ua phem rau nws.

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 11, Sapega tau tawm tsam Urusov "ntawm thaj tsam Bresko" thaum sib tham. Cov tub rog siab tawv Lavxias tsis npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tau tawg. Tus tub huabtais nrog nws cov tub rog tau thim rov qab dua Kab thiab coj txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv tom qab lub tsheb laij teb. Tab sis tsis ntev cov tub rog Lavxias raug ntiab tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Cov neeg Lavxias tau thim rov qab mus rau lub zos Verkhovichi, 25 cov lus hais los ntawm Brest. Cov tub rog tau mus rau lub zos thiab thaiv cov kev cais tawm ntawm Lavxias. Tau ob hnub Cov tub rog Lavxias tau nyob ib puag ncig, "lawv tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm nees ob hnub thiab ob hmo."

Sapega tau xa cov neeg sawv cev thiab thov kom swb. Tub huabtais Urusov tsis kam. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 17, Sapega tau pib npaj pab tub rog rau kev ua phem rau cov haujlwm Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, Urusov tau npaj ua ntej rau tus yeeb ncuab thiab dheev ntaus ob tus yeeb ncuab. Hmoov zoo nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov Poles tsis xav tias yuav tawg. Novgorod cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Urusov nws tus kheej tau tawm tsam hetman cov tub rog thiab cov tuam txhab nyob ze, thiab nyob rau lwm qhov kev coj ua tub rog ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yuri Baryatinsky tsoo lub hetman lub hussar tuam txhab. Cov hussars thiab cov chav siab ntawm hetman tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov tub rog Lithuanian ntshai thiab khiav tawm mus. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau tsav cov yeeb ncuab rau ob peb mais. Lawv nqa 4 rab phom thiab 28 daim chij ua khoom plig. Tom qab yeej, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Urusov rov qab mus rau Vilno. Nyob rau tag nrho, kev mus ncig tau ua tiav. Thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw, kev ua neeg ncaj ncees ntawm Grodno, Slonim, Novogrudok, Lida, Volkovysk, Oshmyany thiab Troksky povet tau cog lus rau Tsar Lavxias. Cov neeg siab phem pib tuaj rau Vilna en masse kom ua lus cog tseg rau Tsar. Cov tub rog Lithuanian nrog lawv cov neeg sib cais tau pauv mus rau qhov kev pabcuam Lavxias.

Kev sib tw ntawm 1655 tau ua tiav rau pab tub rog Lavxias. Txog thaum kawg ntawm 1655, yuav luag tag nrho ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Russia, tshwj tsis yog Lvov, tau dim ntawm cov yeeb ncuab rog. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau pauv mus rau thaj av Poland.

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Tau qhov twg los:

Swedish kev cuam tshuam

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias kev sib tw ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Urusov tau tshwm sim tom qab pib kev sib tham ntawm Lavxias-Polish txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees. Ntxiv mus, Warsaw tau pib sib tham tsis ntau vim yog kev ua tiav ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias (lub lauj kaub tsis tau muab av rau Moscow hauv ib qho twg), tab sis vim yog kev cuam tshuam hauv kev ua tsov rog los ntawm peb lub zog - cov tub rog Swedish.

