Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia

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Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia
Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia

Video: Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia

Video: Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia
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Tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Yugoslavia, cheeb tsam keeb kwm ntawm Macedonia uas yog nws tau los ua lub xeev ywj pheej, meej dua, nws qhov tseem ceeb (98% ntawm thaj chaw no ua ke nrog thaj av ntawm keeb kwm Vardar Macedonia, kwv yees li 2% yog ib feem ntawm Serbia).

Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia
Macedonia thiab Kosovo tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm socialist Yugoslavia

Macedonia tau tshaj tawm tias yog lub xeev ywj pheej thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 17, 1991, thiab twb nyob hauv Lub Ib Hlis 1992, Cov Neeg Albanians hauv cheeb tsam tau ua qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm yim thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws no. Lub sijhawm ntawd (raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1991), haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg ntawm cov koom pheej no muaj raws li hauv qab no: Macedonians (65.1%), Albanians (21.7%), Turks (3.8%), Romanians (2.6%), Serbs (2, 1) %), Muslim-Bosnians (1, 5%). Raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1994, cov neeg Albanians tau nce mus txog 22.9% (442,914 tus neeg). Lawv nyob feem ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob, qaum teb thiab qee thaj chaw hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws thiab ua rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov zej zog ntawm Tetovo, Gostivar, Debar, Strugi thiab Kichevo.

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Hauv xyoo 1992, tsoomfwv Macedonian, ceeb toom los ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv Kosovo, tau hais kom UN xa cov tub rog kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Qhov kev thov no tau tso cai, tab sis xyoo 1998 qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws tau hnyav zuj zus: 1884 cov neeg ua phem tawm tsam tau teeb tsa, uas muaj txog 300 tus neeg tuag. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 24 xyoo no, cov tub rog sab hauv ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs ntawm Yugoslavia pom qhov ntxa loj ntawm Serbs thiab Albanians muab siab npuab rau lawv raug tua los ntawm kev sib cais nyob ze lub nroog Presevo. Xyoo 1999, UN cov neeg saib xyuas kev thaj yeeb tau muab txoj hauv kev no rau NATO pab tub rog. Qhov xwm txheej nyuaj twb tau hnyav dua los ntawm kev tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg tawg rog Muslim los ntawm Kosovo hauv Macedonia. Raws li lub Tsib Hlis 17, 1999, muaj 229,300 Kosovar Albanians hauv Macedonia (ntau dua 11% ntawm lub tebchaws tag nrho cov pejxeem), hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo no lawv cov lej nce mus rau 360,000.

1998-1999 qee tus neeg Macedonian Albanians tau tawm tsam hauv Kosovo, tau txais kev paub txog kev sib ntaus thiab tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog cov thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog ntawm lub xeev tsis paub no. Ntawm tus qauv ntawm Kosovo Liberation Army, Macedonia tau tsim nws tus kheej kev tsim riam phom (National Liberation Army - PLA). Lawv tus thawj coj yog Ali Ahmeti, uas tom qab ntawd tau coj lub Koom Haum ywj pheej rau Kev Koom Tes.

Macedonia nyob rau tiam 21st century

Thaum xyoo 2000 lig, cov tub rog Albanian pib tawm tsam tub ceev xwm Macedonian cov tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog. Cov neeg ntxeev siab, ntawm ib sab, xav tau kev koom tes hauv txhua lub xeev cov qauv, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv txhawb Albanian kev ywj pheej nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog Tetovo thiab txawm tias kev koom ua ke ntawm txhua thaj tsam Balkan uas nyob hauv Albanians los ua ib leeg Great Albania. Kosovo Liberation Army tseem tau muab kev pab rau Macedonian Albanians.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 22, 2001, lawv tau tawm tsam tub ceev xwm chaw nres tsheb hauv lub zos Tirs ze lub nroog Tetovo. Thaum kawg, thaum Lub Peb Hlis, tom qab 5 hnub ntawm kev tawm tsam tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig Tetovo, cov tub rog Macedonian tau ua tub rog ua haujlwm, tshem PLA chav nyob hauv Kosovo.

Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 28, Albanian cov tub rog nyob ze ntawm lub zos Bliz Tetovo tau siv lub foob pob tawg thiab foob pob ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Wolves tshem tawm ntawm Macedonian cov tub rog kev nyab xeeb taug kev hla Kosovo-Macedonian ciam teb: 8 cov tub rog Macedonian raug tua thiab lwm 8 leej raug mob.

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Thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis ntxov, qhov hu ua "113th PLA brigade" nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws los ntawm Kosovo, nyob ntau lub zos sab qaum teb ntawm Kumanovo."Liberators" ntes tau txog ib txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv nroog, uas lawv yuav siv los ua tib neeg thaiv. Raws li qhov kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, cov tub rog Macedonian tau kov yeej Albanians thiab rhuav tshem tus thawj coj ntawm "pab tub rog" - Kosovar Albanian Fadil Nimani.

