"… Thiab nws pub rau fables!"
(Boris Godunov AS Pushkin)
Leej twg cav tias koj yuav tsum paub keeb kwm ntawm koj lub tebchaws? Tsis muaj leej twg! Tab sis koj tuaj yeem paub nws hauv ntau txoj kev. Koj tuaj yeem txwv koj tus kheej rau hauv phau ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab … tus menyuam yaus ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj tsis xav tau ntxiv lawm. Koj tseem tuaj yeem nyeem "Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm cov thawj coj yav tom ntej". Phau ntawv heev … "qib siab" rau lub hnub nyoog tsim nyog. Tom ntej no los tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb: rau "techies", keeb kwm Lavxias tau nyeem rau ib semester … thiab yog nws! Tib neeg txoj kev tshawb fawb nws mus rau qhov ntau dua, tab sis feem ntau kuj … "ntawm gallop hla Europe." Tab sis qhov phem tshaj nyob hauv tsev kawm qib siab rau kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm thiab cov kev qhuab qhia xws li keeb kwm keeb kwm. Kuv nco tau zoo li cas kuv thiab kuv cov phooj ywg kawm hauv nws lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1972 txog 1977. Peb ua li cas? Thiab ntawm no yog li cas - "txawm li cas los xij!" "Pab" nyeem … tus kws tshawb fawb, yog, tab sis nws nyiam "muab rau". Qhov kev qhuab qhia thib ob yog nws tus phooj ywg haus cawv, tsis yog txhua tus neeg muaj cai tso cai uas yws ib yam dab tsi hauv nws qhov ua tsis taus pa, thiab ua tsis tiav los txhim kho peb qhov tseem ceeb - uas tsuas yog muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog leej twg, dab tsi thiab yuav sau li cas ua ntej koj pab sau qee yam tshiab rau koj! Thiab, tej zaum, kuv vam tias, qee qhov txhua qhov no tau kawm thiab tau kawm nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv kiag li, txawm hais tias kev qhia paub txij li xyoo 1982 qhia tau tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb no tseem raug suav nrog, tsawg kawg los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Hauv kab lus ntawm Mr. Samsonov, lo lus "cov tub rog raug kaw" tau siv ntau zaus uas nws txhais tau tias "siv lub hlwb tawm." Thiab nws puas tuaj yeem, los ntawm txoj kev, los tshuaj xyuas qhov "txwv" ntawm cov tub rog tom ntej ua ntej sau txog nws? Yog, yooj yim! Piv txwv li, thaum kuv xav tau qhov no, kuv tig mus rau Askiv "Medieval Society" Askiv thiab lawv muab cov duab rau kuv … cov duab - cov duab puab tombstone ntawm cov tub rog, ua tam sim tom qab lawv tuag, lossis ntau xyoo tom qab. Tab sis lawv tseem xav txog qhov uas tus kws puab pom. Thiab lawv tau nthuav dav, tsis zoo li cov ntawv me me hauv cov ntawv sau uas pom kev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab txhua yam tau sau hnub tim rau xyoo ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus neeg tuag uas lawv sawv cev. Cia peb npaj ib hom "sijhawm mus ncig" thiab saib yuav ua li cas cov duab zoo cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo "los ntawm thiab mus rau". Nov yog thawj zaug thiab nto moo heev: duab ntawm William Longspe, siab. 1226 Salisbury Cathedral. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nws txhua tus los ntawm lub taub hau mus rau ntiv taw hauv cov ntawv xa ntawv. Thiab txij li cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv yog tus nqi, tom qab ntawd ib tus yuav tsum xav tias qhov qub tau hnav hauv 1240. Los yog tsis yog?
Lub caij no, nws yog qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog keeb kwm keeb kwm, vim txhua qhov no ua ke yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Thiab - Kuv yuav ntxiv, rau pseudo -scientific kev sau xov xwm. Vim tias koj tuaj yeem, tau kawg, rov sau dua ob peb phau ntawv tsis raug "los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Ochakovskys thiab kev kov yeej ntawm Crimea" thiab tshaj tawm nws, lossis koj tuaj yeem saib tsis tu ncua, hais, xws li cov ntawv xov xwm kev kawm xws li "Voprosy istorii", qhov twg tsis yog tsuas yog ntau cov ntawv ntxim nyiam tau tshaj tawm, rov txuas nrog cov ntawv pom zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj tseem "e-mail" ntawm lawv cov kws sau ntawv, uas yog, koj tuaj yeem tiv tauj lawv thiab tau txais cov lus teb rau koj cov lus nug.
Puas yog txhua tus tub rog taug kev zoo li ntawd? Yog! Nov yog cov duab ntawm Robert de Roos, d. 1227 Lub Tuam Tsev London.
Ntawd yog … txhua yam nyob ntawd, los ntawm kev sau ua tiav ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm (feem ntau lees txais lub npe luv PSRL) - phau ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia thaum ub thiab nruab nrab medieval, mus rau qhov sib xws, dua, cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm thiab monographs. Thiab yog li nws yuav tsum tshwm sim uas hnub no kuv tuaj rau kuv lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab coj kuv cov teeb meem tom ntej ntawm "Cov Lus Nug ntawm Keeb Kwm", thiab muaj ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm Ph. D., Tus Xib Fwb Xib Hwb AN Nesterenko. "Cov lus tsis tseeb ntawm phau ntawv sau txog Alexander Nevsky hauv keeb kwm Lavxias." Vim li cas cov ntaub ntawv hauv VI zoo? Qhov tseeb uas cia rau txhua qhov tseeb, thiab tias muaj qhov tseeb - lo lus, muaj qhov txuas mus rau qhov chaw thiab qhov chaw muaj zog. Ntawd yog, mus, cov neeg zoo, mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv, nyeem, sib piv thiab kawm ntau yam ntawm koj tus kheej. Txij li, raws li kuv tau sau los saum no, cov peev txheej tseem ceeb heev, yog li, tej zaum, peb yuav tsum pib nrog keeb kwm. Thiab ntxiv - muaj cov neeg ntse uas ua tau haujlwm zoo, tau sau kab lus "Sau cov peev txheej hais txog Kev Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm dej khov" (Begunov Yu. K., Kleinenberg I. E., Shaskolsky IP). Thiab nws txaus rau ib tus neeg "tsav" txhua qhov no rau hauv Google, raws li nws yuav muab rau koj. Thiab hauv nws, dua, txuas rau cov keeb kwm los ntawm PSRL. Yog li, yog tias ib tus neeg tsis ntseeg Thomas tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem nrhiav txhua yam nws tus kheej, sib piv, sib piv thiab kos cov lus xaus. Thaum kawg, nws yooj yim mus lob 1942 ua ntaub ntawv ntawm Pravda thiab saib lub Plaub Hlis 5 kev kho. Ntseeg kuv, nws yog qhov nthuav ntau dua li cov kab lus hais txog Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Neva thiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Cov Dej khov luam tawm ntawm no, thiab tseem muaj keeb kwm ntau lub sijhawm. Thiab peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub sijhawm nws yog dab tsi, kev ua tsov rog zoo li cas, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - leej twg tus kheej kho Pravda nrog tus xaum xaum. Thiab … Kuv plam txhua yam sau, thiab yog li - pom zoo!
Nov yog qhov tsis zoo khaws cia ntawm William de Charpenoine ntawm Umberlain, d. 1240 Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nws hnav yog tseem pom!
Yog li, raws li qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb muaj nyob hauv peb keeb kwm keeb kwm, peb niaj hnub no tuaj yeem tsim kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tib lub pas dej Peipsi … yog. Tias cov tub rog Lavxias (cia li hais) hauv kev coj ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander kov yeej cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog. Thiab qhov ntawd yog nws! Cov lus qhia ntxiv? Yog, muaj ntau qhov chaw sib txawv! "Cov neeg tuag tau poob rau hauv cov nyom", "cov kwv tij muaj zog tua cov neeg tua phom", "Chudi poob ntau suav tsis txheeb" thiab lwm tus, tab sis tsis muaj coob leej ntawm lawv, thiab ntxiv lawv txhua tus nyob hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, nrog rau hauv Livonian rhymed chronicle, hais txog qhov twg, los ntawm txoj kev, hauv keeb kwm K. Zhukov zoo heev qhia nws cov lus, raws li qhov tseeb, txog "Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Cov Dej" nws tus kheej.
Gilbert Marshall 4th Earl ntawm Pembroke, d. 1241
Thiab los ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv qab no: Tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv qhov dej poob lawm, tsis muaj leej twg tau raug mob hnyav, Tsawg tsawg tus tub rog los ntawm ob tog koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab txhua qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab ntawm Beskorovny thiab Razin yog cov ntsiab lus dawb huv tsim los rau cov lus yooj yim.. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj leej twg hais qhov tseeb tias qhov tseeb ntawm cov tub rog poob dej vim yog "tawg ntawm cov dej khov" tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg, tsuas yog nws tau tshwm sim me ntsis ua ntej, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Omovzha, uas, ntxiv, keeb kwm qhia peb, thiab ib qho ntxiv, thiab tej zaum yuav yog kev sib ntaus sib tua nkaus xwb ntawm cov dej khov tau tshwm sim tiag tiag … hauv 1270, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, Kuv tau sau kom ntxaws txog hauv kuv kab lus ntawm VO no.
Tam sim no cia tham txog peb cov keeb kwm pseudo-tus hlub "npua" … Ib zaug ntxiv, Kuv tsis xav tuav K. Zhukov lub khob cij, nws tham txog nws hauv qhov nthuav dav, tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi AN tau sau txog nws. Nesterenko (VI, pp. 109-10): "Cov neeg German pib sib ntaus nrog npua npua" - lwm qhov kev xav tsis zoo ib yam. Qhov tseeb tias kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov neeg caij nees, "npua", ua zoo li rab yaj phom ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev npau suav. Qhov tseeb, nrog rau kev tsim, tsuas yog cov neeg caij tsheb uas nyob hauv kab ua ntej, uas yog, cov neeg tsawg tsawg, tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov tub rog sawv tom qab lawv tsis yog tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem muab kev pab rau cov nyob rau pem hauv ntej, tab sis ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev tuav tswj thiab tsim kev sib tsoo. Ntxiv mus, kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov tub rog tsis tuaj yeem txhais los ntawm kev txhais, txij li thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, cov nees nyob rau sab nraub qaum yuav tsis nias ntawm cov nees pem hauv ntej, thiab yog tias cov neeg caij tsheb sim yuam lawv, qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv qib ntawm kev tawm tsam cov tub rog, thiab nws yuav dhau los ua neeg yooj yim rau cov yeeb ncuab. …
Thiab qhov no yog tub rog los ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Wales. Tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo hauv lub kaus mom hlau Tophel. Surko, kaus mom hlau, ntaub thaiv npog thiab saw xa ntawv thiab … txhua yam!
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, "wedge", thaum mus txog ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, yuav tsum tig mus ua kab. Tsuas yog txoj hauv kev no tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog hnyav tshaj plaws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws rau cov yeeb ncuab, tib lub sijhawm ua rau nws tsis muaj sijhawm los tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov "wedge" tsuas yog tsim nyog rau kev sib tham nrog tus yeeb ncuab. Nrog nws txoj kev pab, kev tawm tsam loj heev thiab ua ke tau ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm thaum, tau mus txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus nrug mus rau cov yeeb ncuab sib ntaus sib tua, "wedge" hloov mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam nees lava. Yog tias qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau pib tam sim ntawd hauv txoj kab xa tawm, tom qab ntawd tsis txhob tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, cov tub rog yuav tawg mus thoob plaws hauv tshav rog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog caij nees hnyav, sib cav sib ceg thiab txav mus los thoob plaws thaj tsam, los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas txaus ntshai yuav tig mus rau kev yos hav zoov yooj yim rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ib txwm siv nrog hneev ntev, thiab yuav raug swb tom qab swb los ntawm cov tub rog hauv nroog, ntsib cov tub rog caij nees. nyob ze tsim, txhuam nrog hmuv ntev. Lossis lawv yuav dhau los ua neeg tua rog ntawm lub cav cav sib tua, tua ib tus neeg caij tsheb los ntawm txhua sab, tua nws los ntawm kev deb nrog hneev.
Ntawm no nws yog - John Leverick, uas tau tuag hauv 1350 thiab raug faus hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub nroog Ash, - thawj daim duab uas peb pom lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm ib tug tub rog hnav khaub ncaws. Nws ob txhais ceg kuj tseem "raug kaw" hauv cov ris tsho tiv thaiv lub cev.
"Wedge" muaj lwm qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb heev: lub hauv ntej nqaim. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog maj mam, "ib qib zuj zus", txav los ze tus yeeb ncuab, nws tau dhau los ua lub hom phiaj zoo rau cov hneev taw. Thiab thaum tsim nrog "cov nplais", lub hom phiaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tua tau dhau los tsuas yog ob peb tus neeg caij hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Tus so tsuas yog tuaj yeem tua hluav taws ncaj qha.
Thiab ntawm no yog tus tub rog, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua "raug kaw" hauv cov cuab yeej ua rog - John de Cubham, uas tuag xyoo 1354 thiab raug faus hauv Cobham lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog qhov ua kom zoo nkauj, tab sis lub paj tawg - tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus teev cia kev pam tuag, uas yooj yim dua - kos rau ntawm daim ntawv tooj dag. Thiab ntawm txoj hlua khi no nws yog qhov tseeb tias tus tub rog no tseem tsis tau tag nrho "saw" …
Yog li, tus tub rog lub ntsej muag, "npua lub taub hau", tsuas yog npaj rau kev sib tham nrog tus yeeb ncuab, thiab tsis yog rau kev tawm tsam, thiab txawm tias tsawg dua rau "ramming ntaus". Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj cov tub rog nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov npoo tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Cov tub rog yuav tsum khaws nrawm kom nrawm mus rau hauv lub gallop (ib teev ntawm kev sib tw trot hauv cov cuab yeej yog kev rau txim rau Templars!), Thiab tsis muaj cov tub rog tuaj yeem tuaj yeem nrog tus nees caij nees! Lub lynx hauv cov hlau yog rau cov superheroes, thiab, raws li koj paub, lawv tsis muaj!