Xyoo 1648, Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Westphalia tau kos npe, xaus rau Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog. Kev ua tsov rog no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias huab tais Swedish Gustav-Adolphus tau ua tiav kev hloov kho tub rog tseem ceeb, raws li cov tub rog Swedish tau dhau los ua tus muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Europe. Peb caug Xyoo Kev Tsov Rog tau ua tiav zoo rau Sweden, uas tau pib tig los ua ib lub tebchaws. Sweden tau txais Western Pomerania, lub nroog Stettin nrog ib feem ntawm Sab Hnub Pomerania, cov kob Rügen, lub nroog Wismar, Archbishopric ntawm Bremen thiab Npisov ntawm Forden. Yog li, yuav luag txhua lub qhov ncauj ntawm cov dej ntws hla ntawm Qaum Teb Tebchaws Yelemees tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg Swedes. Hiav txwv Baltic tau pib tig los ua "lub pas dej Swedish". Nws tseem tsuas yog siv thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Lub Tebchaws.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6, 1654, Poj huab tais Christina tau tso tseg rau kev nyiam Karl-Gustav (poj huab tais yog nws tus npawg), tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Swedish hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Tus vaj ntxwv tshiab hu ua Charles X Gustav. Cov txhab nyiaj hauv tebchaws Swedish tsis muaj dab tsi, raug puas tsuaj los ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm poj huab tais Christina lub tsev hais plaub thiab faib cov av thaj av. Cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe tau ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua rau lub sijhawm. Sweden xav kom tau txais kev tswj hwm tag nrho ntawm Baltic kev lag luam, thiab rau qhov no nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tsis pub Poland ntawm nws nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Ib qho ntxiv, kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv kev sib tw ntawm 1654 txhawj xeeb heev rau cov neeg tseem ceeb Swedish. Stockholm tsis xav kom muaj lub xeev muaj zog ntawm tes. Nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj av ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania nyob rau sab hnub poob Dvina, Lavxias lub xeev tau tswj hwm thaj chaw uas Riga tau muab, thiab tau txais tus choj rau kev ua phem rau Swedish Livonia. Russia tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau cov phiaj xwm ntawm Ivan Kev Txaus Ntshai, uas tau npaj yuav xa Baltics rov qab los rau Lavxias tswj hwm.

Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws tau tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm kev dim hauv kev coj ntawm Bogdan thiab kev ua rog nrog Russia. Yog vim li cas los daws ntau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ib zaug yog qhov zoo heev. Ntxiv mus, cov tswv Polish lawv tus kheej tau thov ua tsov rog. Thaum lub sij hawm abdication ntawm poj huab tais Christina, tus huab tais Polish Jan Kazimir mam li nco dheev txoj cai ntawm nws txiv Sigismund III mus rau lub zwm txwv Swedish, txawm hais tias nws txiv thiab tij laug Vladislav tau ntev txij li tso nws tseg. Jan Kazimierz thov kom them nyiaj rau kev tso nws txoj cai rau lub zwm txwv Swedish.

Cov tub rog tseem tso tseg kev koom tes nrog Sweden. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1654, Swedish Riksrod (pawg thawj coj ntawm lub xeev nyob hauv cov vaj ntxwv Scandinavian) txiav txim siab cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tsov rog. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev ntxiv dag zog rau Lavxias lub tebchaws, cov neeg Swedes xav xaus qhov kev koom tes nrog lub tebchaws tsis muaj zog. Txog qhov no, tus huab tais Polish yuav tsum tso nws txoj cai rau Livonia, pom zoo rau Swedish tiv thaiv hla Courland thiab kev pom zoo hauv East Prussia. Qhov no yuav tsum tau coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm Hiav Txwv Baltic rau hauv "Swedish pas dej". Sweden tau ua tiav kev tswj hwm kev lag luam hauv thaj av Baltic. Txawm li cas los xij, tus huab tais Polish tso tseg kev koom tes nrog Sweden.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Riksrod txiav txim siab pib ua tsov rog thiab teem sijhawm - caij nplooj ntoo hlav -lub caij ntuj sov 1655. Hmoov zoo, Sweden muaj nws tus kheej "kab thib tsib" hauv Tebchaws. Ib feem ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth tau nkag mus rau kev sib tham nrog Sweden ntawm "kev tiv thaiv". Yog li, tus yawg loj ntawm Lithuania Janusz Radziwill thiab tus npis sov ntawm Vilna tau sib tham nrog Sweden. Cov neeg nplua nuj Lithuanian tau npaj los txhawb kev xaiv tsa ntawm tus huab tais Swedish mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Poland.

