Tswb hu txuas ntxiv tuaj ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm yav dhau los Warsaw Pact. Raws li koj paub, tom qab kev tawg ntawm Soviet Union, tsuas yog ntau yam riam phom tshwj xeeb tau poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov xeev, uas nyob ob xyoos tom ntej no tau dhau los rau Lavxias niaj hnub no tsis yog lub zog nruab nrab, tab sis yeeb ncuab ntuj footholds uas "tso cov hauv paus hniav" hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim qauv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws - North Atlantic Alliance. Hmoov zoo, hom riam phom tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb yog Tu-95 thiab Tu-160 foob pob nqa cov foob pob uas tau xa mus rau Ukrainian Air Force, tau xa rov qab mus rau Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog Tub Rog kom them cov nqi roj; lwm qhov, suav nrog Tu-22M3 cov tsheb nruab nrab, raug tshem tawm. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, tam sim no kev coj noj coj ua tsis txaus ntawm "Square" tsis muaj cov riam phom zoo li muaj peev xwm nqa ntau dua 200 Kh-55 lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm lub nkoj.
Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm Cov Tub Rog ntawm Ukraine thiab hauv pab tub rog ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe, muaj ntau dua 1,500-2,000 lub ntsiab sib ntaus sib tua tso tsheb hlau luam T-72 hauv ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ib zaug. Cov tsheb no tau raug ncua niaj hnub ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub cev, nrog rau avionics, suav nrog kev tswj hluav taws. Kharkov Design Bureau rau Mechanical Engineering npe tom qab UA Morozov, nyob rau nruab nrab-90s, tau tsim thiab txhawb nqa ntawm kev ua lag luam tau txhim kho qhov tob ntawm T-72A / B tso tsheb hlau luam nrog T-72AG qhov ntsuas. Kev kwv yees pem hauv ntej ntawm lub turret ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam no tau ruaj khov los ntawm cov cuab yeej ua kom tawg ntawm cov riam phom ntawm Ukrainian tsim "Riam", uas zoo sib xws (los ntawm 1, 85-1, 9 zaug) txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm ob qho tib si sib sau ua ke thiab ua tub rog. -piercing feathered projectiles ntawm hom kinetic; qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tandem compressor noj tau raug txo los ntawm 1.5 npaug. Thiaj li, T-72B, coj mus rau "AG" kev hloov kho, tau txais qhov sib npaug ntawm cov turret los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv phom-phom hauv thaj tsam ntawm 950-1100 mm ntawm qhov tsis muaj chav nyob ntawm qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab sab. Ntxiv mus, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Riam", tsim los ntawm BTSKT "Mikrotek", nrog qhov ntsuas KhSChKV-19/34 tsis tshua muaj qhov hnyav (1, 6-2, 4 zaug sib zog dua EDZ 4S23 "Sib cuag-5" thiab kwv yees li sib npaug qhov loj ntawm EDZ 4S24 "Relic") thiab ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 0º txog ± 20º, lawv npog ntau dua 60-50% ntawm qhov pom pem hauv ntej thiab sab projections ntawm lub tank tawm tsam (tsis muaj qhov loj "khoob" "nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hnov deb, muaj kev phom sij rau CS thiab BOPS).