Qee cov duab tau pleev xim, pleev xim rau, hauv ib lo lus, qhov no yog lub tsev teev ntuj uas tsis tshua muaj neeg pom thiab muaj sijhawm … los saib yav dhau los. Knight Pieter de Grandissan, d. 1358 (Hereford Cathedral). Ua tib zoo saib nws lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, "rab raum lub raum" nyob rau sab, uas kuj tseem hu ua "rab ntaj nrog qe". Nws twb muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm nws ob txhais ceg, thiab thaiv ntawm nws lub luj tshib, tab sis tsis muaj ntxiv lawm!
Richard Pembridge, uas tuag hauv 1375 (Hereford Cathedral), tseem hnav cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, yog, tab sis … kuj tseem muaj cov saw xa ntawv aventail hauv nws ib pab tub rog, uas yog, nws tsis "raug kaw" mus rau qhov kawg!
Txawm li cas los xij, "npua" tsis phem li. Peb ib txhia nyiam heev txog "cov tub rog raug kaw hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv" uas lawv "nqa" Jarl Birger (hais txog qhov nws koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva, raws li AN Nesterenko sau, tsis tau tshaj tawm hauv keeb kwm lossis hauv "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky "!) Thiab qhov twg, lawv hais tias, peb Alexander raug mob nrog hmuv, txawm hais tias ntawm nws pob txha taub hau, thiab nws muaj txoj sia nyob, tsis muaj ib qho cim ntawm qhov raug mob, uas tau lees paub xyoo 2010 los ntawm tus kws kos duab Oscar Nilsson. Txawm li cas los xij, Vajtswv foom koob hmoov rau nws, nrog pob txha taub hau. Wb tham txog armor. Thiab ntawm no ntawm VO thiab ntau yam ua ntej, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm M. V. Gorelik rov qab rau xyoo 1975, luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb, piav ntau zaus txog cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog xyoo 1240. Thiab … lawv tsis muaj cov cuab yeej forged! Tab sis nrog kev mob siab rau … lawv tseem sau txog lawv. Dab tsi rau? Hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm Internet, qhov no yog yam tsawg kawg coj txawv txawv. Tab sis … ntawm qhov no, kuv xav tias, cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem ua tiav. Kuv tsis xav txwv tsis pub VO cov neeg nyeem ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm kev paub ntawm tus kheej nrog cov ntaub ntawv muaj npe hauv kab lus thiab kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej, uas, tsis muaj kev poob siab, yuav ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm zoo dua!
Zoo, raws li kev yees duab ncig ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog muab rau ntawm no, nws yuav tsum txaus txaus! Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob nws tau hais: nws zoo dua pom ib zaug, puas yog? Zoo, thiab lwm tus neeg tau hais tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau txav mus rau lub hom phiaj maj, "ib qib zuj zus." Feem ntau yuav muaj, ob peb ntawm cov neeg uas nyeem tag nrho cov no yuav pom lub zog tig mus rau cov lus hais los saum no thiab, tshwj xeeb, rau phau ntawv xov xwm Voprosy istorii, uas yog kev tshaj tawm tom qab txhua qhov. Tab sis tsawg kawg peb xam tawm cov tub rog, txoj cai? Thiab thaum peb lub sijhawm tom ntej, zoo, cia peb hais tias, hauv ib xyoos lossis ob xyoos, peb yuav rov nyeem dua no txog Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Neva thiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Cov Dej khov, peb tuaj yeem cia siab tias, yam tsawg kawg, cov tub rog "raug kaw hauv cov cuab yeej ua rog" cov ntaub ntawv yav tom ntej no yuav tsis yog!
Thiab tam sim no, thaum kawg, tag nrho "cov tub rog tiv thaiv" - Nicholas de Longford, siab. 1416 (Lub Koom Txoos Longford). Nco tseg tias muaj xub thawj heev ntawm besagyu - cov ntaub thaiv npog lub xub pwg ntawm nws cov cuab yeej. Feem ntau besagyu tau puag ncig. Thiab cov no zoo li lub plhaub. Xws li yog qhov qub! Thiab tam sim no cia peb suav: txij li 1240 … 176 xyoo dhau los!