Txog lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1655, phiaj xwm phiaj xwm tau npaj tiav. Cov tub rog ntawm Field Marshal Arvyd Wittenberg tau tawm tsam sab hnub poob, los ntawm Swedish Pomerania, mus rau thaj av ntawm Greater Poland. Los ntawm sab qaum teb, cov tub rog Swedish tau nce qib los ntawm Swedish Livonia. Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Swedish Livonia, Suav Magnus De la Gardie, xav tias yuav ntes tag nrho sab qaum teb ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania.

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Jan II Casimir

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 5, Field Marshal Arvid von Wittenberg tau tawm ntawm Szczecin nrog thawj pab tub rog Swedish. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, nws hla tebchaws Poland. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pab tub rog Swedish thib ob, coj los ntawm huab tais, tau tsaws ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj Wolgast. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, Greater Poland cov tub rog, uas tau nyob ib puag ncig thiab raug foob pob hluav taws, raug kaw. Cov neeg loj thiab zoo ntawm Greater Poland lees paub tus huab tais Swedish ua lawv tus tiv thaiv. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pom zoo cais nrog Swedish cov lus txib. Ntau dua Poland (Poznan thiab Kalisz Voivodeships) xa mus rau huab tais Swedish. Yog li, cov tub rog Swedish tau qhib nws txoj kev mus rau sab hauv ntawm Poland.

Lub tebchaws tau koom nrog kev ntxeev siab loj. Lithuanian zoo hetman Janusz Radziwill thiab Vilna npis sov Jerzy Tyszkiewicz tau hla mus rau sab ntawm cov neeg Swedes. Polish tycoons thiab gentry tau hla mus rau sab ntawm tus huab tais Swedish en masse. Qee tus tswv ntawm Greater Poland tau thov kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Tus Kws Lij Choj Brandenburg thiab txawm hais tias lawv npaj siab muab nws lub zwm txwv Polish.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 29-30, cov tub rog ntawm Levengaupt pib quab yuam Western Dvina. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 31, von Wittenberg nyob hauv lub nroog Poznan yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, pab tub rog ntawm tus huab tais Swedish hla tus ciam teb Polish. Lub Sieradz voivodeship, coj los ntawm voivode Jan Koniecpolski, tsis tso kev tawm tsam thiab hla mus rau sab ntawm huab tais Swedish. Lub Yim Hli 24, ntawm Konin, pab tub rog ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Charles X Gustav tau koom tes nrog von Wittenberg. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2, ntawm Tsov Rog Sobota, cov tub rog Swedish tau kov yeej cov tub rog Polish. Tus vajntxwv Polish Jan-Kazimierz, nrog nws cov tub rog seem, tau tso lub peev thiab rov qab mus rau sab hauv ntawm lub tebchaws. Nplooj ntawv keeb kwm no, tu siab rau Poland, tau lub npe "Dej Nyab" ("Dej Nyab Nyab Laj").

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 8, cov neeg Swedes nyob hauv Warsaw yam tsis muaj kev tawm tsam. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 16, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Zarnow, cov tub rog Polish tau ntsib lwm qhov kev swb hnyav. Tom qab qhov kev swb no, feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog siab phem tau khiav mus rau lawv lub tsev. Tus vajntxwv Polish Jan Kazimierz tau khiav mus rau Silesia. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 25, cov neeg Swedes tau siege rau Krakow, uas tuav tawm kom txog thaum Lub Kaum Hli 17, thiab tom qab ntawv swb. Cov tub rog Swedish tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv lwm cov lus qhia. Thaum kawg ntawm lub Cuaj Hli, cov tub rog Mazovian tau swb lawm. Mazovia xa mus rau tus huab tais Swedish. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 3, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Voynich, lub crown hetman Stanislav Lyantskoronsky tau swb lawm. Cov seem ntawm nws pab tub rog tau swb thiab cog lus ncaj ncees rau cov neeg Swedes. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 21, kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm Krakow, Sandomierz, Kiev, Lavxias, Volyn, Lubelsk thiab Belz lees paub txoj cai ntawm Karl X Gustav.

Yog li, tsis pub dhau plaub lub hlis Tebchaws Poland raug kev puas tsuaj rau tub rog thiab nom tswv. Yuav luag tag nrho cov chaw ib puag ncig ntawm haiv neeg Poland (Great Poland, Malopolsha thiab Mazovia) tau nyob hauv tebchaws Sweden. Hauv txhua lub nroog loj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Poland thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv, muaj cov tub rog Swedish. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj Polish tau hla mus rau sab ntawm tus huab tais Swedish. Qee leej txawm tau koom nrog hauv kev kov yeej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev ntxeev siab loj heev ntawm cov neeg Gentry thiab cov neeg siab phem tau txiav txim siab ua ntej xob laim nrawm nrawm ntawm Poland.

Txawm li cas los xij, cais cov chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam - Yasnogorsk Monastery hauv Czestochowa, Polish Prussia, thiab lwm yam - txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam thiab cawm Poland. Swedish blitzkrieg ua rau lwm lub xeev ntshai thiab. Tus xaiv tsa Brandenburg thiab Duke ntawm Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm I ntawm Hohenzollern tawm tsam Sweden. Poland tseem tau txhawb los ntawm Holland, uas tau pab tiv thaiv Danzig. Grand Crown Hetman Stanislav Potocki tau hu rau Tus Kws Tshaj Lij kom sawv tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thoob tebchaws. Kev tiv thaiv tus phab ej ntawm Yasnogorsk Monastery los ntawm tus Pole tau dhau los ua piv txwv rau tag nrho lub tebchaws. Cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tau tawm tsam cov neeg nyob hauv Swedish, thiab cov neeg koom nrog pib tau txais lawv thawj qhov yeej. Lub Swedes yeej qhib kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej cov neeg.

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Karl X Gustav

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Txawm tias ua ntej kev ntxeem tau ntawm Poland, tus huab tais Swedish Karl X Gustav tau xa tus kws tshaj lij Rosenlind mus rau Tsar Lavxias nrog tsab ntawv piav qhia qhov laj thawj uas ua rau Sweden pib ua tsov rog no. Russia tau muab cov tub rog ua rog tawm tsam Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sweden tau npaj txhij rau kev faib ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1655, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau txais Swedish tus sawv cev rau Smolensk.

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev nkag siab zoo, Sweden kev nkag mus rau hauv kev ua rog tawm tsam Poland yog qhov ua tau zoo rau Russia. Tom qab tag nrho, Stockholm tau muab Warsaw ua tub rog koom nrog Moscow. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Livonian thaum lub sijhawm Ivan Kev Txaus Ntshai, thaum Lavxias lub tebchaws yuav tsum ua kom tag nrho nws cov tub rog nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Crimean Turkish nyob rau sab qab teb. Txawm hais tias txhua qhov ua tiav thiab yeej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias hauv kev tshaj tawm xyoo 1654-1655, qhov xwm txheej tau txaus ntshai. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau siv feem ntau ntawm thaj av Lavxias sab hnub poob, tab sis Poland tau tuav nws cov tub rog lub zog. Ntxiv mus, txhua lub xeev nyob sib ze tau txhawj xeeb txog kev ua tiav ntawm Lavxias. Cov neeg Swedes ntshai tsam cov neeg Lavxias mus rau Riga, Turks - qhov pom ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hauv Volhynia. Cossack cov neeg tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau kiag li. Kev tsis txaus siab tau loj hlob ntawm Cossack tus thawj coj, uas yuav sai sai no coj mus rau "Puas" (kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws). Bogdan raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev quav dej quav cawv, tau mus ntev ntev, poob kev tswj hwm qhov xwm txheej. Nws cov hnub tau suav.