Xws li T-72AGs tuaj yeem tau txais kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine nyob ze ciam teb ntawm Lugansk thiab Donetsk Tib Neeg Cov Koomhaum nkaus xwb hauv ib daim ntawv theej rau "khiav-hauv" hauv kev sib ntaus. Txawm li cas los xij, DZ "Riam", hmoov tsis zoo, tau tswj hwm txoj sia tsis yog kaum leej tub rog Ukrainian los ntawm "Azov" thiab Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Ukraine, raws li ib feem ntawm kev tiv thaiv T-64BM2 "Bulat" tso tsheb hlau luam thoob plaws hauv "Square". Tshwj xeeb, tom qab kev ua haujlwm nquag tshaj plaws ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg-lub caij ntuj no nce hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Novorossiya hauv 2014-2015, cov lus nthuav tawm tau tshwm sim hauv Internet nplooj ntawv ntawm Ukrainian magazine Defense, uas qhia T-64BM2 Nazi regiment "Azov "uas tau khaws nws cov txiaj ntsig kev tawm tsam tom qab kev foob pob ntawm pab tub rog nrog riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank. DPR. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo DZ "Riam" uas tau cawm txoj sia ntawm cov tub rog-tankers. Dill kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua MBT T-84A "Oplot", kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej ntawm cov txuas txuas uas nce mus txog 1150 mm sib npaug los ntawm BOPS thiab 1350 mm los ntawm COP. Tsuas yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank zoo li "Kornet-E", "Chrysanthemum" thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub tank muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm no. Yog tias Kharkov "cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv" ua haujlwm rau cov neeg nyiam kev tswj hwm tebchaws Ukraine tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim kho tshiab T-64BV thiab T-80B / UD cov tsev neeg, Cov Tub Rog thiab Czechs tau txhim kho lawv cov txuj ci hauv kev hloov kho lub peev xwm ntawm T-72M1 MBT. Thiab raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshiab tshaj plaws, lawv tau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo hauv daim teb no.
Yog li, lub tuam txhab Polish ZM "Bumar-Labedy" los ntawm 1995 tau tsim kho qhov hloov kho tshiab ntawm T-72M1-PT91 "Twardy". Kev tsim cov tsheb loj thiab kev saws los ntawm pab tub rog Polish txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 2002, ua rau tag nrho ntawm 233 MBTs. Lwm 48 tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm PT-91M / Z "Pendekar" version tau yuav los ntawm Malaysian Ministry of Defense. "Khoom" muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm qhov hnyav nce mus txog 47, 3 tons, lub zog tswj hluav taws tshiab ntawm Fab Kis keeb kwm "Savan-15T" los ntawm lub tuam txhab paub zoo "Sagem", kev tsim kho loj heev tiv thaiv "ERAWA-" 1/2 "tsev neeg, nrog rau lub tshuab fais fab tshiab, sawv cev los ntawm 850-horsepower S-12U diesel cav.
Tus thawj version ntawm T-72M1 thaum pib muaj qhov sib npaug tsis sib xws rau qhov kev kwv yees pem hauv ntej ntawm tus pej thuam ob qho tib si tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm BOPS (kwv yees li 380 hli) thiab tiv thaiv cov phiaj xwm sib sau (tsis pub dhau 490 hli), uas tau piav qhia los ntawm kev tiv thaiv qis ntawm "pob khoom" ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm cov xuab zeb nias, nyob hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim hlau thaiv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub turret, uas yog vim li cas txawm tias kev teeb tsa ERAWA-2 cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tsis tau muab lub tank nrog cov radical nce kev ruaj ntseg. Tshwj xeeb, tom qab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm lub hauv pliaj ntawm lub turret, kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom subcaliber projectiles tau nce mus txog 530 - 540 mm, los ntawm cov phiaj xwm sib sau ua ke - txog 800 mm (nws paub tias " ERAWA -2 "nce kev tiv thaiv BPS los ntawm 1, 4 zaug, los ntawm COP - 1, 6 - 1, 75 zaug). Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom dhau qhov teeb meem no txawm tias muaj kev pab tsis yog BOPS ZBM -32 "Vant" tshiab tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 2000 m, lossis nrog "Pattern" zoo dua los ntawm 2, 5 - 3 km. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv pem hauv ntej ntawm Polish PT-91 yuav tsis sawv mus rau lub zog sib ntaus sib tua muaj zog ntawm lub foob pob 9M133-1 Kornet-E tiv thaiv lub tank. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nug cov lus nug ncaj ncees: vim li cas thiaj yuav tandem "ERAWA-2" tsis tiv nrog tandem ATGM? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no tau yooj yim heev yog tias koj ua tib zoo xav txog cov qauv tsim thiab txuas rau ntawm lub phaj pem hauv ntej ntawm Erava-2 EDZ pej thuam, tsim los ntawm Zelenkovsky Institute of Technology thiab Riam phom (WITU).
Ua ntej tshaj, qhov tuab ntawm ERAWA-2 cov khoom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv yog qhov me me thiab nce mus txog tsuas yog 45 hli, vim qhov uas ob txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom tawg tuaj yeem pib tam sim tom qab pib qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog ua haujlwm zoo li tus nqi ATGM. Qhov thib ob, DZ cov qauv ntawm qhov pom tom hauv ntej ntawm tus pej thuam raug tsau rau ntawm cov kab hlau txuas ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xav tau mus rau qhov ib txwm muaj (los ntawm txoj kab ntawm lub tog raj kheej) ntawm tsuas yog li 15-20 degrees, uas ntxiv txo qhov loj ntawm Erava -2 EDZ cuam tshuam rau lub dav hlau thiab cov hlau hlau ". Qhov xwm txheej tseem phem dua nrog ib txheej DZ modules "ERAWA-1", qhov loj uas tsuas yog 30 hli. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog sau cia qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Polish tsim: "ntsuas" "ERAWA-2" nyob ntawm qhov kev kwv yees pem hauv ntej hauv kev xaj nruj heev, thiab ua kom zoo npog thaj tsam tsis muaj zog ntawm rab phom. daim npog qhov ncauj. Thiab yog li ntawd, yog tias tus yeeb ncuab muaj riam phom tiv thaiv lub tsheb qub nrog cov khoom siv monoblock (PG-7VL "Luch", PG-9V / VS, 9K115 "Metis", 9M14M "Baby"), tom qab ntawd yeej ntawm lub tank PT-91 nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam twg ntawm txoj kev kwv yees pem hauv ntej yog tsis suav nrog.
Sab saud sab saud sab saud ntawm lub hleb ntawm lub tank Polish muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub cev txog li 620 hli. Nws tau sawv cev los ntawm: lub zog muaj zog steel ntawv 16 hli tuab, steel ntawv 60 mm tuab, 105 mm fiberglass phaj thiab cov ntawv hlau rov qab 50 mm tuab. Qhov no tag nrho qhov dav, uas yog tus qauv rau Soviet / Lavxias ua lub tso tsheb hlau luam, tau xav nyob ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 68 degrees mus rau qhov ib txwm, uas tsim kom muaj qhov sib npaug nyob ruaj khov hauv 410 hli yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm VLD muab EDZ "ERAWA-1" ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm tau zoo los ntawm KS, vim yog qhov sib npaug tiv thaiv los ntawm kev yooj yim monoblock zoo li tus nqi projectiles tuaj yeem ncav ntau dua 1100 hli. Qhov no muaj tseeb rau ntau hom kev paub paub cov cuab yeej nyob deb ntawm VLD. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv BOPS tseem nyob hauv qib ntawm 580 hli, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv qis heev tiv thaiv tandem CS.
Kev txav mus los ntawm Polish PT-91 ua ntej tsis tuaj yeem siab, vim tias muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 47, 5 tons thiab lub zog ntawm 850 hp. lub zog tshwj xeeb yog raws nraim 18 hp / t, uas tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov ntsuas loj nyob rau xyoo pua 21st. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj loj rau lub tshuab PZL-Wola S-1000 lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshiab 1000-horsepower tshiab tsis tau pib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tua hluav taws ntawm PT-91 yog nyob rau qib zoo. FCS "Savan-15T" zoo ib yam li FCS "Savan-20" teeb tsa ntawm Leclercs. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm kev koom ua ke hauv network-centric REO ntawm Polish tso tsheb hlau luam cov dav hlau ntawm qhov tseeb TIUS ICONE TIS, tsim los ua pab pawg sib ntaus nrog Fabkis AMX-56 "Leclerc".