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Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6, 2001, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus, cov neeg phem uas tau tsav tsheb mus rau lub tsev tsim tsa hauv Skopje hauv lub tsheb nrog Bulgarian (Sofia) daim ntawv tso cai daim hlau raug tua ntawm lub chaw haujlwm ntawm Macedonian Thawj Tswj Hwm Boris Traikovsky (lub sijhawm ntawd tus thawj coj ntawm Social Democratic Union ntawm Macedonia Branko Crvenkovsky kuj tseem nyob ntawm no). Tsis muaj leej twg raug mob.

Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg tau tshwm sim rau Lub Rau Hli 25, thaum cov tub rog Macedonian, uas nyob ib puag ncig lub zos Arachinovo, uas tau raug Albanians ntes tau, tau nres los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm xaj: cov neeg ntxeev siab tawm ntawm lub tsheb npav muab rau lawv, nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm EU thiab NATO, nqa nrog lawv riam phom, ntxiv rau raug mob thiab tua cov tub rog.

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Nyob rau tib hmo, cov neeg Macedonians npau taws los ntawm Troikovsky "kev ntxeev siab" (suav ntau txhiab tus tib neeg) tau tsoo lub tsev tsim rooj tog, qhov twg thaum ntawd Traikovsky thiab lwm tus thawj coj loj ntawm Macedonia tau sib tham nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Albanian tog. Qhov kev tawm tsam no tau koom nrog qee tus tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog uas tuaj txog ntawm Arachinovo, uas tau thov piav qhia vim li cas lawv thiaj raug xaj kom tso cov neeg ua phem raug txim tawm hauv lub zos. Thawj Tswj Hwm yuav tsum tau khiav tawm. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov kev txiav txim tsis nkag siab no tau paub tom qab. Xyoo 2002, Glenn Nye, tus Thawj Fwm Saib Xyuas Xeev hauv Xab Tham Thuj Meskas hauv Macedonia, tau hais tias thaum lub sijhawm Lub Rau Hli 2001, nws tau cawm 26 tus neeg Amelikas uas raug kaw hauv Arachinovo. Tsis ntev los no tau pom meej tias cov no yog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Asmeskas cov tuam txhab lag luam ntiag tug uas muaj npe zoo Tub Rog Kev Pabcuam Muaj Peev Xwm koom nrog. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1995, nws "cov kws tshaj lij" tau koom nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Tempest, thaum lub sijhawm uas cov tub rog Croatian tau ntes thaj av Serbian Krajina. Thiab xyoo 2008, MPRI cov neeg ua haujlwm tau koom nrog kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tub rog Georgia thiab kev rov txhim kho pab tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws no raws li NATO tus qauv.

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Tam sim no, tus ua tiav rau MPRI yog PMC Kev Koom Tes.

Cov tuam txhab ua tub rog ntiag tug (suav nrog MPRI) tau sib tham hauv kab lus "Cov tuam txhab ua tub rog ntiag tug: kev lag luam uas hwm tus neeg hwm".

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 5, 2001, tsoomfwv Macedonian thiab Albanian cov thawj coj tau kos npe rau "Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Dav Dav" ntawm kev tso tseg, uas tau ua txhaum 139 zaug los ntawm PLA cov neeg ua phem kom txog rau thaum lub Yim Hli kawg.

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, 600 Macedonian Albanians los ntawm PLA thiab tus lej tsis tau qhia meej ntawm Kosovo Defense Corps cov neeg tua rog tau nkag mus rau Macedonia los ntawm Kosovo lub nroog Krivinek. Cov xwm txheej ntxiv tau hu ua "Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Radusha": nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ya dav hlau, qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tawm tsam.

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Thaum kawg, thaum Lub Yim Hli 13, Ohrid qhov kev pom zoo tau txiav txim siab xaus: tsoomfwv Macedonian tau pom zoo los hloov tsab cai lij choj kom tshem tawm kev lees paub ntawm cov neeg Macedonians raws li lub tebchaws muaj npe thiab lav lus Albanian cov lus raws li txoj cai hauv thaj chaw ntawm Albanian chaw nyob me me. Cov kev pom zoo no tau pom zoo los ntawm Macedonian Parliament thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 16, 2001. Tab sis ob tog tau tswj hwm kom pom zoo zaum kawg thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2002.

Cov kev pom zoo no tau coj los rau hauv lub tebchaws tsuas yog "kev thaj yeeb tsis zoo" hloov chaw ntawm "kev ua tsov rog zoo": kev sib cav sib ceg tsis tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb yog thaum Lub Xya Hli 2014, thaum cov Albanians tau rhuav tshem lub nroog peev, Skopje, tau ntau hnub. Yog li lawv tau tawm tsam qhov kev rau txim ntawm cov phooj ywg hauv pab pawg neeg tau pom ua txhaum ntawm kev tua ntawm ib pawg neeg Macedonians nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm Easter 2012.