Yog vim li cas kev faib ntawm Lub Tebchaws, uas tau muab los ntawm Sweden, tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Russia. Nws yog zoo meej. Sweden tau hla cov av hauv tebchaws Polish. Sweden yuav yooj yim txhawm rau "Polish morsel". Nws tsis muaj lub sijhawm los "zom" cov tebchaws Poland loj. Sweden tau tawm tsam tsis yog nrog Poland xwb, tab sis kuj nrog lwm lub xeev European. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Tsov Rog Qaum Teb ntawm 1655-1660. xaus nrog cov neeg Swedes tuaj yeem lees paub lawv txoj cai rau Estonia thiab feem ntau ntawm Livonia. Tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tau ploj mus.

Russia, ntawm qhov tod tes, tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau Sab Hnub Poob Lavxias thaj av, thaum tus ncej thiab Swedes yuav sib sib zog nqus ua tsov rog ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, Lavxias Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau hais meej meej txog qhov ua tiav ntawm thawj ob xyoos ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 17, 1656, Aleksey Mikhailovich tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau Sweden. Cov tub rog Lavxias nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Peter Potemkin tau tsiv mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Gulf of Finland. Cov yawg yawg yawg yawg Nikon, uas tau saib xyuas hnyav rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tsar thiab xav txog nws tus kheej yuav luag yuav luag yog "tsar of tsars", tsis yog tsuas yog tsis txwv Alexei "Ntsiag to", tab sis cia li ua rau nws qaug dab peg tshiab. Nws txawm foom koob hmoov rau Don Cossacks, uas raug xa mus pab Potemkin kom ntes Stockholm. Nrog rau kev txaus siab, tus yawg suab pom nws tus kheej ua tus thawj coj ntawm sab ntsuj plig tshiab ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania, tus yeej ntawm Sweden.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua nyuaj pib nrog cov neeg Swedes, uas yog tus yeeb ncuab hnyav dua li cov Tub Rog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Moscow yuav tsum tau nrhiav kev ua kom sai sai nrog Poland. Thaum pib lub Xya Hli 1656, txhua qhov kev ua tub rog tiv thaiv cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian, uas tseem muab siab npuab rau tus huab tais Polish, raug tso tseg. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 30, qhib kev sib tham hauv nroog Vilna. Txawm li cas los xij, txheej txheem kev sib tham tau mus txog qhov tsis xwm yeem vim yog xwm txheej Me Me Russia. Tsis muaj ib sab xav ua rau nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog Warsaw thiab Moscow xav ua txhaum kev sib tham. Cov txheej txheem kev sib tham tau rub mus. Poland tsis muaj zog. Thiab Russia tsis xav txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog kom txog thaum kev sib tw nrog Sweden tau dhau mus. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 24, tsuas yog qhov hu ua Vilna truce tuaj yeem xaus. Ob tog tau pom zoo los tawm tsam cov neeg Swedes thiab tsis xaus qhov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov xwm txheej nom tswv hauv Me Russia

Kev sib tham hauv Vilna tau tuav tsis muaj tus sawv cev ntawm Hetman Bogdan. Qhov no tau ua tiav ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm sab Polish. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Russia muaj peev xwm txhim kho Cossack tus thawj coj lub tswv yim tias Russia tau ntxeev siab rau lawv thiab pom zoo rov hloov Hetmanate mus rau txoj cai ntawm cov yas Polish. Cossacks ntseeg cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev Polish, uas tau ua haujlwm raws li ib qho yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau "Ruins". Yav tom ntej, Russia yuav tsum sib ntaus ntawm ob sab, tawm tsam Poland thiab tawm tsam Hetman Vyhovsky (nws tau raug xaiv tom qab Bohdan Khmelnitsky tuag).