Cov tom ntej no, txawm tias qhov nthuav dua ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm T-72M1 tuaj yeem hu ua Czech T-72 "Scarab" ("Scarab") los ntawm lub tuam txhab "Excalibur Army". Kev sib ntaus hnyav ntawm lub tank yog 45 tons, nrog lub zog B-84 lub cav yog 840 hp. tsim lub zog-rau-qhov hnyav piv ntawm 18.7 hp / t (qhov zoo tshaj li PT-91 tau ua tiav). Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm nthuav tawm nrog lub tank ntawm International Fair of Defense and Security Technology-2017 (IDET-2017) hauv Czech Brno thaum Lub Rau Hli 1, 2017, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov deb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm 60 km / teev h ntawm txoj kev loj thiab 45 km rau hauv av. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev tsav tsheb ntawm lub tsheb tseem nyob ntawm qhov nruab nrab, qis dua T-90S lossis T-80U. Tab sis hais txog ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub cev, peb pom daim duab sib txawv diametrically. Lub tsheb tau txais lub cim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab lub hauv paus hom tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rov qab rau sab xub ntiag ntawm lub hull.
Thaum thawj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Czech lub ntsiab lus MBT T-72 "Scarab", qhov kev saib xyuas ntau tshaj plaws tau rub mus rau tus pej thuam nrog thawj daim phiaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv nyiaj siv ua haujlwm qub nrog cov tsis paub hom tshwj xeeb muab tub lim (cov no tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si daim hlau lossis cov pob ntawm qhov sib nrug cov cuab yeej ua rog, thiab ntim nrog "cov ntawv txheeb" siv hauv cov qauv ntawm daim hlau thaiv pem hauv ntej T-72B thiab T-90S). Dua li qhov no, tus tsim tawm thov tias "Scarab" modular attachment armor yog ntawm hom passive. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cov qauv muaj lub ntsej muag ua lub ntsej muag zoo nrog lub ntsej muag ncaj ncaj. Qhov xav tau ntawm ntu sab saud thiab qis dua ntawm "wedge" mus rau qhov ib txwm yog li 60 degrees, uas ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo sib xws los ntawm BPS thiab KS los ntawm kev nce qhov loj ntawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab ua rau kom muaj kev pheej hmoo.
Ntxiv mus, passive armored modules, tsis zoo li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, koom nrog cov kev tiv thaiv "ua si ntev" thiab tsis nthuav tawm lub ntsiab tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv daim hlau thaiv ntawm lub pej thuam tom qab raug tsoo los ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab sib tsoo. Yog tias koj tau taw qhia los ntawm cov duab ntawm kev pib xyaum ua, uas qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm Scarab lub hauv ntej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem kwv yees lawv qhov nruab nrab lub cev loj, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv rau cov cuab yeej ib txwm muaj ntawm T-72M1 turret nrog qhov sib npaug tiv taus BOPS - 380 hli. Thiab qhov ntawd yog lwm 300-350 mm! Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb txiav txim siab tias qhov sib npaug ntawm T -72 "Scarab" turret los ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom tuaj yeem yog los ntawm 640 txog 680 hli (nyob ntawm tus muab tub lim) thiab los ntawm cov plhaub sib sau - txog 900 - 950 hli. Ntxiv rau txhua yam, cov qauv tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo kawg nkaus npog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm 125 mm 2A46 rab phom. Kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv cov zygomatic seem ntawm turret armor, tom qab uas tus thawj coj thiab rab phom lub rooj zaum nyob. Cov phaj me me ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv sab nraub qaum tau npog nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv passive nyob rau hauv kev nyab xeeb tswj lub ces kaum ntawm º 35-40º (tsis muaj qhov phem dua li ntawm T-90S). Saum toj no lub breech ntawm lub tank phom (saum lub phaj phom sab saud ntawm lub turret), koj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov khoom loj ntawm kev tiv thaiv modular.
Sab saud sab saud sab saud ntawm lub hull tau npog nrog qhov zoo ib yam li pob khawm ERA nrog 4C20 Hu-1 cov ntsiab lus. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim li. Nov yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj zog tiv thaiv txheej txheej tiv thaiv "DYNA-72". Cov txheej txheem anticumulative no tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm ob txheej txheej ntawm cov xwm txheej lossis cov ntu hla ntu, uas, nrog qhov raug piv ntawm cov tuab ntawm lub plhaub-phaj (tooj liab, hlau lossis txhuas) rau cov tuab ntawm cov txheej tawg, tuaj yeem ua tiav 80-83% txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib txuam ntawm cov phaj npog npog. Thiaj li, qhov tsis kam ntawm VLD ntawm T-72 "Scarab" tank hull los ntawm COP yog kwv yees li 800 hli. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm BPS hauv DZ nrog txheej txheej anticumulative spatial tsis zoo li ntau tshaj 15 - 20%.