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Cov tub ceev xwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws niaj hnub no, uas twb tau ua tiav nyob rau xyoo pua XX rau Hellenize South Macedonia, tom qab kev tawg ntawm Yugoslavia tau ntev tsis kam hu rau sab qaum teb ntawm thaj chaw keeb kwm no Macedonia, hais txog lub npe "Central Balkan Republic ". Txawm li cas los xij cov neeg nyob ze tau tswj kom muaj kev sib cav, yog li "Yav Qub Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" tau tshwm sim hauv daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe, raws li lub npe no lub tebchaws tau koom nrog UN xyoo 1993. Thiab tsuas yog tsis ntev los no (txij Lub Ob Hlis 12, 2019) yav dhau los cov koom pheej no muaj npe "North Macedonia".

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Tam sim no, 67% ntawm cov neeg nyob ntawm North Macedonia hais txog Orthodoxy, 30% yog cov neeg Muslim (thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm socialist Yugoslavia, 21% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws no tshaj tawm lawv ua raws li Islam).

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Autonomous Province of Kosovo thiab Metohija (Republic of Kosovo)

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Ua ntej Ottoman kov yeej, thaj av Kosovo yog lub hauv paus ntawm Serbian lub xeev; nws nyob ntawm no, txij li xyoo pua 14th txog 1767, nyob ze lub nroog Pec tias lub zwm txwv ntawm Serbian yawg suab yawg koob nyob. Ntawm no, tsis deb ntawm Pristina, muaj qhov chaw uas muaj lub ntsiab lus dawb ceev tiag tiag rau cov neeg Serbian - Kosovo teb, taug kev uas xyoo 1912 thaum Tsov Rog Balkan Thib Ob, qee cov tub rog Serbian tau hle lawv nkawm khau, thaum lwm tus "poob rau lawv lub hauv caug thiab hnia hauv av ":

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Xyoo 1945, Tito tso cai rau Albanians uas tau nyob ntawd thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob nyob hauv Kosovo. Lawv tau tshwm sim ntawm no raws li cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: cov tub rog ntawm kev ua haujlwm pab dawb Albanian SS "Skanderbeg" (hais txog nws hauv lwm tsab xov xwm) ntiab tawm txog 10 txhiab tsev neeg Slavic los ntawm Kosovo, thiab 72 txhiab tus Albanians los ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws no tau teeb tsa thaj av "liberated" … Txij li thaum Yugoslavia raug kev txom nyem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev poob thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, tshaj tawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no zoo li yog kev txiav txim siab uas tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xwm txheej ntxiv tau qhia tias qhov no yog qhov yuam kev txaus ntshai ntawm Yugoslav cov tub ceev xwm, thiab thawj qhov kev tawm tsam cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Albanians hauv Kosovo thiab Metohija tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1981.

Muslim Slavs hauv Kosovo thiab Metohija

Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Kosovo thiab hauv Metohija, muaj cov pab pawg ntawm Muslim Slavs: Gorans, Podgoryans, Sredts thiab Rafans, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Kosovo thiab Metohija.

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Cov pab pawg tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Muslim hauv Macedonia yog Podgorians - tsuas yog kwv yees li 3 txhiab ntawm lawv. Cov no yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Montenegrin cov neeg Muslim uas tau tsiv ntawm no tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob los nyob ib sab ntawm lawv cov neeg ntseeg. Cov pab pawg no ntawm cov pejxeem yog Albanizing sai, thiab nws ntseeg tias tsis ntev lawv yuav kawg koom nrog Albanians. Lawv cov neeg nyob ze, cov neeg nyob nruab nrab, uas tseem hu ua zhuplians, nyob hauv thaj av Sredskaya Zhupa. Lub tebchaws Goranians nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Kosovo. Tsis zoo li Arnautashes (uas yog, Albanized xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ib feem ntawm Muslim Serbs ntawm Kosovo) thiab lawv cov neeg nyob ze, Opolians, lawv khaws cov lus uas lawv hu ua Balkan-Slavic (Bulgarian-Macedonian-Serbian), txawm tias muaj nyiaj qiv ntau ntawm Turkish, Albanian thiab txawm hais lus Arabic.

Txawm li cas los xij, Albanian keeb kwm xav txog Goranians los ua Illyrians, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Macedonian - Macedonians. Thaum lub sijhawm suav pej xeem, cov neeg no lawv tus kheej hu lawv tus kheej Goranians, Boshniks, Serbs, thiab qee tus txawm yog Turks thiab Albanians. Kev coj noj coj ua, Goranians nyob ze rau Macedonian torbeshes, Bulgarian Pomaks thiab Bosnian Slavs uas tau hloov los ua Islam - Bosniaks (thaum Bosnians yog cov neeg nyob hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina, tsis hais haiv neeg twg).