Thaum sib tham hauv Vilna, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Bogdan thiab tsoomfwv Moscow tsis zoo. Bohdan tau txiav txim siab tias kev sib cav nrog Poland yog qhov ua yuam kev thiab yog lawm. Hauv Chigirin hauv 1656-1657.kev sib tham tau ua nrog cov neeg sawv cev Polish thiab Swedish. Bogdan txawm muab qee qhov kev pab tub rog rau cov tub rog Swedish.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1657, Xab Tham Thuj Meskas tuaj txog hauv Chigirin, coj los ntawm okolnich Fyodor Buturlin thiab tus kws sau ntawv Vasily Mikhailov. Buturlin tau thov kom piav qhia txog hetman txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Swedes, uas Russia tau ua tsov rog. Bogdan teb tias nws ib txwm ua tau zoo nrog cov neeg Swedes, thiab qhia kev xav tsis thoob tias tsar pib ua tsov rog tshiab yam tsis ua tiav qhov qub. Bohdan tau sau tseg kom raug: "Polish Crown tseem tsis tau raug ntes thiab kev thaj yeeb tseem tsis tau ua tiav, tab sis twb nrog lwm lub xeev, nrog cov neeg Swedes, lawv tau pib ua tsov rog."

Tus hetman tau mob hnyav thiab Buturlin qhia tias nws tus tub Yuri, uas nws zoo siab xaiv ua tiav Bogdan, yuav tsum cog lus ncaj ncees rau Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Txawm li cas los xij, Bogdan tsis kam lees, hais tias nws tus tub yuav cog lus tom qab nws tuag. Nov yog kev sib tham zaum kawg ntawm Moscow tus sawv cev sawv cev thiab tus yawg loj. Bogdan tuag thaum Lub Xya Hli 27 (Lub Yim Hli 6), 1657. Raws li txoj cai, lub siab nyiam ntawm tus neeg tuag tau ua tiav ntawm Chigirinskaya Rada thaum Lub Yim Hli 26 (Cuaj Hlis 5), 1657. Tus thawj coj tau hloov lub hetman lub zog rau tus kws sau ntawv Ivan Vyhovsky, tab sis tsuas yog txog thaum Yuri mus txog hnub nyoog feem ntau. Ntawm Korsun Rada thaum Lub Kaum Hli 21, 1657, Vygovsky twb dhau los ua tus tswj hwm lub tebchaws.

Qhov no coj mus rau kev sib cais hauv Cossacks. Cossacks tsis koom nrog hauv kev xaiv tsa thiab tsis kam lees paub Vyhovsky li hetman. Ntawm cov neeg sib tw ntawm Vygovsky muaj lus xaiv tias nws tsis yog "Cossack ntuj", tab sis "lyakh", thiab yuav ntxeev siab rau Cossacks. Tsis ntev Vygovsky txoj kev ntxeev siab tau lees paub. Tus tshiab hetman pib thawb tawm tsam nws cov neeg sib tw, thiab kev ua tsov rog ("Puas") tau pib hauv Me Russia. Vyhovsky nyob rau xyoo 1658 tau kos npe rau Hadyach Treaty nrog Tus Tsov. Raws li nws, "Grand Duchy ntawm Russia" (Hetmanate) yuav tsum dhau los ntawm txoj cai ntawm huab tais Polish thiab dhau los ua tus kheej. Vyhovsky nrog nws cov tub rog tau hla mus rau sab Pole.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab Poland tau dhau los ua qhov kev tawm tsam rau Moscow. Tsoomfwv Lavxias tshaj tawm nws lub zog, pib ua tsov rog nrog Sweden ua ntej nws ua kev thaj yeeb nrog Poland. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov tub ceev xwm Polish tau ua ntau dhau thiab tsis tuaj yeem yuam kom Tus Kws Tshaj Lij los xaus kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Cov tub rog Lavxias hauv kev tawm tsam cov neeg Swedes tsis muaj zog, thiab Rzeczpospolita tau txais lub sijhawm los rov zoo. Kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog tau tshwm sim hauv Me Russia. Cov tub rog nrog Poland txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 1667, thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm feem ntau ntawm thaj av Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia yuav tsum tau muab ncua mus txog rau ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 18th.

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Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ("The Quietest")

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