Feem ntau, peb muaj lub tswv yim Czech zoo rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Soviet T-72M1, uas hais txog kev nyab xeeb yog ua ntej ntawm ntau qhov kev paub zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm T-64B thiab T-72A / B / M1; ua tsaug rau qhov loj "zygomatic" cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej ua tsis tau zoo, T-72 "Scarab" tseem tawm ntawm Polish PT-91 "Twardy" nyob tom qab.
YUAV UA LI CAS THIAJ YUAV TSHUAJ IB QHOV TSEEB TSEV KAWM NTAWV "RAWS LI" NTAWM RUSSIAN ARMY - T -72B3 - TSEEM NYOB RAU HAUV LUB NTIAJ TEB SCARAB THIAB "SOLID"?
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm no tsis yog liab qab heev. Yog, vim muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb nrog "cov ntawv cuam tshuam" (tsis txhob siv cov pas nrig ntawm T-72M1) thiab DZ built-in "Contact-5", qhov sib npaug tiv thaiv ntawm lub hauv ntej qhov projection ntawm turret tiv thaiv armor- Kev khawb khauj khaum hauv T -72B3 nce mus txog 620-900 hli, los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke -790 -1100 hli nyob ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov hluav taws kub (0 lossis 30 degrees rau qhov ib txwm muaj). Nrog rau sab saud sab saud, qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws: 680-720 mm los ntawm BPS thiab 800-1090 mm los ntawm COP. Nws zoo li nyob rau theem ntawm kev cia siab Czech T-72 "Scarab", thiab zoo dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua tau zoo. Thiab Polish PT-91 feem ntau yog "hauv qab plinth"! Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog sab saud ntawm cov dej khov rau qhov tseeb "hurray-patriotism", thaum kev sib piv ntawm thev naus laus zis yuav tsum yog lub hom phiaj. Yog tias koj saib zoo li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm DZ 4S22 "Sib cuag-5" sib tshooj ua ntej ntawm T-72B3 turret, tom qab ntawd nws dhau los ua qhov txaus ntshai heev rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus thawj coj thiab phom: muaj ib nrab-meter qhib ntu ntawm sab xub ntiag phom daim hlau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm daim npog ntsej muag phom (sab laug "qhov sib txawv" tam sim no vim xav tau los khaws cia saib ntawm tus neeg tua phom pom qhov nyuaj 1A40-1, txoj cai - yog li tsis txhob zais qhov PKT qhov chaw tua hluav taws).
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb muaj qhov loj tiv thaiv tsis tau "lub qhov rais liab qab" nrog lub zog ntev txog 400-450 hli, uas tuaj yeem raug khawb los ntawm RPG-7 lossis lwm yam riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank siv cov khoom siv monoblock ". Los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1.5 km, T-72B3 tuaj yeem tsoo txawm tias BOPS qub xws li "Hairpin" thiab "Nadezhda-R" (muab nws tsoo rau saum toj no piav qhia "window"). Tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov khoob loj ntawm EDZ 4S22, nrog rau thaj chaw qhib heev ntawm lub hull-turret interface, qhov twg, thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, ob qho ntawm OFS thiab cores ntawm tib M829A1 / 2 BOPS nrog cov cuab yeej nkag mus. 700 thiab 740 hli, feem, tuaj yeem nkag mus; tsis tas yuav piav qhia qhov tshwm sim. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws yog lub sijhawm los xav txog kev rov nruab T-72B3 nrog Relikt DZ teeb tsa, thiab qhov tseeb kom rov nco txog Slingshot project. Muaj kev sib tham txog qhov no txij li xyoo 16, thiab qhov xwm txheej tsis tau tawm hauv av.