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Hauv nroog Orahovac thiab nws ib puag ncig nyob Rafchane - cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Albanized Slavs, ntau leej uas tam sim no xav txog lawv tus kheej Albanians, tab sis hais lus Prizren -South Moravian cov lus ntawm cov lus Serbian.

Kosovo ua ib feem ntawm Yugoslav Republic of Serbia

Kosovo thiab Vojvodina dhau los ua "Socialist Autonomous Regions" hauv Serbia.

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Xyoo 1974, Kosovo tau nce nws cov xwm txheej, qhov tseeb, tau txais txoj cai ntawm kev koom pheej - txoj cai raws li nws tus kheej kev cai lij choj, txoj cai los tsim cov thawj coj siab tshaj plaws thiab kev sawv cev ntawm cov neeg sawv cev rau Union cov cai lij choj thiab cov thawj coj. Txoj cai lij choj tshiab ntawm Yugoslavia, uas tau pib siv thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 28, 1990, tshaj tawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai lij choj ntawm tsoomfwv hauv cheeb tsam, tawm hauv Kosovo thaj av thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus kheej. Kosovar Albanians tau teb los ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tsim lub xeev ywj pheej, uas Ibrahim Rugova tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab xyoo 1996 Kosovo Liberation Army kuj tau tsim.

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Tsov rog hauv Kosovo thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Allied Force

Xyoo 1998, muaj kev tsov rog tawm tuaj ntawm no, ua rau dej nyab ntawm cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm ob tog.

Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 24, 1999, yam tsis muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm UN, NATO ua haujlwm tub rog, npe-npe Allied Force, tau pib, thaum lub sijhawm cov tub rog thiab pej xeem lub hom phiaj ntau hauv Serbia raug foob pob. Nws tau siv sijhawm 78 hnub, ntau dua 1000 lub dav hlau tau koom nrog (5 lub dav hlau, 16 lub dav hlau tsis muaj neeg tsav tsheb thiab 2 lub dav hlau poob lawm). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 38 txhiab qhov kev xaiv tau ua, tag nrho ntawm ib thiab ib nrab txhiab qhov kev sib hais haum tau tawm tsam, 3 txhiab lub nkoj caij nkoj thiab 80 txhiab tons ntawm cov foob pob tau siv, suav nrog pawg thiab ua kom tawg uranium foob pob. Cov lag luam ntawm cov tub rog-kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab cov tub rog kev tsim kho, cov chaw ua kom roj, cov chaw tso roj tau raug puas ntsoog, 40 txhiab lub tsev nyob, 422 lub tsev kawm ntawv, 48 tsev kho mob, 82 choj (suav nrog txhua tus choj hla Danube), txog 100 ntau yam kev ntseeg puas lawm

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Tag nrho cov khoom puas yog kwv yees li $ 100 nphom. Ntau tshaj li ob txhiab tus neeg tau dhau los ua neeg raug foob pob, txog 7 txhiab leej raug mob.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm NATO cov tub rog (12 txhiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Askiv General Michael David Jackson) tau nyob hauv Macedonia thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm no. Nws yog neeg Askiv uas yuav tsum tau tswj hwm lub tshav dav hlau Slatina hauv Pristina, tab sis tau mus txog nws 4 teev tom qab tshaj li cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias (200 tus tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm, 8 tus tub rog nqa khoom nqa, tus thawj coj - S. Pavlov, pab pawg saib xyuas yog hais los ntawm Yunus-bek Evkurov) nto moo "pov" los ntawm Bosnia (600 km).

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Jackson tom qab tsis kam ua raws li Asmeskas Tus Thawj Coj Wesley Clark (tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm NATO) txhawm rau thaiv lub tshav dav hlau thiab xa "yuam kev" ntaus, teb nws:

Kuv yuav tsis pib ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thib peb.

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Cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Yugoslavia raug yuam kom thim cov tub rog tawm ntawm thaj chaw Kosovo, ua rau poob kev tswj hwm nws.

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Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm NATO ua haujlwm hauv Kosovo, kwv yees li 1,000 leej neeg ntxiv raug tua. Kwv yees li 350 txhiab tus neeg tau dhau los ua neeg tawg rog (200 txhiab ntawm lawv yog Serbs thiab Montenegrins), kwv yees li 100 lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj raug puas tsuaj lossis puas tsuaj.

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Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 17, 2008, Kosovo tsoomfwv tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej, uas tau lees paub los ntawm 104 lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb (suav nrog Macedonia). 60 lub xeev tseem xav txog Kosovo ib lub xeev uas muaj neeg nyob hauv Serbia (suav nrog Russia, Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Israel).

Pom zoo: