Ob lub lis piam puas tuaj yeem ploj ntawm tus neeg lub neej? Yog lawm, yog tias, piv txwv li, nws mob hnyav, nws tsis nco qab lawm. Tab sis xyoo 1918, ob lub lis piam poob los ntawm lub neej ntawm lub tebchaws loj - Russia. Lub sijhawm txij li 1 txog 13 Lub Ob Hlis 1918 tsis nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub Lavxias, thiab qhov no tau piav qhia yooj yim heev. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 24, 1918, raws 100 xyoo dhau los, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm RSFSR tau txiav txim siab hloov lub tebchaws mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tim 31 Lub Ib Hlis 1918, yog li ntawd, tom qab Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1918, Lub Ob Hlis 14, 1918 tau pib hauv lub tebchaws..
Raws li koj paub, daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tau siv hauv tebchaws Russia txog rau xyoo 1918. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ntseeg kev coj noj coj ua: hauv tebchaws Russia, Orthodoxy yog lub xeev kev ntseeg. Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau txais hauv Roman Empire los ntawm Julius Caesar, tom qab uas nws tau txais nws lub npe. Txog rau thaum Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab lig, tag nrho Tebchaws Europe tau ua raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian, tab sis xyoo 1582 Pope Gregory XIII tau tshaj tawm txoj cai hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev txais yuav daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab yog kev hloov pauv nrog rau Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm vernal equinox. Qhov xwm txheej no tsim qee qhov nyuaj hauv kev suav hnub Easter.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1582, cov tebchaws uas ntseeg Catholic tshaj plaws, qhov uas Vatican nyiam muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev, hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub - Spain, Portugal, Rzeczpospolita thiab cov xeev ntawm Ltalis. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1582 Fabkis tau txais Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, thiab xyoo 1583 Austria, Bavaria, Flanders, Holland thiab ntau lub tebchaws German. Hauv ntau lwm lub xeev European, kev hloov pauv tau maj mam dhau mus. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov xeev Protestant ntawm Europe tau tawm tsam Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas qhov tsis kam siv daim ntawv qhia hnub los ntawm Pope yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis txhua yam zoo ib yam, txawm tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem zam kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub. Yog li, hauv tebchaws Askiv, Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau siv tsuas yog hauv 1752. Ib xyoos tom qab, Sweden hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Maj mam, cov tebchaws ntawm Asia kuj tau hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, piv txwv li, xyoo 1873 nws tau tshaj tawm hauv Nyij Pooj, xyoo 1911 - hauv Suav Teb (tom qab, Tuam Tshoj tso tseg daim Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab los rau nws dua).
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws kev hloov pauv mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tsis mob. Piv txwv li, hauv tebchaws Askiv, uas hloov mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab xyoo 1752, txawm tias muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm tib neeg tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev hloov pauv uas tau tshwm sim. Hauv tebchaws Russia, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, xyoo 1700, Peter I, ua raws txoj cai ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, qhia txog Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias rau txhua qhov nws siv zog rau kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub neej, Peter tsis tau npaj txhij mus tawm tsam lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, uas yog qhov tsis zoo hais txog kev hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev hloov pauv mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub yeej tsis tau ua. Qhov no suav nrog ntau yam kev nyuaj hauv kev lag luam, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv nrog Tebchaws Europe, tab sis lub tsev teev ntuj tau hais kom khaws cia daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian, thiab Lavxias tus huab tais tsis tau tawm tsam nws txoj haujlwm.
Hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab pib tham txog qhov xav tau ntawm kev hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li lub sijhawm no cov tebchaws Protestant ntawm Europe, suav nrog Great Britain, kuj tau hloov mus rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj coj ntawm kev kawm rau pej xeem, General Karl Lieven, tau hais tawm tsam kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub. Nws yog, tau kawg, txhawb los ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Thaum, nyob rau ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, Dmitry Mendeleev tau tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab, nws tau raug saib xyuas sai sai los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Holy Synod, uas tshaj tawm tias lub sijhawm tseem tsis tau los txog rau qhov loj ntawd- kev hloov kho nplai Lub tsev teev ntuj pom tsis muaj laj thawj tso tseg Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, txij li, ua ntej, nws tau siv ntau pua xyoo hauv Orthodox kev lig kev cai, thiab qhov thib ob, yog tias Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, Txoj Cai Liturgical yuav zam tsis dhau, vim tias hnub ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Holy Easter tau suav raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub tshwj xeeb lunisolar, uas tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog rau Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam Xyoo 1917, uas tau rhuav tshem kev ua vajntxwv hauv tebchaws Russia, tau dhau los ua lub zog rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv loj hauv lub neej hauv lub tebchaws. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm uas lub tebchaws tau txiav txim los ntawm Tsoomfwv Ib Ntus tias kev tsim kho daim ntawv hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub pib. Nws cov kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, txij li ob npaug ntawm kev sau hnub tim hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab cov ntawv tau siv ntev lawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog lawv mob siab rau cov xwm txheej hauv lwm lub xeev lossis raug xa mus rau qhov chaw ntxiv nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm txij Lub Ob Hlis mus txog Lub Kaum Hli 1917, nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob hauv lub tebchaws - Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus tsis ua li ntawd.
Kev Tawm Tsam Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917 thaum kawg coj Russia hloov daim ntawv qhia hnub. Yog lawm, cov neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv - Bolsheviks tsis quav ntsej txog kev ntseeg sib txawv ntawm cov ntseeg Orthodox thiab Catholic, lawv tsis xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Tab sis txij li "txhua tus tib neeg tau nce qib", raws li Bolsheviks nyiam hais, tau los ntawm lub sijhawm no hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub, lawv kuj xav hloov kho tshiab rau Russia. Yog tias koj tso tseg lub ntiaj teb qub - tom qab ntawd hauv txhua yam, suav nrog daim ntawv qhia hnub. Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug ntawm kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub yog qhov txaus siab rau Bolsheviks. Qhov no tau lees paub yam tsawg kawg los ntawm qhov tseeb uas twb tau nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 16 (29), 1917, ntawm ib qho ntawm cov rooj sib tham thawj zaug ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Tib Neeg Cov Thawj Coj ntawm RSFSR, cov lus nug ntawm qhov xav tau hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau nce.
Lub luag haujlwm tau ua los ntawm "kev ntseeg" ntawm Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Txawm hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub nws tus kheej tau qhia nyob hauv Europe ntawm kev pib ntawm Pope, Lub Koom Txoos Lavxias Orthodox tsis tau hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 23 (Lub Ob Hlis 5), 1918, Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tau sib cais los ntawm lub xeev, uas thaum kawg tsis tau txhais tes ntawm tsoomfwv tshiab ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txwv cov txheej txheem kev teev ntuj thiab pawg ntseeg. Lub Bolsheviks tau txiav txim siab los cuam tshuam lwm txoj hauv kev rau lub Koom Txoos Orthodox los ntawm kev tso tseg Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Nyob rau tib lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam Cov Neeg, uas pawg ntseeg tau sib cais los ntawm lub xeev, tau tsim txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb los hloov mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab. Nws nthuav tawm ob qhov xwm txheej ua tau. Thawj qhov kev xaiv tau xav tias yog muag muag thiab hloov pauv mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab - pov tseg 24 teev hauv ib xyoos. Hauv qhov no, kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub yuav siv sijhawm 13 xyoos, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tseem yuav haum rau Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox Lavxias. Tab sis Vladimir Lenin vam khom rau qhov kev xaiv ntau dua, uas xav tias yog ib kauj ruam thiab hloov pauv sai rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 24 (Lub Ob Hlis 6), 1918, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Cov Cai ntawm RSFSR tau lees txais tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev qhia txog Western European daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau tebchaws Lavxias, thiab ob hnub tom qab, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26 (Lub Ob Hlis 8), 1918, tsab cai tau kos npe los ntawm Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm RSFSR Vladimir Lenin. Ntxiv nrog rau Lenin, daim ntawv tau kos npe los ntawm Tus Pab rau Tib Neeg Tus Kheej rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws Georgy Chicherin, Tib Neeg Tus Thawj Kav Xwm ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Alexander Shlyapnikov, Tib Neeg Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm Sab Hauv ntawm RSFSR Grigory Petrovsky, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Supreme Council ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws ntawm RSFSR Valerian Obolensky. Qhov laj thawj rau kev hloov pauv mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab tau hu ua qhov xav tau los tsim hauv Russia kev suav lub sijhawm, tib yam "nrog yuav luag txhua haiv neeg kev coj noj coj ua."
Nws tau txiav txim siab los qhia daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab tom qab lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1918 tas sij hawm. Txog qhov no, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg tau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab thawj hnub tom qab Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1918, tsis yog Lub Ob Hlis 1, tab sis Lub Ob Hlis 14, 1918. Txoj cai tseem hais ntxiv tias txhua txoj haujlwm raws li kev cog lus thiab kev cai lij choj uas tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1 thiab 14 tau raug ncua mus rau lub sijhawm txij li Lub Ob Hlis 14 txog Lub Ob Hlis 27 los ntawm ntxiv kaum peb hnub rau hnub kawg. Nrog ntxiv ntawm kaum peb hnub, txhua qhov kev lav phib xaub nyob rau lub sijhawm txij Lub Ob Hlis 14 txog Lub Xya Hli 1, 1918 tau suav, thiab cov kev cog lus pib thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1918 tau txiav txim siab tias tau tshwm sim lawm raws li tus lej ntawm Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab. Tsis tas li, tsab cai tswj hwm teeb meem ntawm kev them nyiaj hli thiab nyiaj hli rau cov pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws. Txog thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1918, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau qhia nyob hauv kab zauv tus lej raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub qub hauv txhua cov ntaub ntawv, thiab txij Lub Xya Hli 1, 1918, tsuas yog tus lej raws li Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Qhov kev txiav txim siab hloov lub tebchaws mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov txiv plig thiab kws ntseeg. Twb nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 1918, kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub tau dhau los ua kev sib tham ntawm All-Russia Local Council. Muaj kev sib tham zoo hauv qhov kev sib tham no. Xibfwb Ivan Alekseevich Karabinov tau hais tias Cov ntseeg qub thiab lwm lub koom txoos autocephalous yuav tsis pom zoo nrog qhov kev thov hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab tseem yuav ua kev zoo siab rau hnub so hauv pawg ntseeg raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub qub. Qhov xwm txheej no, nyeg, yuav ua txhaum txoj kev sib koom ntawm Orthodox Churches. Lwm tus neeg hais lus, xibfwb Ivan Ivanovich Sokolov, uas tseem tau mloog zoo rau qhov tsis muaj txoj cai ntawm Lavxias Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox los txiav txim siab tus kheej qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub, tsis muaj kev sib koom tes ua nws nrog lwm lub koom txoos autocephalous, pom zoo nrog txoj haujlwm no. Layman Mitrofan Alekseevich Semyonov, tus tswv cuab ntawm Petrograd Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Nyuaj Siab, nyeg, thov kom tsis txhob hnov qab txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Bolsheviks, uas yuav zam qhov xav tau hloov mus rau daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab.
Xib fwb ntawm Moscow Theological Academy thiab tus tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Orthodox Lavxias Lub Koom Txoos los ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab siab dua Sergei Sergeevich Glagolev tau hais ntxiv tias hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nws tsis zoo li nws yuav muaj peev xwm nyob twj ywm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub qub, txij li nws yog ntau thiab ntau ntawm qhov tsis sib xws nrog ntuj ceeb tsheej, tab sis nws tsis tsim nyog ua cov kauj ruam nrawm thiab nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv qee lub sijhawm kom nyob twj ywm ntawm qub, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Ntxiv mus, Glagolev tau sau tseg hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm, xws li qhov teeb meem loj tuaj yeem daws tau nrog kev pom zoo ntawm txhua lub koom txoos Orthodox autocephalous.
Thaum kawg, lub tuam tsev ntawm kev teev hawm thiab lub tuam tsev hais txog kev cai lij choj ntawm lub Koom Txoos hauv lub xeev tau txiav txim siab thoob plaws xyoo 1918 kom coj los ntawm cov qauv qub. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, 1918, lub tuam tsev ntawm kev pabcuam los saum ntuj los, tshaj tawm thiab pawg ntseeg ntawm Lavxias Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tau txiav txim tias los ntawm pawg ntseeg-canonical pom, nws tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab yam tsis muaj kev koom tes nrog txhua lub koom txoos autocephalous. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tawm hauv lub Koom Txoos Orthodox Lavxias ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Xyoo 1923, thaum Soviet Union tau ua neej nyob raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub nyoog tshiab tau tsib xyoos, pawg ntseeg tau rov teeb tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov thib ob Pawg Sab Laj tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow. Hauv Nroog Antonin tau hais tias pawg ntseeg thiab cov ntseeg tuaj yeem hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub sai thiab tsis mob, thiab tsis muaj ib yam txhaum dab tsi txog kev hloov pauv nws tus kheej, ntxiv rau, kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub yog tsim nyog rau pawg ntseeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Pawg Sab Laj tau txais kev pom zoo tshaj tawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg ntseeg mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tim 12 Lub Rau Hli 1923. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias qhov kev daws teeb meem tsis ua rau muaj kev sib cav, uas ua pov thawj rau kev npaj txhij ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv pawg sab laj rau kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov tshiab.
Hauv kev txuas nrog qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, yawg suab Tikhon tau tshaj tawm nws tsab ntawv thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1923, uas nws tau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj Zaum Ob raws li nrawm heev, tab sis hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm pawg ntseeg hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Kev raug cai, nws tau npaj yuav hloov lub Koom Txoos Orthodox Lavxias mus rau Gregorian calculus txij lub Kaum Hli 2, 1923, tab sis twb txog lub Kaum Ib Hlis 8, 1923, yawg suab Tikhon tso tseg lub tswv yim no. Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub nyoog ntawm 1924-1929 xyoo ntawm kev tso tawm, lub tsev teev ntuj hnub so tau ua kev zoo siab yog tias kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg ntseeg mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tseem tau ua tiav. Piv txwv li, Christmas tau ua kev zoo siab rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25 thiab 26. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau hais dua qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub xyoo 1948, tab sis nws yeej tsis tau daws qhov zoo. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txhawb nqa tseem hwv tsoomfwv, feem ntau ntawm pawg ntseeg hierarchs tseem tsis xav ua "cais" thiab lees txais Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub yam tsis muaj kev koom tes nrog lwm lub koom txoos autocephalous.
Yog lawm, Soviet Russia tsis yog lub tebchaws kawg uas tau lees txais Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Xyoo 1919, Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau qhia los ntawm Romania thiab Yugoslavia, xyoo 1924 - los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws. Xyoo 1926, Qaib ntxhw hloov mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub thaum tswj hwm qee qhov tshwj xeeb, xyoo 1928 - Egypt. Tam sim no, raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian, lawv tseem nyob hauv Ethiopia - yog ib lub xeev qub tshaj plaws ntseeg hauv ntiaj teb. Ib qho ntxiv, keeb kwm raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yog ua los ntawm Lavxias, Georgia, Serbian, Yeluxalees, Polish Orthodox cov tsev teev ntuj, Bessarabian lub nroog loj ntawm Romanian Orthodox Church, nrog rau Ukrainian Greek Catholic thiab Lavxias Greek Greek cov tsev teev ntuj. Qhov txaus siab, Lub Koom Txoos Polish Orthodox tau rov qab mus rau Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub nkaus xwb hauv 2014, ua ntej qhov ntawd tau siv sijhawm ntev los xam lub sijhawm raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub Julian tshiab, uas ua ke nrog Gregorian ib qho.
